Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.     

Temporal-spatial Characteristics of the Urbanization of Rural Land in Xinjiang

Relying on remote sensor technology, GIS and Land-sat TM digital images, the authors use spatial and statistical analysis to examine the temporal-spatial characteristics of the change caused by urban Construction in Xinjiang＇s rural areas from the end of the 1980s to the end of the 1990s. The primary findings show the following： 1） The urban construction in rural areas has increased drastically. The expansion speed of urban land use has accelerated over the past decade. The sub-land use changes caused by the urbanization of rural are characterized by salient regional differentiation among the three main regions and among the 85 counties of Xinjiang. 2） The shift of land use is mostly characterized by cultivated land and grassland being used for urban and industrial projects. Moreover, this change of land use is characteristic of regional differences. 3） Factors of rural-urban construction land use changes in Xinjiang, are undoubtedly affected by natural environment, social, economic conditions, and to a larger degree by population growth, GDP development and industrial development.     

Analysis and Modeling on the Spatial Structure of Urban Land Use: A Case of Jinan, China

Based on the data of urban land use obtained by remote sensing interpretation from aero images in 1986 and 2004, the spatial structure of Jinan is studied in this paper with the method of Geographic Information System (GIS). According to the proportion of land for residence, industry and commerce, the urban district can be distinguished into three rings. Compared with the traditional theory of the ring structure in Western coun- tries, they have many distinctive characteristics. The main func- tions of the inner ring include residence, business and banking, but the proportion of residential land (more than 50%) is considerably higher than that of the cities in Western countries. The land proportion for residence and industry in the intermediate ring is equal on the whole. The main land of the outside ring is for industrial use. From 1986 to 2004, great changes have taken place on the land proportion of different types of use. In the inner ring, the land for residential and industrial use has shrunk much while the land for commercial use has increased. In the intermediate ring, the changes of the three types of land use were not very much and the temporal variation was relatively stable. On the contrary, the structure in the outside ring varies acutely. Though most of it is also for industrial use, the proportion of residential land has in- creased much. The three rings can also be divided into several sectors respectively, according to the function of land use clusters. New trends and mechanisms of the changes of land use impacting the urban structure were proposed in the end of the paper.     

A Methodology Framework for Regional Land-use Change Studies based on Landsat TM images: A Case Study in Northeast China

Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. This paper analyzed the land-use change in Northeast China during 1985-2000 based on Landsat TM images. It divides Northeast China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree model of land-use: woodland/grassland-arable land conversion zone, dry land-paddy field conversion zone; urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing and reclamation and abandon zone. The findings include the obvious increase of cropland area, paddy field and dry land increased by 75 and 276 thousand hm2 respectively; urban areas expanded rapidly, areas of town and rural residence increased by 76.8 thousand hm2; areas of forests and grassland decreased sharply with the amounts of 1399 and 1521 thousand hm2 respectively; areas of water body and unused land increased by 148 and 514 thousand hm2 respectively. This paper also discusses the driving     

Research on Indicator System of Regional Eco-efficiency:A Case Study of Chengyang District

Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes. Despite the popularity of the term “eeo-efficiency“ in business, limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers. Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency, an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study. The indicator system comprises 22 indicators, which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development, resources consumption,environmental pressure. As a promising statistical technique,principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao‘s Chengyang District. The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1% with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003. Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends. The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979, which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources. The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997, due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years. Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production, so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability. The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.     

Function of Agricultural Land Use and Its Evolvement in Peri-urban Area: A Case Study of Beijing

Rapid urbanization in Beijing stimulates the urban land expansion and diminishes available agricultural land. Monofunctional agricultural land use can not meet the demand of the devel- opment of the multifunctional agriculture and urbanization any more, so multifunctional agricultural land use is going to be promoted in the city. This article proposes the evolvement of the land use change from 1992 to 2004 and discusses some evolvement views.     

Comprehensive Assessment and Promotion Policy of Producer Services’ Competitiveness in Beijing City:A Comparative Analysis among Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen

The five central cities-Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen-of the three most important strategic regions in China,namely Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region,the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta,are taken as a comparative analysis on urban producer services’ competitiveness,especially focusing on the comparative advantages and disadvantages of producer services in Beijing.Firstly,based on an integrated indicator system including one objective hierarchy,four standard hierarchies and 35 indicator hierarchies,the study applies factor analysis model and analytic hierarchy process model reformed by entropy technology to measure the comprehensive competitiveness of producer services in the above five cities.Secondly,Beijing has comparative advantages of capital resource,industrial base,scientific research resource and market scale,since it takes the first place of the five cities in the comprehensive competitiveness of producer services,the competitiveness of industrial development,business environment and living environment,only inferior to Shanghai in the competitiveness of talent capital.Thirdly,Beijing has comparative disadvantages in the level of producer services development,urban innovation capability and living environment.Finally,five proposals are put forth to enhance the competitiveness of producer services in Beijing,namely perfecting the system of laws and statutes,supporting the development of industry association,implementing scientific development planning,introducing preferential fiscal and taxation policies and strengthening human capital reserve.     

Urban Land-banking Planning： A New Instrument to Regulate Urban Land Supply-demand of Nanjing City

It is the major purpose of the paper to present the urban land-banking planning and its functions of promoting the urban land-banking system and land use administration. The urban land-banking system has the potential attribute of acting as an irreplaceable role in urban land administration, but its unexpected function-deviation has impacted its implementation effect in China. A few city governments are attempting to deal with the problem by the urban land-banking planning which is expected to contribute to the extension of urban function, optimization of urban patterns, promotion of urban core competitiveness and overall construction of the urban value chain. In this paper, we primarily discuss the necessity, functions, purposes and main contents of the urban land-banking planning. Subsequently, the implementing situation of the urban land-banking system in Nanjing is analyzed, including its integrated mode, spatio-temporal quantitative distribution and main characteristics. Finally, the background and targets including total, compositions, space, and regulation points are gradually introduced to present the Nanjing land-banking planning version 2.     

Study on Economic growth,Urbanization and Sustainable Utilization of Cultivated Land in China

By means of the dynamic regression model, this paper analyzes the relationships among economic growth, urbanization and changes of cultivated land in China, finds that the ratio of cultivated land occupied by economic growth is decreasing with social and economic growth. And, based on that, some policy suggestions on how to promote the sustainable use of cultivated land in China are put forward.     

The Impact of Changes of Property Rights on Farmland Use： An Empirical Study of China during Transition

In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system （HRS） have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet-ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur-ther reforms.     

江苏省级开发区土地开发效益评价

土地问题是当前我国开发区发展面临的重大挑战，在科学发展观指导下，国家从政策和管理层面对开发区提出提高土地集约利用水平的客观要求。江苏省是我国开发区较为发达的地区，开发区的发展对地区经济的发展起了重要推动作用，但也存在数量过多、土地利用集约度不高的问题。借鉴一些学者的相关研究，构建了一套开发区土地利用经济评价指标体系，采用系统协调度模型，对江苏省的省级开发区的土地开发效益进行评价，并就开发区效益评价结果进行了数学和空间分析说明。     

生态工业园评价方法研究:以北京市为例

建立科学有效的评价方法将有助于稳步推进我国的生态工业园建设．而园区所处区域的特点对于评价指标的选择和评价体系的建立具有重要影响。本研究在借鉴国内外最新研究成果的基础上．针对北京工业开发区的发展现状和特点．考虑相关性、可操作等原则，初步提出了一套生态工业园评价指标体系框架及其计算评价方法。评价指标共分为6大类准则，共计25个具体指标．划分为“控制性”指标和“指导性”指标。前者包括：信息基建共事类指标、管理与发展类指标、减量消耗类指标、园区环保类指标。后者包括：循环利用类指标和产业共生类指标。该指标体系蕴涵的思想和理论方法已成为推进北京生态工业园建设的重要借鉴，也可作为国家生态工业园评价方法研究的有益补充。     

开发区土地集约利用评价方法对比研究

开发区土地集约利用评价方法是全面客观评价开发区土地集约利用状况的关键要素。以南京市12个开发区为实证对象,尝试采用物元分析法和多因素综合评价法对开发区土地集约利用水平进行评价对比分析,并与土地集约利用效率评价结果对比分析,以期探求更合适的土地集约利用水平评价方法。研究结果表明:(1)南京各开发区集约用地主要限制因子各不相同,主要是企业用地容积率、企业用地建筑密度、建设用地投入强度和建设用地产出强度;南京各开发区之间的集约用地水平呈现出明显的差异,国家级开发区集约等级相对高于省级开发区,高新技术开发区集约等级相对高于传统经济类开发区;(2)相较于多因素综合评价法,物元分析法不但能反映研究对象的综合信息还能反映单个指标分异情况以及研究对象所处状态的稳定性,反映的信息更丰富;土地集约利用水平评价结果与土地集约利用效率评价结果排序具有一定差异,表明未来开发区不但要提高其集约利用水平更要提高集约利用效率。     

基于集约评价的城市开发区规模计量研究——以南京市省级以上开发区为例

随着开发区集约利用评价工作的全面开展,合理界定其用地规模成为研究的重点。本文以南京市为例,首先运用多目标决策法评价开发区集约利用等级,然后采用逐步回归法选取与集约利用相关度较大的因素作为预测依据,进而计量其合理的规模。研究结果表明:其一,A、B和C开发区集约等级为II级,可以适当扩大开发区规模;D、E、F和G开发区集约等级为III级,应该维持开发区规模;而H和I开发区集约等级为IV级,应适当缩小开发区规模。其二,当B开发区、A开发区和其他开发区地均工业总产值增长率分别达到23.10%、18.18%和15%时,可以充分发挥土地利用潜力。其三,即使实现土地集约利用,B开发区仍需扩充6.08 km2。最后,本文提出通过科学设定地均工业总产值增长率来提升开发区集约利用水平的政策建议。     

开发区土地集约利用评价研究——以厦门市海沧台商投资区为例

开发区土地集约利用对区域土地的可持续发展具有重要的意义。本文以厦门市海沧台商投资区为例,从土地利用状况、用地效益、土地管理绩效三个方面,建立了海沧台商投资区土地集约利用评价指标体系,对其土地集约利用评价方法进行了阐述、研究和评价,并针对评价结果提出了促进土地集约利用的建议。     

小城镇耕地集约利用评价方法比较研究——以浙江省慈溪市为例

以浙江省慈溪市小城镇耕地利用现状数据为基础,以20个镇（街道）为评价单元,建立耕地集约利用评价指标体系,分别采用综合评价法和人工神经网络两种方法、四级评价标准对其耕地集约利用水平进行评价,为区域土地合理利用和科学规划提供依据。研究结果表明：①小城镇耕地集约利用评价指标体系可包括投入强度、利用程度、利用效率和持续状况4个准则层;②小城镇耕地集约利用是以资金的大量投入为重要表征的,因而其重要程度最高,而粮食稳定性指数在气候条件、水分条件较好的南方,其重要性最低;③慈溪市小城镇耕地集约利用水平区域差异较大,多数小城镇耕地利用处于II 级较集约和III 级基本集约水平;④采用的两种评价方法均能较好地反映小城镇耕地集约利用水平,比较而言,采用人工神经网络方法进行小城镇耕地集约利用评价较传统的通过确定权重进行评价的方法是更加有效的途径。     

工业企业类型对工业用地利用效率的影响研究——基于企业类型宏观视角的分类

针对近年来企业变化趋势和新时代下对企业改革新要求,基于宏观视角对企业类型进行分类,结合2008～2016年30个省份面板数据,通过固定效应模型探讨其对工业用地利用效率的影响机制和方向。研究结果表明:资本类型中,地区外资及港澳台工业企业数量占比的提高在5%和1%的显著性水平上会对工业用地利用效率产生负向作用;产权类型中,地区国有及国有控股工业企业数量占比的提高在5%和1%的显著性水平上会对工业用地利用效率产生负向影响;规模类型中,地区大中型工业企业数量占比的提高在1%的显著性水平上会对工业用地利用效率产生负向影响;技术类型中,高技术产业企业数量占比的提高在5%显著性水平上会对工业用地利用效率产生正向影响。因此,工业企业类型不同将对工业用地利用效率产生显著影响,未来应注重工业企业内部改革和转变。     

中国城市土地供给制度绩效评价指标体系的建立及其应用研究

对一种制度的绩效进行量化评价是近年来制度经济学研究的热点问题之一。城市土地是城市形成与发展的基础，而土地资源的供给直接关系到城市的兴衰与区域的发展。近年来我国在城市土地供给制度上进行了较大的改革，作为一种制度改革，其绩效的评价具有一定的现实意义，可以实现评价的诊断功能和预瞀功能。本文通过对制度绩效评价分析，提出对制度绩效评价可以转化为对制度目标实现程度的评价，归纳出我国城市土地供给制度绩效的评价标准，遵循“效率优先。兼顾公平”的原则，以土地结构配置效应、经济效应和公平配置效应为表现，初步提出了现行的城市土地供给制度的绩效评价指标体系，并对南京市近年来的城市土地供给制度的绩效进行了实证研究，提出了相关建议。     

工业园生态型土地功能区构建探讨——以常熟市国际工业园为例

工业园区的规划建设对当地及周边地区的土地质量将产生重要影响 ,因此有必要将生态型土地功能区的理念纳入工业园区的规划之中。工业园生态型土地功能区是依据自然及人工特征对生态型人工复合系统或人类聚居地进行人为划分的区域。该区域应使人们在各种社会经济活动中所消耗的物资和物化劳动获得较大的经济效益的同时 ,保持生态系统的动态平衡。生态型土地功能区区划的重要理论依据是 :在对区域生态调查的基础上 ,首先对土地生态适宜度和生态敏感性两方面进行评价 ,然后根据评价结果将生态性质相似的土地进行类聚 ,并按不同的用途对该区的土地进行功能区划。最后以常熟市国际工业园案例进行实例研究 ,通过分析结果可以认识到园区生态型土地功能区区划与经济协调发展是可行的     

城市土地利用效率研究进展

国内外学术界围绕城市土地利用效率开展了大量研究,但是已有研究并没有就城市土地利用效率的测度、影响机制等问题达成共识。该文采用归纳与比较分析法,从研究内容、方法、结论等方面对已有文献进行梳理与总结,并对后续研究作出展望。研究发现：目前对城市土地利用效率的研究主要包括效率的评价及其影响机制2个方面;土地利用效率评价的研究完善了效率的理论体系,但研究视角单一,研究意义具有一定局限性;土地利用效率影响机制的研究内容与方法更加丰富,但实证研究较多,缺乏理论机制的阐述;未来的研究需要完善城市尤其是开发区土地利用效率的研究体系,重点考虑土地市场化改革、供给侧改革与土地利用效率的联系,促进经济转型中城市土地利用效率稳步提升。