Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.Ⅱ.Environmental behavior of trace elements during the April 1995 to April 1996

An one-year of sampling aerosol program was carried out during the period of April 1995 to April 1996 at coastal region, Cape D‘Aguilar, in Hong Kong. The trace element composition of aerosol particles(TSP and PM10) were measured and analyzed by using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis(INAA) and Inductive Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) techniques. The results showed that the polluted elements such as: V, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, Sb, I, Se, Bi, with high enrichment factor( E. F) values, are derived from anthropogenic sources ,while Sc, AI, Fe, Mn, Sm, La, Sr are less than 10 in E. F, these elements are related the crust and soil. The concentration of the trace elements are present seasonal variation i.e. summer low and winter high, whereas the V or noncrustal V(V^* ) present summer high and winter low, this phenomenon might be explained by local or regional oil combustion sources. Use three type of elemental ratio, e.g. La/Sm, Mn^*/V^* and Bi/Al indicate that both TSP and PM10 of La/Sm ratios are mainly related to soil and dust, Mn^*/V^* are probably represent fossil combustion and Bi/Al are possibly associated with refuse incineration, ferromanganese alloys and aluminum production. The varimax rotation factor analysis for trace elements was performed. By means of the absolute principal component analysis (APCA) and multiple regression, the contribution of trace elements to possible sources and overall means of trace elements were estimated. The results showed that the present station is impacted by the anthropogenic species, although the quantities are different during the summertime and wintertime.     

Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong.Ⅱ.Environmental behavior of trace elements during the April 1995 to April 1996

An one-year of sampling aerosol program was carried out during the period of April 1995 to April 1996 atcoastal region, Cape D'Aguilar, in Hong Kong. The trace element composition of aerosol particles(TSP and PM10)were measured and analyzed by using the Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Inductive CouplePlasma-Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) techniques. The results showed that the polluted elements such as: V, Zn,As, Pb, Cd, Sb, I, Se, Bi, with high enrichment factor( E. F) values, are derived from anthropogenic sources ,while Sc, Al, Fe, Mn, Sm, La, Sr are less than 10 in E. F, these elements are related the crust and soil. Theconcentration of the trace elements are present seasonal variation i.e. summer low and winter high, whereas the Vor noncrustal V(V* ) present summer high and winter low, this phenomenon might be explained by local or regionaloil combustion sources. Use three type of elemental ratio, e.g. La/Sm, Mn* /V* and Bi/Al indicate that both TSPand PM10 of La/Sm ratios are mainly related to soil and dust, Mn*/V* are probably represent fossil combustion andBi/Al are possibly associated with refuse incineration, ferromanganese alloys and aluminum production. The varimaxrotation factor analysis for trace elements was performed. By means of the absolute principal component analysis(APCA) and multiple regression, the contribution of trace elements to possible sources and overall means of traceelements were estimated. The results showed that the present station is impacted by the anthropogenic species,although the quantities are different during the summertime and wintertime.     

Aerosols in Santiago de Chile: A study using receptor modeling with X-ray fluorescence and single particle analysis

Between 15 January and 26 February 1987, 51 fine and coarse mode aerosol samples were collected at the Universidad de Santiago de Chile Planetarium using a dichotomous sampler. The samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence for up to 17 elements (Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb). Aerosol particles were individually studied by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). The data set consisting of aerosol elemental concentrations and meteorological variables was subjected to Principal Factor Analysis (PFA), allowing the identification of six fine mode particle source classes (soil, industrial, sulfate particles, traffic, residual oil, wood-burnings), and five coarse mode particle source classes (soil, industrial, traffic, residual oil, sulfate particles). Both PFA solutions explained about 81 and 90% of the total variance in the data set, respectively. The regression of elemental mass concentrations on the Absolute Principal Factor Scores allowed the estimation of the contribution of the different source classes to the Santiago aerosol. Within the fine fraction, secondary SO₄²⁻ particles were responsible for about 49% of the fine mode aerosol mass concentration, while 26, 13, 6.4 and 5.6% were attributed to wood-burning/car exhausts, residual oil combustion, soil dust/metallurgical, and soil dust/wood-burning releases, respectively. The coarse fraction source apportionment was mainly dominated by soil dust, accounting for 74% of the coarse mode aerosol mass concentration. A composite of soil dust and industrial release accounted for 13%; a composite of secondary sulfates contributed with 9%; a composite of soil dust and automotive emissions, and secondary sulfates were responsible for 4 and 0.03% of the coarse aerosol mass concentration, respectively. EPMA results are in satisfactory agreement with those from the bulk analysis and allowed the identification of eight particle types in both fine and coarse mode aerosols, pertaining to different source classes, namely soil, seaspray, secondary SO₄²⁻, metallurgical emissions and biomass burning release. EPMA also evidenced that one of the most abundant particle types corresponded to marine aerosol, having an average diameter of 0.7 μm for the fine mode and 2.2 μm for the coarse mode aerosol. LAMMA results indicate that, in fact, seaspray has been transported into the city of Santiago de Chile airshed, suffering several transformations and a sulfur enrichment. This analytical technique also provided evidence of the abundance of carbon-rich particles, which were not detected by either the bulk X-ray analysis or EPMA; they are probably due to fossil-fuel combustion releases.     

北京市典型道路交通环境细颗粒物元素组成及分布特征

对北京市典型道路交通环境中不同粒径段（0.2～0.5μm、0.5～1.0μm和1.0～2.5μm）的细颗粒物进行了采样分析,在2008—2009年期间5个阶段内共采集了198个细颗粒物样品.通过XRF分析得到细颗粒物中Al、Na、Mg、K、Ca、Si、S、Cl、Fe、Mn、Ti、Cu、Zn、As、Br和Pb16种元素的质量浓度.含量较高的元素有S、K、Fe、Cl、Si、Ca和Zn,占测试元素总浓度的90%以上.应用富集因子法将元素分为地壳元素、双重元素和污染元素三类.应用因子分析法分离出两个主要因子,因子1主要与地壳元素和双重元素相关,可归于扬尘源的贡献;因子2主要与污染元素相关,可能来自机动车、燃煤、生物质燃烧和工业等排放源.人为源对小粒径（0.2～0.5μm）颗粒物的贡献较大,而地壳源的贡献更集中于大粒径段（1.0～2.5μm）.多数地壳元素和双重元素在夏季和冬季均随粒径的增大而富集,且冬季浓度较高,而多数污染元素的分布形态存在季节差异.Br、As和Pb夏季在0.5～1.0μm出现峰值,而冬季在0.2～0.5μm出现峰值.冬季因采暖增加的煤和生物质的燃烧造成部分元素浓度在0.2～0.5μm有显著增加.云层内部的硫酸盐生成过程可能是夏季S元素在0.5～1.0μm出现峰值的原因.通过奥运时期与非奥运时期元素浓度和分布的比较,发现奥运时期交通源临时控制措施对机动车排放和道路扬尘均有显著的削减作用,削减率分别为53%和63%,且随粒径增大而增加.     

Aerosol-soil fractionation for Namib Desert samples

Four soil samples, collected in the central Namib Desert, were fractionated by dry sieving and aerosol generation into 16 size fractions in the range 0.15–300 μm diameter. The mass-size function of each soil and the dust (mineral aerosol) generated from the soil were studied. Due to the preferential lifting of smaller soil particles by the air stream, the soil underwent strong physical fractionation resulting in the bulk of the dust being found in the range of 1.3–10.3 μm, whereas the bulk of the soil was found in the range 63–300 μm. The concentrations of 11 elements in eight soil size fractions (from <45 to >300 μm) obtained by dry sieving were measured by X-ray fluorescence analysis while the concentration for these elements in eight size ranges (from <0.15 to >10.3 μm) obtained by aerosol generation were determined by particle-induced X-ray emission. The concentrations of the elements Al, Si, K, Rb and Sr were found to vary by less than a factor of two throughout the particle size range studied. However, the concentration of the elements Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Y and Zr increased when the particle size decreased below 150 μm to reach a maximum around 63-45 μm and then to decrease. The concentrations of the elements in the generated aerosol particles were found to be more similar to those in the bulk soil than any particular size fraction. For the aerosol size fraction, elemental enrichment factors were calculated with respect to the composition of average crustal rock, average soil, the bulk Namib soil and the small size fraction of the Namib soil. For several elements, the enrichment factors varied quite significantly, depending on the choice of the reference material. The elemental ratios in the mineral aerosol were also compared to those in the atmospheric aerosol from the Namib Desert. It was confirmed that there is a marine contribution for S, Cl and Sr in the Namib natural aerosol. The composition of the mineral aerosol generated in this study should be useful in source apportionment studies for the Namib Desert and sorrounding regions.     

Characteristics of air particulate matter and their sources inurban and rural area of Beijing, China

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Sources and characteristics of the atmospheric aerosol near Damascus,Syria

Coarse (>2 μm) and fine (<2 μm) atmospheric particulate material was collected in the Zabadani Valley, near Damascus, in August 1985, and analyzed for sulfate, nitrate, and about 40 elements. Individual particles were analyzed for chemical and morphological parameters. Particle number concentrations and size distributions were also measured. The physical aerosol characteristics, and particularly the chemical composition indicate that the airborne particles in this arid region are predominantly due to desert soil dispersion, but that there is also some contribution from anthropogenic sources. The crustal elements exhibit atmospheric concentrations which are comparable to those in urban and industrial areas. The anthropogenic elements, on the other hand, are clearly less abundant in the Zabadani Valley than in industrialized regions. The individual particle analysis indicated that there are two major soil dust components with respectively a shale-like and a limestone composition. The data set with the bulk atmospheric concentrations (sum of coarse and fine) was subjected to chemical mass balance receptor modeling in order to assess the impact of the various plausible aerosol sources. It was found that desert soil dispersion is responsible for at least 90% of the total suspended particulate mass concentration, and that the shale and limestone components contribute in about equal proportions.     

Characterization of particles emitted by domestic heating units fueled by distilled oil

Aerosol samples were collected from point sources of different capacity fueled by distilled oil, with the aim of determining the amount and composition of particles emitted by domestic units. A physical and chemical characterization of the particles emitted from each source was performed. Mass median aerodynamic diameter and size distributions were determined. Individual particle analyses to examine morphology and elemental composition were performed by scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. The results evidence the specific differences existing in the aerosol emissions of the sources studied in comparison with other combustion sources.     

碳质大气颗粒物的扫描质子微探针分析

碳质颗粒物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,对全球气候变化、环境质量、人类健康等有重要影响.本研究使用扫描质子微探针对上海两个典型环境监测点的大气颗粒物及7类污染排放源的单颗粒进行了分析.利用微束非卢瑟福弹性背散射谱micro-EBS(non-Rutherford elastic backscattering,EBS)分析了单颗粒中的C含量,发现燃煤烟尘、燃油烟尘、汽车尾气、柴油公交车尾气等污染源中碳质颗粒物占优,而水泥尘、钢铁工业尘、土壤尘中无机颗粒物占优;中心城区的碳质颗粒物占优,而工业区的无机颗粒物占优,单颗粒物的元素分布可以反映颗粒物发生大气化学反应的重要信息,利用微束质子激发X射线荧谱micro-PIXE(particle induced X-ray emission,PIXE)分析得到了大气颗粒物的S、Ca、Fe等元素分布,发现含Ca的碳质颗粒在大气中发生了硫化反应.     

Atmospheric trace elements over source regions for Chinese dust: concentrations,sources and atmospheric deposition on the Loess plateau

The mass-particle size distributions of up to 17 trace elements in aerosol particle samples from dust storm and non-dust storm periods were determined for three sites in or near the source regions of Chinese dust. The mass of particulate material in the atmosphere at the sites is dominated by mineral aerosol particles. An absolute principal component analysis of the non-dust storm elemental data for the loess region allows the estimation of the mass contributions from two coarse-particle classes (soil dust and dust associated with pollutants), and two fine-particle classes (soil dust and anomalously enriched). For most elements (Al, Si, Ca, Fe, Ti, K, S and As), the mass-particle size distributions (MSDs) were approximately log-normal. The mass-median diameters (MMDs) of the soil-derived elements tended to decrease with distance from the desert region and when the dust storms subsided. Total dry deposition velocities were calculated by fitting a log-normal distribution to the aerosol data and calculating deposition rates for 100 particle-size intervals using a two-layer deposition model. The mean dry-deposition rates and fluxes were highest during dust storms over desert regions. In thloess region, the calculated dry deposition velocities of soil derived elements (Al, Si, Ca, Fe and Ti) during non-dust storm periods were from 3.1 to 3.7 cm s⁻¹. From the estimated mass-particles size distributions, the coarser and finer mineral particles were found to benriched with Ca, Fe, Ti and K relative to Al or Si. On a yearly basis, the dry atmospheric input to the Loess Plateau was mainly attributable to normal transport processes, i.e. non-dust storm conditions. Wet deposition fluxes estimated from scavenging ratios indicate that dry deposition dominated the total atmospheric deposition of mineral aerosol. The deposition of aerosol particles associated with coal burning or other anthropogenic sources also was considerable on the Loess Plateau.     

Individual particle analysis of aerosols collected at Lhasa City in the Tibetan Plateau

To understand the composition and major sources of aerosol particles in Lhasa City on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), individual particles were collected from 2 February to 8 March, 2013 in Tibet University. The mean concentrations of both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ during the sampling were 25.7 ± 21.7 and 57.2 ± 46.7 μg/m³, respectively, much lower than those of other cities in East and South Asia, but higher than those in the remote region in TP like Nam Co, indicating minor urban pollution. Combining the observations with the meteorological parameters and back trajectory analysis, it was concluded that local sources controlled the pollution during the sampling. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) was used to study 408 particles sampled on four days. Based on the EDS analysis, a total of 8 different particle categories were classified for all 408 particles, including Si-rich, Ca-rich, soot, K-rich, Fe-rich, Pb-rich, Al-rich and other particles. The dominant elements were Si, Al and Ca, which were mainly attributed to mineral dust in the earth's crust such as feldspar and clay. Fe-, Pb-, K-, Al-rich particles and soot mainly originated from anthropogenic sources like firework combustion and biomass burning during the sampling. During the sampling, the pollution mainly came from mineral dust, while the celebration ceremony and religious ritual produced a large quantity of anthropogenic metal-bearing particles on 9 and 25 February 2013. Cement particles also had a minor influence. The data obtained in this study can be useful for developing pollution control strategies.     

海西城市群PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及健康风险评价

采集2010~2011年海西城市群PM_(2.5)样品,用粒子激发-X射线发射技术(PIXE)方法测试样品中痕量重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As)的浓度,分析痕量重金属的污染特征、富集程度和来源,并进行重金属对人体健康风险的评价.结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属总浓度的时空分布特征与PM_(2.5)的不一致,这与PM_(2.5)的某些主要贡献源(如建筑尘和扬尘等)并非痕量重金属的贡献源有关.PM_(2.5)中Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn、Ni、Cr、As等重金属的EF值均高于10,呈明显的人为源富集现象.主成分-多元线性回归(PCA-MLR)解析结果显示,PM_(2.5)中痕量重金属主要有3种来源,即燃煤和机动车尾气(70.59%)、混合源(燃煤、燃油和冶炼行业,17.55%)以及其他工业源(11.86%).健康风险评价结果显示,PM_(2.5)中致癌重金属(Ni、Cr、As)的风险值高于非致癌重金属(Zn、Cu、Pb、Mn)风险值,但均低于一般可接受风险水平(10-6),说明海西城市群大气环境PM_(2.5)中重金属未对人体健康造成危害.     

Chemical characteristics of aerosol particles (PM2.5) at a site of Horqin Sand-land in northeast China

Introduction Soil dust derived from the w ind erosion process in arid and sem i-arid region is an im portant factor on the clim ate forcing(Tegen etal., 1996; Sokolik and Toon, 1996). D esert regions in East A sia w ere considered as the m ajor sources fo…     

区域大气细粒子污染特征及快速来源解析

在广东大气超级站使用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(SPAMS)等仪器开展综合观测,2013年12月共监测到两个污染过程,主要的化学成分为元素碳(EC),占总颗粒数的56.8%,其次为有机碳(OC)和重金属(HM),分别占总颗粒数的12.7%和10.1%.两个污染过程中,不同颗粒类别的变化趋势有差异,说明两个污染过程的污染特征有所不同.污染来源分析发现,监测期间主要受到机动车尾气源和燃煤源的影响,二者分别占24.8%和22%;其次为工业工艺源和生物质燃烧,分别占16.4%和10.3%.第一个污染过程中,工业工艺源是首要污染源,而随着颗粒物浓度的增高,燃煤和二次无机气溶胶的比例明显增加,说明此污染过程中受一次污染源(燃煤源和工业工艺源)和二次光化学反应的复合影响.而第二个污染过程中,机动车尾气为首要污染源,其次是燃煤和工业工艺源,整个过程中各源的比例较为稳定,说明该次污染过程主要由不利气象条件导致的污染物累积形成.     

Elemental composition of atmospheric aerosol particles under different conditions in Hungary

Aerosol samples were collected simultaneously by means of Nuclepore filters at three sites with different pollution levels: in downtown Budapest, in suburban Budapest and in rural air in Hungary. The concentration of 18 elements with atomic numbers between 13 and 82 were determined in the samples by particle (proton) induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method. The concentrations obtained are discussed, and dry deposition rates calculated on the basis of transport model simulations are compared to the wet depositions measured. It is found that the concentration and enrichment factor of different elements increased generally from background to downtown and wet removal significantly controls the deposition of anthropogenic elements.     

天津市环境空气中细粒子的污染特征与来源

于2006年8─12月,在天津市中心城区采集细粒子(PM_2.5)并测定其中水溶性无机离子和元素的质量浓度,应用因子分析与多元线性回归技术解析PM_2.5的来源. 结果表明:ρ(PM_2.5)月均值为103.9～217.4 μg/m3,呈冬季最高、夏季最低的特征. 水溶性无机离子质量浓度占ρ(PM_2.5)的比例为24.90%～49.76%,其中ρ(SO₄2－),ρ(NO₃－),ρ(NH₄+)与ρ(Cl－)之和约占离子总质量浓度的90%. 在夏季,二次粒子质量浓度占ρ(PM_2.5)比例最大,这与SO₂向SO₄2-,NO₂向NO₃-的转化率升高有关. PM_2.5中Cl富集主要与燃煤等人为排放有关, 海盐源对Cl－的贡献不足20%. 天津PM_2.5中含量最高的元素为Si,约占元素总质量浓度的28.4%. 微量元素中以Zn和Pb的含量最高,二者主要来自燃煤和机动车排放. 源解析结果表明,二次污染、化石燃料燃烧、土壤尘和建筑粉尘是天津市环境空气中PM_2.5的主要来源,贡献率分别为53.4%,25.8%,12.3%和8.6%.      

Source contribution of atmospheric aerosols in Japan by chemical mass balance method

The seasonal variation and regional features of source contributions to atmospheric particulates in Japan were investigated using a Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) method. The elemental concentrations of aerosol particles measured at the nine different National Air Surveillance Network from April 1977 to March 1985 were used in this study. Variations of estimated source contributions were also discussed for various analytical conditions regarding the types of release source and chemical species employed in the CMB analysis.When elements other than indicator elements of the assumed source types were added in the analysis by the CMB method, the contributions of some of source types were strongly affected. Soil source contribution was most significant among the five assumed sources at every site and was elevated in spring every year. On the other hand, the contributions of anthropogenic sources had peaks in early winter.     

基于质子微探针研究的大气气溶胶单颗粒源解析

用高分辨率,高灵敏度的质子微探针对上海市人民公园大气气溶胶进行单颗粒源解析.结果发现,上海市大气主要污染源为土壤扬尘、建筑扬尘、汽车尾气和钢铁工业尘,它们对大气环境贡献率之和为80%以上.此外还发现约有13%的颗粒物无法识别,通过对这些颗粒物进行聚类分析,初步确定它们分属于2种不同污染源的亚类和一种新的未知的污染源.     

太原市冬季大气气溶胶的源识别

用可对气溶胶粒径切割的采样器采集了太原市中心1985年冬季的大气气溶胶样品。以X射线荧光法分析出的化学元素作为变量,对数据作了因子分析、标示元素多元回归处理。结果指出,粒径小于2.5μm的细粒子中约有76.5％来自燃煤排放出的SO2转化成硫酸盐,约13.5％来自建筑石料高温烧结;2.5—15μm之间的粗粒子中约有82.8％来自燃煤排放出的煤飞灰;在TSP范围内,混合尘与燃煤两类源的贡献率分别是41.6％和45.2％。源识别结果表明太原市冬季气溶胶主要来自煤炭燃烧,而石油化工、金属冶炼及汽车尾气等源的贡献很小。工业粉尘、基建扬尘、路面及自然风沙等类型的源,主要在大粒径范围内（TSP）才有贡献。 就燃煤源而论,工业用煤对气溶胶（飘尘部分）污染的贡献约是居民用煤的11.8倍,因此,研究解决工业燃煤造成的大气污染是一个主要问题。"      

Characterization of particles emitted by domestic heating units fueled by distilled oil

Aerosol samples were collected from point sources of different capacity fueled by distilled oil, with the aim of determining the amount and composition of particles emitted by domestic units. A physical and chemical characterization of the particles emitted from each source was performed. Mass median aerodynamic diameter and size distributions were determined. Individual analyses to examine morphology and elemental composition were performed by scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analyser. The results evidence the specific differences existing in the aerosol emissions of the sources studied in comparison with other combustion sources.