我国持久性有机污染物状况及宏观对策

从近几十年来中国POPs的使用情况出发，系统分析了典型POPs物质在农产品、土壤、母乳、水体和沉积物等介质中的污染状况。分析了国际上控制POPs的动向以及中国采取的应对策略，并对中国控制POPs污染的宏观对策进行探讨。从总体上看，目前中国有关POPs的政策法规体系正逐渐与国际接轨，但还很不完善，缺乏针对性和对污染事故的责任、处罚等明确措施，控制POPs对环境的污染与危害，制定行之有效的环境监管措施势在必行。     

基于AHP的POPs污染控制技术评价方法研究

POPs污染控制技术的引进和推广是削减POPs排放的重要手段,对最大限度地控制我国POPs污染,提升国家履行《斯德哥尔摩公约》的能力具有重要意义。为了筛选出适合我国发展需求与经济水平的技术,在对POPs污染控制技术进行分类研究的基础上,基于层次分析法(AHP)建立了POPs污染控制技术综合评价指标体系和评价方法。同时,选择钢铁行业的两种烟气POPs控制技术进行案例分析,证明了建立的评价方法具有较好的可行性。此外,评价结果表明,高炉煤气干式除尘余压压差发电技术优于转炉煤气干法烟气除尘及尘泥压块技术,应优先考虑在钢铁行业进行应用与推广,以提升行业POPs污染控制能力。     

POPs污染场地修复技术筛选研究

POPs污染场地作为潜在的POPs污染源,迫切需要治理.目前,国际上已开发出多种POPs污染场地治理技术,但我国尚缺乏适用于POPs污染场地治理的成熟技术.研究分析了国际上已有POPs污染场地修复技术,参照USEPA超基金污染场地治理修复技术筛选的基本方法,提出我国POPs污染场地修复技术筛选的基本路线.以具体的污染场地为例,结合影响POPs污染场地修复技术选择的因素,从经济指标、环境指标和技术指标三方面建立模型,采用层次分析法,筛选出了适合特定场地的修复技术,为我国POPs污染场地治理技术的选择提供了方法学流程.     

钢铁行业POPs控制技术应用及扩散机制研究

钢铁行业是无意排放持久性有机污染物(POPs)的主要污染源,为切实履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》,加快行业POPs控制技术推广应用,通过文献调研、企业考察、专家访谈等,对钢铁行业主要POPs控制技术的应用状况及扩散途径进行了研究。探讨POPs控制技术扩散的主要影响因素,包括政策标准变化以及市场竞争压力等驱动因素,以及相关环境管理和资金保障缺乏、技术不完善等障碍因素。提出了行业POPs控制技术扩散的保障机制,包括环境管理、技术支撑和资金支持机制。     

简讯

中国确定削减控制POPs目标及措施《中国履行〈关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约〉国家实施计划》近日已经由国务院批准,该计划确定了我国履约行动措施及履约总体目标和具体控制目标。2015年前将实现四大目标。一是淘汰杀虫剂类POPs。禁止艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、     

气候变化对POPs环境行为的影响研究进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)是一类难降解的有机污染物,其环境行为很大程度上决定了其最终的环境影响.探讨了气候变化对POPs环境行为的影响,通过相关的文献和科研进展得出的结论,从气温、降水与极端气候以及由气候变化引发的生物行为变化多个角度分析了气候变化与POPs间的相互关系.最后指出,由于全球气候变化的影响无处不在,今后在针对POPs污染的研究与防治中不能忽视这一要素,理应给予这一问题足够的关注.     

基于LCA的POPs控制技术系统评估方法研究

POPs控制的技术举措是各行业削减POPs排放的重要手段。为了在众多POPs控制技术中筛选出更可靠、更经济可行的技术,将POPs控制技术分为替代技术、入料控制技术、过程控制技术及末端处置技术四个大类,并结合综合指标法和生命周期法建立了POPs控制技术系统评估框架。同时,以山西某焦化厂出焦除尘布袋技术作为案例进行定量评估,系统地给出了布袋除尘器在经济运行、环境保护以及技术效果三方面的指标值。评价结果显示布袋除尘技术在技术稳定性、去除POPs污染物效果等技术指标上有较好的表现,并且不会产生额外的环境影响负荷。     

全氟辛烷磺化物及其环境问题

全氟辛烷磺化物(PFOS)是全氟化合物(PFCS)的代表物,以PFOS为原料可以生产许多用途广泛的PFOS相关物质,并且在环境中都能降解生成PFOS.PFOS是一种新型的持久性有机污染物(POPs),已经成为环境科学研究的热点问题.主要从物理化学性质、毒性、环境及人体暴露水平等方面对PFOS进行了综述,并将中国有关的现有数据与其他国家进行了比较.研究表明,中国人体、水体均存在着大范围的以PFOS为主的PFCS污染.     

岩溶区多环芳烃的研究进展

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类持久性有机污染物(POPs),普遍存在于环境介质中,其主要来自有机物的不完全燃烧或高温处理以及石油泄漏。PAHs进入大气后通过沉降和雨洗等途径进入地表和地下,在土壤和地下河沉积物中富集,因其难以转化,岩溶地下空间可能成为其最终归宿,成为潜在污染源,危害岩溶生态和人类健康。针对岩溶区的特殊性和脆弱性,综述了国内外对岩溶区PAHs的研究状况,并分析了中国岩溶区PAHs的污染水平,以期让中国岩溶区已遭受有机污染的事实引起关注和重视。     

合流制溢流调蓄池污染控制研究进展

目前,合流制溢流(CSOs)污染仍是我国大多数城市老城区排水系统的一个顽疾,并已成为环境水体污染物的主要来源之一,CSOs调蓄池作为控制CSOs污染的一种有效措施,在国内外诸多城市得到越来越多的应用。从CSOs水质水量特征、调蓄池规模设计方法、调蓄池模型及实时控制等方面对CSOs调蓄池在控制CSOs污染方面的国内外应用及最新研究进展进行了综述,以期为中国CSOs调蓄池污染控制策略的制定、合流制排水系统升级改造、调蓄池优化设计、科学系统的决策等提供参考。     

A multi media load model for the Baltic Sea

The background of this work is the international decision process with regard to the selection of chemicals to be assessed with priority. In order to stress the precautionary principle, mass flows were analysed rather than concentrations, threshold values, etc., as preferred by the chemical legislation (which still excludes the marine area). Lindane, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trichloroacetic acid and its sodium salt, medium-chained chlorinated paraffins and tributyltin (TBT) were selected due to their great relevance for the marine area. Trichloroacetic acid is an interesting model compound on account of its accidental formation by degradation of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons and during chlorination processes. In addition, a hypothetical compound was modelled, representing a highly water-soluble substance with low vapour pressure. The balancing area is the Baltic Sea and its catchment area. In order to model the substance flows, the 'Input/Output-load model' has been developed. The model quantifies the shift and the distribution of a yearly load of the substance investigated from the terrestrial-limnic into the marine compartment (Baltic Sea). Water-soluble substances, which are usually considered to be of no concern, may enter the sea in great amounts and, if not degradable, remain there. It turned out to be necessary to take into account remobilisation, unintended formation and point as well as line-sources.     

气氛含氧量对DDT热处理特性的影响

滴滴涕属于有机氯农药,其所含成分DDTs在环境中难以降解,并具有生物毒性。利用高温管式炉研究气氛中含氧量对滴滴涕热处理特性的影响,为研发废弃滴滴涕高温热处理技术提供理论依据。实验结果表明,在600℃时,滴滴涕去除率最高为含氧量21%时的70.48%;在900℃条件下,当含氧量为21%时DDT去除率≥99%;在1 200℃条件下,当含氧量≥12%时DDT去除率≥99.9%。在滴滴涕热处理残渣中,o,p’-DDT占DDTs总量的比例在3个温度段中都随含氧量的增加而增长,DDT则都随含氧量增加而减少,且上述变化随温度升高而幅度加大。在尾气中,p,p’-DDE占DDTs总量的比例在3个温度段中都随含氧量增加而递增,在1 200℃条件下尤为明显。     

The spatial scale of organic chemicals in multimedia fate modeling. Recent developments and significance for chemical assessment

In the last years, the spatial range (SR) or characteristic travel distance (CTD) of organic chemicals has found increasing scientific interest as an indicator of the long-range transport (LRT) potential and, in combination with persistence, as a kind of 'hazard' indicator on the exposure level. This development coincides with European debates about more effective and more preventive approaches to the chemicals assessment, and about an international, legally-binding instrument for the phase out of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Persistence and LRT potential are important issues in these debates. Here, the development of the concept of assessing the spatial scale from early ideas in the 1970s and 1980s to recent studies in the field of multimedia fate and transport modeling is summarized. Different approaches to the modeling of environmental transport (advective and dispersive) and different methods for quantifying the SR or CTD are compared. Relationships between SR or CTD and different persistence measures are analyzed. Comparison of these relationships shows that conclusions for chemical assessment should be based on an evaluation of different persistence and spatial scale measures. The use of SR or CTD and persistence as hazard indicators in the chemicals assessment is illustrated.     

Contamination and emission factors of PCDD/Fs, unintentional PCBs, HxCBz, PeCBz and polychlorophenols in chloranil in China

The production of chloranil is regarded as a potentially significant source of unintentional POPs. This research aimed to identify the contamination levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) and polychlorophenols in chloranil samples and identify the formation pathways. The toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values for PCDD/Fs in the chloranil samples ranged from 163 to 1 540 200 pg I-TEQ g⁻¹, while the PCB TEQ values ranged from 1.9 to 3.3 pg WHO-TEQ g⁻¹. High levels of HxCBz, PeCBz and polychlorophenols were also detected in the chloranil samples. The average emission factors were 522.2 mg I-TEQ t⁻¹ (PCDD/Fs), 0.0026 mg WHO-TEQ t⁻¹ (PCBs), 32.6 mg t⁻¹ (HxCBz), and 136.6 mg t⁻¹ (PeCBz). The PCDD/Fs and PCBs are thought to be formed from the polychlorophenols and polychlorobenzenes generated during the chloranil production process. Purification of the chloranil products can reduce the unintentional POPs releases and protect the environment.     

Introducing an integrated climate change perspective in POPs modelling, monitoring and regulation

This paper presents a review on the implications of climate change on the monitoring, modelling and regulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Current research gaps are also identified and discussed.Long-term data sets are essential to identify relationships between climate fluctuations and changes in chemical species distribution. Reconstructing the influence of climatic changes on POPs environmental behaviour is very challenging in some local studies, and some insights can be obtained by the few available dated sediment cores or by studying POPs response to inter-annual climate fluctuations. Knowledge gaps and future projections can be studied by developing and applying various modelling tools, identifying compounds susceptibility to climate change, local and global effects, orienting international policies.Long-term monitoring strategies and modelling exercises taking into account climate change should be considered when devising new regulatory plans in chemicals management.     

The significance of PCBs in the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere

Air monitoring stations were set up at 2 sites in the southern hemisphere--Moody Brook, Falkland Island (51 degrees 25' S, 57 degrees 56' W) and Halley, Research Station, Antarctica (75 degrees 35' S, 26 degrees 30' W). PCBs were monitored at the stations throughout 1999. Highest concentrations were observed when temperatures were greater. In general, concentrations were greater at Moody Brook than at Halley, although the difference in concentrations between sites was less for more chlorinated congeners. Air concentrations at both sites were compared with samples collected nearby over-water. Over water air concentrations were found to be greater than over land air concentrations. Concentrations were also compared with literature data for air concentrations at a remote site in the Canadian Arctic. Atmospheric concentrations of tri-chlorinated biphenyls were found to be approximately double those reported for Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic, whilst concentrations in samples from Antarctica were very similar to those found in the high Arctic. Most other PCBs were a factor of 2-4 greater in the Canadian Arctic.     

Development of an In-Line System for the Analysis of 4,4′-DDT in Water

An in-line system for trace persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in water was developed by using a laboratory-made hollow fiber membrane (HFM) unit connected with a high-resolution gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (HRGC-MS). The semivolatile organic compound, 4,4′-Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (4,4′-DDT), was chosen as a representative of a persistent organic compound. The synthetic water contaminated with 4,4′-DDT was passed through the HFM unit, the extraction occurred by the analyte pervaporated and permeated, then stripped into HRGC-MS. Several factors were investigated for the high extraction efficiency. The best performance was obtained at sample and stripping gas flow rates of 6 and 9 mLmin^?1, respectively, and desorption temperature of 60°C. At this temperature, the diffusion rate was enhanced by 15 times over 25°C. A wide linear dynamic range was obtained, i.e., 0.10–1.0 mgL^?1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 90 μgL^?1. The extraction efficiency of 4,4′-DDT in real water samples was in the range of 83–94%. Real water samples were analyzed and 0.6 μgL^?1 of 4,4′-DDT was found in unregistered bottled water and 7.0 μgL^?1 in tap water.     

DDT and DDE concentrations in the blood of Mexican children residing in the southeastern region of Mexico

The aim of this study was to assess the levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in the blood of children living in the southeastern region of Mexico. In this study, we found high levels of DDT and its principal metabolite (DDE) in the blood of children residing in the communities studied. The levels of total DDT found in our study ranged from 4,676.4 ng/g lipid to 64,245.2 ng/g lipid. All of the children in the study had detectable levels of DDT and/or DDE. In conclusion, our data indicate that children living within the study areas are exposed to high levels of DDT and DDE. Moreover, these results can be used as a trigger to revisit local policies on environmental exposures.     

POP bioaccumulation in macroinvertebrates of alpine freshwater systems

This study serves to investigate the uptake of POPs in the different trophic levels (scrapers, collectors, predators, shredders) of macroinvertebrate communities sampled from a glacial and a non-glacial stream in the Italian Alps. The presented results show that the contaminant concentrations in glacial communities are generally higher compared to those from non-glacial catchments, highlighting the importance of glaciers as temporary sinks of atmospherically transported pollutants. Moreover, the data also suggests that in mountain systems snow plays an important role in influencing macroinvertebrate contamination. The main chemical uptake process to the macroinvertebrates is considered to be bioconcentration from water, as similar contaminant profiles were observed between the different trophic levels. The role of biomagnification/bioaccumulation is thought to be absent or negligible. The enrichment of chemicals observed in the predators is likely to be related to their greater lipid content compared to that of other feeding groups.