山体对烟羽弥散影响的一种数值模拟方法

本文对山地和丘陵地区中烟羽浓度扩散分布的计算提出一种方法,该方法引用浓度方程的分析解,通过对山地绕流数值计算速度势和流函数,可较简易地求得烟羽浓度分布。作为算例,文中对中条山某工厂烟囟排放的SO2,预测了它在各种风速时被输运扩敢的浓度分布。      

应用照相法估算高架点源的污染物浓度

应用流体力学基本原理，导出了烟流扩散新模式，讨论了利用照相法估算烟流污染物浓度的方法及步骤，以高架点源烟流扩散为例，应用新模式结合照相法估算烟流污染物浓度，并与利用高斯模式计算的烟流污染物浓度进行比较，结果表明两者吻合较好．     

A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—II. Dynamics of a buoyant line source

We consider a large-eddy simulation of a buoyant line source in a convective boundary layer. The motion of the line source as a function of time is influenced by two contributions: internal buoyancy (plume rise) and ambient turbulence. The advantage of large-eddy modelling with respect to laboratory and atmospheric experiments is that the simulations allow us to distinguish between these two contributions. For the part due to internal buoyancy we formulate an integral model for plume rise. A new feature in this model is the fact that plume looping, which is characteristic for plume dispersion in a convective boundary layer, promotes entrainment and therefore reduces plume rise. The contribution by ambient turbulence to plume motion is modelled in terms of the standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations. The results of these models are consistent with our large-eddy simulations.     

Plume rise,entrainment and dispersion in turbulent winds

This paper describes a new analytical model which combines within one theoretical framework several aspects of the phenomena of plume rise, dispersion, thermal stratification and ambient turbulence. The model is based in part on knowledge gained from recent investigations of flow within free shear layers. The observations suggest a simple model for the turbulent mixing process, which accounts for the known entrainment of air into smoke plumes by plume-generated turbulence. More importantly, the model also predicts a path by which ambient turbulence causes reverse entrainment of plume material into the surrounding fluids. This gives rise to a new ‘extrainment’ term in each of the plume momentum and buoyancy equations.These equations are solved for a turbulent atmosphere of arbitrary thermal stability, and yield plume trajectories which gradually level off at final rise heights that depend on the degree of thermal stratification and on the scale and intensity of ambient turbulence. A link between plume rise and dispersion is identified by means of the concentration species equation, which is solved to show that the plume acts along its length as a distributed source of passively dispersing material.The new theory, specialized for an adiabatic atmosphere, plus the familiarx^2/3 law and a semi-empirical final rise theory from the literature, are all compared against full-scale data on plume rise in turbulent winds. The new theory significantly improves the accuracy of estimates of plume trajectory and final plume height. The price for this improved predictive ability is the need to evaluate the air temperature and its gradient at plume level, and the corresponding intensity and scale of turbulent air movement. This is no longer a technical obstacle since recently developed SODAR and RASS remote sensors have this capability.     

山体绕流和尾流区气态污染物输送扩散规律的研究

采用瞬时烟线仪与迪沙(DISA)热线风速仪相结合的方法探测了山体的绕流区和尾流区结构。试验结果表明,山体的绕流和尾流对低架源排放的气态污染物扩散影响甚大,山体绕流可改变烟流的地面浓度分布.结果还表明,我们所用的探测流向的方法较为有效和准确.     

烟羽进入内边界层时的扩散

当风从海上吹向陆地,或从农村吹向城市时,下垫面粗糙度迅速变化,并形成一个内边界层(IBL),严重影响烟羽的扩散。本文提出了一个烟羽进入IBL时的动态模式,将扩散过程分为三阶段:(1)进入之前;(2)进入时;(3)进入之后。还提出了烟羽进入IBL时扩散的方差微分方程。该理论模式计算的结果与野外调研和风洞试验十分一致,即在烟羽进入IBL时扩散参数σ₂发生了跳跃。      

隧道侧部集中排烟模式下排烟速率对烟气层吸穿的影响研究

排烟速率是公路隧道侧部集中排烟模式下烟气层发生吸穿现象最为直接的影响因素.为研究隧道侧部集中排烟模式下烟气层发生吸穿现象的临界条件,分析了隧道侧部集中排烟过程中排烟口处烟气层的受力情况以及不同排烟速率对烟气层吸穿的影响,并结合前人相关的研究成果,进一步分析得到隧道侧部集中排烟模式下排烟口下方烟气层发生吸穿时的临界弗洛德...     

激光探测烟羽抬升高度

利用红宝石激光雷达.探测了某发电厂所排放烟羽的抬升高度,并与几种有代表性的烟气抬升高度公式进行了分析比较.     

A diffusion-deposition model of multiple sources for urban air pollution

In order to satisfy requirements of urban air pollution control projects in China, a multiple source model that can immediately calculate short-term, daily and long-term average concentration distributions for polydispersity aerosol and gas contaminations is proposed. Its core is a Gaussian plume diffusion-deposition model developed by the authors. The model system has incorporated reflective actions of the top of the mixing layer and underlying surface, processes of gravitational settling and dry deposition, as well as chemical decay of particles and gases. Also it has considered influences of plume penetration in the elevated inversion layer and wind shift as well as terrain.The model performance shows its accuracy and its simplicity. The model system is valuable in applications for urban air pollution control projects.     

Water tank experiment of gas diffusion from a stack in stably and unstably stratified layers under calm conditions

Water tank experiments were conducted to investigate plume rrise and diffusion of gases discharged from a stack under calm conditions with stable and unstable thermal stratifications.First, tracer liquid with fluorescent dye and salt was emitted from a model of a stack in a stably stratified layer and the behavior of a plume was recorded by video camera. Using these results. we obtained formulae for plume rise height, and horizontal and vertical width of a plume as a function of thedensimetric Froude number, stability ratio and time.After the completion of these experiments under stable conditions, an unstably stratified layer was developed from a ground surface by heating a floor and the resulting concentration distribution was measured with electric conductivity probes. Using these results, we analyzed the height of the convection layer and concentration distribution as a function of the overall Richardson number and time.     

过滤-洗涤复合法净化饮食业油烟的试验研究

针对饮食业油烟捕集和清除的特点,开展了过滤-洗涤复合法净化油烟的试验研究。通过模拟试验给出了过滤风速、滤料厚度、喷液量和洗涤液浓度的合理范围,对过滤-洗涤式净化设备的研制与设计具有指导意义。     

海岸热边界层熏烟模式的应用研究

在海风和陆地热边界层条件下，水陆边界处高架点源可能发生熏烟污染，通常可以应用熏烟扩散模式进行模拟。但是，常用熏烟模式中假设烟流进入边界层内后立即在垂直方向均匀分布，导致算出不合理的高浓度区。假设烟流进入边界层后．主要受到因为大气稳定度变化扩散条件因此变化的影响，改进了计算公式。把原有模式和改进模式分别应用于某滨海区的一个电厂高架点源，结果表明，改进后模式的计算结果更加合理。因此建议类似工作采用改进后的模式。     

高炉出铁场高温烟尘扩散与捕集特性模拟

高炉出铁场在出铁过程中产生的高温烟尘污染范围广、时间长、阵发性强。高温铁水上方的气流运动为热羽流,受通风气流影响极大,现有除尘罩设计方法无法有效解决高温烟尘的污染问题。针对我国中小型高炉出铁场厂房形式及出铁特点,建立了出铁场厂房内的两相流动模型及高温烟尘扩散与捕集过程的数值模拟方法。模拟发现,高炉前方的气流上升速度先增加后减小,形成了典型的受限空间热羽流。由于出铁口除尘罩与高炉间存在间隙,在抽吸作用下,底部气流在高炉壁面产生向上的高速气流,使除尘罩对高炉间的气流不具有捕集作用。因屋顶通风量较自然通风少2/3,在仅设屋顶通风除尘时,带走的热量减少,使厂房内温度整体偏高。加设出铁口除尘罩后,厂房整体温度明显降低。出铁口除尘罩对颗粒物的整体捕集率可以达到89.66%,但主沟前方颗粒物大量逃逸,捕集率仅为47.71%,铁水沟后方释放的颗粒物距除尘罩较远,捕集率为86.34%,造成的污染范围较大,是目前出铁场作业环境质量不达标的主要原因。     

大气环境质量预测模型研究

为适应青岛和贵阳地区地形和大气流场复杂的特点,吸收高斯烟云模式和烟团模式的优点,建立高斯轨迹烟云模式,模式同时考虑静风条件下的扩散。应用青岛和贵阳的实测数据对模式的性能进行检验,结果证明,该模式可适用于地形和流场复杂的地区。该模式是环境决策支持系统的一部分。      

烟羽在夜间雾天状况下的扩散数值研究

用夜间雾的数值模式研究了高架源在雾形成前后的扩散特征。模拟结果表明，雾的出现影响了大气近地层结，使原来很稳定的大气变成不稳定大气，但雾顶以上仍是逆温状态，这样导致雾顶附近的高浓度污染物向地面输送加剧，造成地面污染。这种情况非常类似于日出后出现的地面熏烟。研究结果从大气扩散方面解释了近年来在雾天临测中发现的地面高浓度污染现象，说明雾天是造成地面严重污染的重要天气之一。     

Numerical simulation of small area fires

Plume dynamics and smoke injection into the atmosphere from large area fires ensuing a nuclear exchange are currently simulated by prescribed burns of smaller areas (radius < 1 km). The extent to which small area fire plumes accurately characterize those from larger urban fires (radius > 5 km) is not well established. A ‘large’ fire has a radius comparable to the stratification scale height of the atmosphere. Numerical simulations of smoke plumes and condensed-moisture clouds generated by small area fires are presented for three fire sizes and two ignition patterns for ‘average’ September Pacific Northwest atmospheric conditions. We find that the plume rise from small area fires is governed by the total heat release and entrainment, whereas that from large area fires is controlled primarily by the fire heating rate per unit area and the atmospheric stratification.     

A micro-scale dispersion model for motor vehicle exhaust gas in urban areas—OMG volume-source model

A micro-scale dispersion model is presented for estimating the concentration of pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust gas within an area extending 200 m from the side of the road in an urban area. The initial mixing of pollutants in a street canyon is modeled as a volume source employing an analytical solution to the Fickian diffusion equation.Parameters for the model were determined based on data from experiments performed at five locations in Osaka. In the experiments, SF₆ was released as a tracer gas. The height for wind speed measurements for use as the advection speed of the plume was determined from an analysis of the flux of SF₆. The eddy diffusivities in the vertical and lateral directions were derived from statistics of the turbulent velocity fluctuations of the air. The sensitivity analysis of the model revealed that proper characterization of the thickness of the volume source is essential for proper estimation of the concentration of pollutants.     

某危险废物填埋场地下水污染预测及控制模拟

以某危险废物填埋场为研究对象,在收集其水文地质资料基础上,运用Visual Modflow建立填埋场地下水水流和溶质运移耦合模型,对填埋场防渗层发生渗漏后,渗滤液中Cr6+在地下水中的运移过程以及地面硬化、防渗墙和排水沟3种污染控制措施对污染羽阻隔效果进行模拟预测.结果表明,Cr6+随地下水流方向运移形成污染羽,10 a后污染羽到达水塘边界,运移距离约为1 450 m,但随后10～20 a之间污染羽扩散范围没有明显扩大;地表硬化后,20 a内污染羽未扩散至水塘边界;防渗墙设置到上层含水层底部时,监测井Cr6+浓度高于未设置防渗墙时浓度,设置到下层含水层底部时,Cr6+浓度与设置于上层含水层时监测结果相反;排水沟日排水量达到2 642 m3时能有效控制污染羽扩散,20 a后污染羽尚未污染监测井;地表硬化与排水沟组合控制污染物扩散,效果最佳,同时排水沟日排水量可减少为1 878 m3.因此,当填埋场发生渗漏时,建议采用设置排水沟与周边地表硬化组合的地下水污染控制措施.     

Concentration fluctuation profiles from a water channel simulation of a ground-level release

Measurements of concentration fluctuation profiles were made in a plume of saline tracer from a ground level source in a water channel simulation of a neutrally stable rpugh surface atmospheric boundary layer. Vertical profiles of mean concentration showed good agreement with gradient diffusion theory relations between the mean velocity power law and concentration profile exponents. The structure and development of vertical and crosswind profiles of mean, variance, intermittency and conditional intensity of non-zero fluctuations were satisfactorily represented using an isotropic meandering plume model combined with a clipped normal concentration probability distribution. Near the edges of the plume, the clipped normal pdf overestimated the fraction of non zero concentration periods.     

卡尔曼滤波方法在地下水污染源反演中的应用

采用卡尔曼滤波方法反演识别地下水污染源的个数和大概位置.借助一个假想算例,建立地下水系统水流和溶质运移模拟模型,利用灵敏度分析方法筛选出对模拟结果影响最大的参数作为随机变量,对该参数进行抽样,运用蒙特卡罗方法将抽样结果输入模拟模型,生成污染质浓度场.采用卡尔曼滤波方法构造迭代过程,逐个利用采样点处浓度的实测值不断更新综合浓度场.引入模糊集理论表示污染羽,对比综合污染羽和单个污染羽的模糊集来更新各潜在污染源的权重,根据潜在污染源权重大小和综合污染羽收敛形状判断真实污染源的个数和大概位置.算例结果表明：采用卡尔曼滤波方法可以成功反演识别出地下水污染中真实污染源的准确个数和大概位置;引入模糊集理论表示污染羽,通过对比综合污染羽和单个污染羽的模糊集,可以确定各潜在污染源的权重.