高氨氮化工废水MBBR—AMBBR—MBBR组合工艺处理

采用移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）—厌氧移动床生物膜反应器（AMBBR）—MBBR组合工艺处理高氨氮化工废水。反应器采用几何构型优化、比表面积大的新型YD-25生物载体和DNF-203硝化细菌,实现了同步硝化和反硝化,强化了脱氮能力。采用投加菌种和排泥的方式,经27 d的驯化培养即完成了反应器的挂膜启动。试验结果表明：最佳操作条件为HRT 8 d、MBBR中DO 3 mg/L、进水pH 8.0;在进水COD 2 840~7 437 mg/L、ρ（氨氮）92~179 mg/L、TN 148~258 mg/L、pH 6~8的条件下,出水指标均值为COD 352 mg/L、ρ（氨氮）21.2 mg/L、TN 36 mg/L、pH 7.4,满足排放要求。     

Enhanced anaerobic treatment of CSTR-digested effluent from chicken manure: The effect of ammonia inhibition

The effect of ammonia inhibition was evaluated during the enhanced anaerobic treatment of digested effluent from a 700 m³ chicken-manure continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A 12.3 L internal circulation (IC) reactor inoculated with an anaerobic granular sludge and operated at 35 ± 1 °C was employed for the investigation. With a corresponding organic loading rate of 1.5-3.5 kg-COD/m³ d over a hydraulic retention time of 1.5 d, a maximum volumetric biogas production rate of 1.2 m³/m³ d and TCOD (total COD) removal efficiency ranging from 70% to 80% was achieved. However, the continual increase in the influent TAN content led to ammonia inhibition in the methanogenesis system. The SCOD/TAN (soluble COD/total ammonia nitrogen) ratio was presented to be the key controlling factor for the anaerobic treatment of semi-digested chicken manure, and further validation through shock loading and ammonia inhibition experiments was conducted. The threshold value of the SCOD/TAN ratio was determined to be 2.4 (corresponding to a TAN of 1250 mg/L) at an influent pH of 8.5-9.     

固定床三维电极反应器深度处理炼油废水

以不锈钢板为阴阳主电极,以柱状活性炭为感应粒子电极,构建固定床三维电极反应器, 并用其深度处理炼油废水。考察了施加电压、水力停留时间、废水pH和曝气量对COD去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,在施加电压10 V、水力停留时间60 min、废水pH=7.0、曝气量120 L/h的优化工艺条件下,处理后出水的COD=27.1 mg/L,满足“超滤—反渗透”单元对进水COD的要求（COD<30.0 mg/L）。     

两相厌氧工艺处理高浓度丙烯酸生产废水

利用两相厌氧工艺处理高浓度丙烯酸生产废水。实验结果表明：在较高进水COD和容积负荷的条件下,系统具有良好、稳定的处理效果;在负荷提高及稳定运行阶段,将生活污水与丙烯酸生产废水的体积比调整为5∶1,容积负荷最大提高至12.3 kg/（m3·d）,两相厌氧反应器可长期稳定运行,总COD去除率基本维持在90%以上,出水COD小于323 mg/L;当进水甲醛质量浓度为800~1 733 mg/L时,总甲醛去除率基本稳定在95.6%~99.3%;在负荷提高及稳定运行阶段,水解酸化相反应器和产甲烷相反应器的出水pH分别为6.2~7.6和7.6~8.1,出水总碱度分别为1 220~1 820 mg/L和1 800~2 620 mg/L。     

两相厌氧+A/O工艺处理腈纶和丙烯酰胺混合废水

采用两相厌氧+A/O工艺处理腈纶和丙烯酰胺混合废水。实验结果表明：在混合进水中V（腈纶废水）∶V（丙烯酰胺废水）=1、产酸反应器HRT为20 h、产甲烷反应器HRT为36 h、A/O池HRT为24 h、DO为4~5 mg/L、混凝池进水COD为（4 000±300） mg/L的条件下,总COD去除率为87%~89%,A/O池出水COD低于500 mg/L,出水达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的三级标准;在混凝池进水BOD₅/COD为0.20~0.30的条件下,产甲烷反应器出水BOD₅/COD为0.55~0.65,说明两相厌氧可明显提高废水的可生化性。     

活性碳纤维电极-生物膜反应器对废水的强化脱氮性能

利用自制的活性碳纤维电极-生物膜反应器对低碳氮比(碳元素与氮元素的质量比)废水进行了脱氮实验.实验结果表明:当进水COD和碳氮比较低时,碳氮比和电流密度均对反应器的脱氮性能有很大影响;当碳氮比小于3.0时,出水的ρ(NO3--N)随进水碳氮比的增大而减小;当进水COD为70 mg/L,ρ( NO3--N)为35 mg/L、碳氮比为2.0、电流密度为0.025 mA/cm2、反应时间为8h时,出水的ρ(NO3--N)达到最低值11.2 mg/L,NO3--N去除率为68.0％.在适宜的碳氮比条件下,电极-生物膜反应器具有显著的强化脱氮作用,其对NO3--N的去除率与单纯生物膜反应器相比可提高6.0～15.0个百分点.保持碳氮比不变,提高进水COD会导致所需电流密度的提高和脱氮能力的下降.     

EGSB出水回流对EGSB—SBR工艺处理果汁废水的影响

采用EGSB—SBR工艺处理实际果汁废水(COD 2 608~6 500 mg/L,p H 5.0~7.0)。在EGSB反应器成功启动及驯化完成的情况下,连续运行49 d。实验结果表明:第25天起,控制EGSB回流比为3.00∶1,EGSB反应器可在无须添加Na HCO3的条件下稳定运行,从而降低了废水处理成本;第25天起,平均进水COD,BOD5,SS分别为5 968,2 130,1 020 mg/L,平均出水COD,BOD5,SS分别降至131,11,50 mg/L,平均COD,BOD5,SS去除率分别为98%,99%,95%;组合工艺对该实际果汁废水具有良好的处理效果。     

SMBBR-AF-SMBBR组合工艺处理高氨氮农药废水

采用特异性移动床生物膜反应器(SMBBR)和厌氧生物滤池(AF)组合工艺处理高氨氮农药废水。考察了HRT、pH和DO等工艺条件对SMBBR-AF-SMBBR组合工艺运行稳定期COD和氨氮去除率的影响。试验结果表明,在进水COD为2 408~7 440 mg/L、ρ(NH_4~+-N)为160.21~433.84 mg/L、TN为208.27~537.65 mg/L、HRT为8d、pH为8.0、DO为4 mg/L的条件下,处理后出水平均COD为342 mg/L,COD去除率达92.3%;ρ(NH_4~+-N)小于4.0mg/L,氨氮平均去除率为89.2%;TN小于50 mg/L,平均TN去除达83.0%。出水各指标均优于原A2O工艺出水。     

流化床反应器处理高浓度含氟废水的效率和稳定性

采用小试规模的流化床反应器处理氟质量浓度为500~1 400 mg/L的模拟高浓度含氟废水。以氟化钙颗粒为晶种,以氯化钙溶液为沉淀剂（流量25 L/h）,考察了流化床连续运行过程中沉淀除氟的效率和稳定性。实验结果表明：氟化钙的沉淀反应在30.7 s内即可完成;在废水流量为11~23 L/h、反应pH为7.0~9.0、上升流速为0.005 9~0.013 0 m/s、钙与氟的摩尔比为0.85~1.00的条件下,出水清液中氟质量浓度低于10 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978—1996）要求。连续运行过程中,流化床沉淀除氟高效稳定,操作条件范围较宽。流化床出水中细颗粒沉淀物的存在会导致氟浓度显著升高,应采取有效措施减少其产生或溢出,以保证沉淀除氟效率。     

厌氧出水回流对柠檬酸废水处理的影响

将处理柠檬酸废水的内循环厌氧反应器的出水以不同比例回流至水解酸化池,研究了厌氧出水回流对水解酸化过程及厌氧处理过程的影响。实验结果表明：厌氧出水参与水解酸化能明显提高水解酸化池的出水pH及废水的预酸化度,厌氧出水添加比（V（厌氧出水）∶V（废水））为1∶4及以上时,可使水解酸化池的出水pH稳定在4.5以上,同时达到10.0%以上的预酸化度,且对NH₃-N的去除能力明显增强;随水解酸化时间的延长,水解酸化池的出水pH先减小后增大,而预酸化度则呈上升趋势;水解酸化3.0 h时,厌氧出水COD降至1 200 mg/L以下。厌氧出水参与水解酸化能增强厌氧反应器中微生物对挥发性脂肪酸的利用率,提高厌氧反应器出水的pH,降低出水COD及其波动幅度,增强厌氧系统的稳定性及自我修复能力。     

Heterotrophic Biological Denitrification Using Microbial Cellulose as Carbon Source

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using a microbial biopolymer produced by Acetobacter xylinum as a carbon source for heterotrophic biological denitrification. The denitrification rate, COD availability and nitrite concentration were response parameters. Under the experimental conditions, a denitrification rate of about 0.74 kg NO₃ ⁻N/m³d at 6 h retention time was achieved with microbial cellulose (MC). The reactor effluent contained significantly COD concentrations (20–86 mg/L) so it was not carbon limited, and was receiving enough carbon to facilitate the denitrification process. The maximum nitrite concentration in the effluent was found to be 0.4 mg/L. However, decreasing the retention time to 3 h significantly reduced the efficiency. It can be concluded that the MC is a suitable carbon source for nitrate removal in a heterotrophic biological denitrification process.     

分子筛催化剂生产废水的生物处理

采用氨化—硝化—反硝化三段联合生物工艺处理分子筛催化剂生产过程中产生的含有机胺废水。实验结果表明：在氨化过程中,当进水COD稳定为1 200~1 600 mg/L时,出水COD低于300 mg/L,COD去除率稳定在80%左右,当进水ρ（有机氮）为100~160 mg/L时,出水ρ（有机氮）均低于30 mg/L,有机氮去除率大于80%,在整个氨化过程中,出水ρ（氨氮）较进水ρ（氨氮）提高了35~200 mg/L;硝化过程中,当进水ρ（氨氮）小于等于300 mg/L时,出水ρ（氨氮）最终稳定在15 mg/L以内,氨氮去除率大于90%;在反硝化过程中,亚硝酸盐氮去除率基本稳定在98%以上,最终出水COD低于80 mg/L,出水ρ（总氮）低于25 mg/L。     

光催化氧化法处理石灰法草浆造纸废水

采用光催化氧化法处理石灰法草浆造纸废水,考察了ZnO加入量、H2O2加入量、废水pH、光照时间与光照强度对废水COD去除率的影响。在ZnO加入量为3g／L、H2O2加入量为14g／L、pH为10．00的条件下,废水经功率500W的低压汞灯照射8h后,其COD为153．8mg／L,COD总去除率可达90％以上。     

UASB-SBR-絮凝工艺处理地沟油制生物柴油废水

采用UASB-SBR-絮凝工艺处理地沟油制生物柴油废水,考察了各个阶段的废水处理效果。实验结果表明：UASB稳定运行阶段进水COD约为15000mg/L时,COD去除率约为87%,出水COD在2500mg/L以下,出水挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度为4~6mmol/L,最佳容积负荷为15.0kg/（m3·d）;采用SBR处理UASB出水,当容积负荷为1.5kg/（m3·d）时,出水COD在200mg/L以下,COD去除率在83%以上,ρ（NH₃-N）在5mg/L以下,TP约为25mg/L。向SBR出水中加入质量分数为5%的聚合氯化铝进行化学除磷,加入量为5mL/L,处理后废水TP为4~6mg/L。处理后废水的COD,ρ（NH₃-N）,TP均达到CJ343-2010《污水排入城市下水道水质标准》的A类要求。     

Treatment of anti-osmotic drug based pharmaceutical effluent in an upflow anaerobic fluidized bed system

During the production of Cephradine (a main constituent of anti-osmotic drug) a large quantity of concentrated effluent was produced. The main polluting compounds in this effluent are osmotic drug, acetic acid and ammonia. The feasibility of using a fluidized bed reactor under anaerobic condition with bioaugmentation to treat anti-osmotic drug based pharmaceutical effluent was evaluated. The main objective of the study was to show that bioaugmentation could be used to promote biological treatment to applications where conventional operation might be difficult or unfavourable. The effluent with chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 14000-18000 mg/l was treated in a fluidized bed reactor with a hydraulic retention time of 3-12 h. The reactor was unable to maintain consistent removal in conventional mode of operation due to an inability to retain and grow biomass. The COD reduction (%) after inoculation from a sequencing batch reactor was related to influent concentration, mass of inoculum and hydraulic retention time characterized by calculating the initial food to microorganism ratio. The role of volatile fatty acid (VFA) as cosubstrate was assessed with respect to COD reduction (%). Continuous COD reduction (%) attained a maximum value of 88.5% using bioaugmentation through periodic addition of acclimated cells every 2 days with 30-73.2 g of cells from an off-line enricher reactor.     

内电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝沉淀预处理焦化废水

采用内电解—Fenton氧化—絮凝沉淀的化学集成技术预处理焦化废水,优化了各工段的运行参数。实验结果表明：在钢铁铁屑与活性炭的体积比为1∶1的条件下,内电解工段的优化参数为进水pH 2.6~3.1、HRT=1.0 h;Fenton氧化工段的优化参数为Fe2+加入量200 mg/L、H2O2加入量1 000 mg/L、进水pH 3.0左右、反应时间1.0 h;絮凝沉淀工段的设定参数为进水pH 9.5~10.0、聚丙烯酰胺加入量1 mg/L、静置沉降0.5 h。在上述工艺条件下,该集成技术对废水的总COD去除率大于55%,处理后的废水BOD5/COD大于0.28,不添加稀释新水即可进入后续生化处理系统。该工艺占地面积小、系统结构简单、易于工业化,废水预处理成本为4~5元/t。     

“二级厌氧-微氧-好氧”组合工艺处理模拟碳纤维生产废水

对模拟碳纤维生产废水进行“厌氧-好氧”静态小试,根据COD的去除效果确定该碳纤维废水的可生化性。采用“二级厌氧-微氧-好氧”组合工艺进行动态中试,考察废水的处理效果及系统的抗冲击性能。试验结果表明：该工艺对碳纤维生产废水的处理效果较好;系统具有厌氧池出水pH增大的特点,且抗冲击能力较强;在厌氧池水温为28~38 ℃、好氧池水温不低于15 ℃、废水流量为100 L/h、进水COD为660 mg/L、进水ρ（氨氮）为4.9 mg/L的条件下,出水COD稳定在50 mg/L以下,ρ（氨氮）稳定在5 mg/L以下,能够满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求。     

大块液膜法处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水

以三辛胺为载体,煤油为膜溶剂,NaOH为反萃剂,采用大块液膜法处理模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水.考察了Cr(Ⅵ)迁移的影响因素,实验结果表明:在料液相进水Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为1043.6 mg/L、料液相进水pH为1.1、反萃相中NaOH质量分数为20％、液膜相体积为100 mL、液膜相中三辛胺体积分数为15％、反应时间为50 min的条件下,料液相出水Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为0.5 mg/L;萃取36批废水后Cr(Ⅵ)浓缩比可达94.2％.     

臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理PVA废水

采用臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理聚乙烯醇（PVA）废水,研究了臭氧氧化时间、臭氧流量以及废水pH等因素对臭氧氧化效果的影响。实验结果表明：当气体臭氧质量浓度为30 mg/L、臭氧氧化时间为45 min、臭氧流量为4 L/min、废水pH为8时,PVA质量浓度从进水的93.2 mg/L降至4.5 mg/L;PVA溶液的BOD₅/COD从0.014增加至0.310,可生化性明显改善;臭氧氧化—A/O工艺处理后出水COD降至50 mg/L左右,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准;出水PVA质量浓度为1.6 mg/L,明显优于A/O工艺（33.1 mg/L）。     

Response surface analysis of effects of hydraulic retention time and influent feed concentration on performance of an UASFF bioreactor

The interactive effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and influent chemical oxygen demand (COD_in) on the performance of an up-flow anaerobic sludge fixed film (UASFF) bioreactor treating palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. Anaerobic digestion of POME was modeled and analyzed with two variables i.e. HRT and COD_in. Experiments were conducted based on a general factorial design and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The region of exploration for digestion of POME was taken as the area enclosed by HRT (1–6 days) and COD_in (5260–34,725 mg/l) boundaries. Eight dependent parameters were either directly measured or calculated as response. Increase in the variables resulted in decrease in COD removal efficiency, solid retention time (SRT) and sludge retention factor (SRF) and increase of COD removal rate, volatile fatty acid to alkalinity ratio (VFA/Alk), CO₂ percentage in biogas and methane production rate. The value of the maximum specific microbial growth rate (μ_m) determined through the equation that correlated organic loading rate (OLR) and μ (calculated by quadratic model for SRF) was found to be 0.153 d^?1. This value was close to that obtained using Chen and Hashimoto kinetic equation (0.207 d^?1) in a previous study. The present study provides valuable information about interrelations of quality and process parameters in POME digestion using a UASFF bioreactor.