Manipulation of snow in small headwater catchments at Storgama, Norway: effects on leaching of inorganic nitrogen

We have manipulated the winter-time soil temperature regime of small headwater catchments in a montane heathland area of southern Norway to study the possible effects on concentrations and fluxes of inorganic nitrogen in runoff. The experiments included extra insulation of soils in two catchments to prevent subzero temperatures during winter, and removal of snow in two other catchments to promote soil frost. Increased soil temperatures during winter increased the springtime concentrations and fluxes of ammonium (NH4) and nitrate (NO3) in runoff. By contrast, snow removal with development of significant soil frost showed no systematic effects on mean concentrations or fluxes of inorganic N. The results from our experiments suggest that warmer soils during winter caused by exceptionally mild winters, or alternatively a heavy snowpack, imply a greater risk for inorganic N leaching in this region than a possible increase of soil frost events because of reduced snow cover.     

Manipulation of precipitation in small headwater catchments at Storgama, Norway: effects on leaching of organic carbon and nitrogen species

Projected changes in climate in Southern Norway include increases in summer and autumn precipitation. This may affect leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from soils. Effects of experimentally added extra precipitation (10 mm week) during the growing season of 3 years (2004-2006) to small headwater catchments at Storgama (59 degrees 0'N, 550-600 m a.s.l.) on leaching of total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON) were assessed. Extra precipitation did not have a significant effect on average TOC and TON concentrations in runoff. Thus, fluxes of TOC and TON increased nearly proportionally with water fluxes. This suggests that a store of adsorbed and potentially mobile TOC and TON in catchment soils buffers the concentration of DOM in runoff. The size and dynamics of the pool of TOC and TON depends on the balance between production and leaching rates. Infrequent short droughts had only small effects on TOC and TON fluxes in runoff from the reference catchments.     

Effect of climate change on flux of N and C: air-land-freshwater-marine links: synthesis

Projected climate change might increase the deposition of nitrogen by about 10% to seminatural ecosystems in southern Norway. At Storgama, increased precipitation in the growing season increased the fluxes of total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON) in proportion to the water flux. In winter, soil temperatures near 0 degrees C, common under a snowpack, induced higher runoff of inorganic nitrogen (N) and lower runoff of TOC. By contrast, soil temperatures below freezing, caused by little snow accumulation (expected in a warmer world), reduced runoff of inorganic N, TON, and TOC. Long-term monitoring data showed that reduced snowpack can cause either decreased or increased N leaching, depending on interactions with N deposition, soil temperature regime, and winter discharge. Seasonal variation in TOC was mainly climatically controlled, whereas deposition of sulfate and nitrate (NO3) explained the long-term TOC increase. Upscaling to the river basin scale showed that the annual flux of NO3 will remain unchanged in response to climate change projections.     

Projected stream water fluxes of NO3 and total organic carbon from the Storgama headwater catchment, Norway, under climate change and reduced acid deposition

Fluctuations in the 20-year record of nitrate (NO3) and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations and fluxes in runoff at the small headwater catchment Storgama, southern Norway, were related to climate and acid deposition. The long-term decline in NO3 related to reduced NO3 deposition and increased winter discharge, whereas the long-term increase in TOC related to reduced sulfur deposition. Multiple regression models describing long-term trends and seasonal variability in these records were used to project future concentrations given scenarios of climate change and acid deposition. All scenarios indicated reduced NO3 fluxes and increased TOC fluxes; the largest projected changes for the period 2071-2100 were -86% and +24%, respectively. Uncertainties are that the predicted future temperatures are considerably higher than the historical record. Also, nonlinear responses of ecosystem processes (nitrogen [N] mineralization) to temperature, N-enrichment of soils, and step-changes in environmental conditions may affect future leaching of carbon and N.     

钒钛磁铁矿制备絮凝剂用于有机污水处理的研究

以钒钛磁铁矿为原料,利用盐酸浸出工艺制备铁、钛、钒三元絮凝剂,对工艺条件进行优化后用于处理模拟有机污水,并与聚合氯化铁(PFC)的絮凝效果进行对比.结果表明:在浸出时间为4 h、浸出温度为80℃、液固质量比为5、盐酸初始质量分数为20％时,浸出效果最佳,钒、铁、钛的浸出率分别为99.98％、97.77％、10.41％;...     

Charge density of total organic carbon in Finnish lakes

Ion balance calculations were used to estimate the charge density of total organic carbon (TOC) and for calibrating the model of Oliver et al. (1983) for Finnish lakes. The database consisted of samples collected in the autumn of 1987 from 955 randomly selected lakes covering the whole country. Organic anion concentrations were estimated as the difference between Sigma cations and Sigma inorganic anions. The charge density of TOC was estimated by dividing the organic anion concentration by TOC. The median charge density was 7.5 microeq (mg TOC)(-1). In lakes with pH values lower than 4.5 the average charge density was 5.2 microeq (mg TOC)(-1) and it increased to 10.3 microeq (mg TOC)(-1) in lakes with pH higher than or equal to 7.0. The calibrated model explained 79% of the observed variability in organic anion concentration. The value for the total amount of acidic functional groups per mol organic carbon in the model of Oliver et al. (1983) was slightly higher compared to the Finnish calibration. At pH values higher than 4.4 the Finnish calibration gives lower organic anion concentrations compared to the model of Oliver et al. (1983).     

Natural variability in soil and runoff from small headwater catchments at Storgama, Norway

To provide baseline data for climate manipulation experiments in 11 small (30-268 m2) headwater catchments at Storgama, Telemark County, Southern Norway, we assessed the natural variability in site characteristics and runoff quality. Annual average concentrations in runoff at the sites have coefficients of variation between 26-61%, with the smallest values for total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratios and the largest for inorganic nitrogen (N). The catchments have between two and five times higher concentrations of inorganic N, TOC, and total phosphorus than the larger (0.6 km2) Storgama watershed nearby. Concentrations of TOC and TON in runoff tend to increase with soil C and N content and with the volume of soil in the catchment. For nitrate (NO3) and ammonium in runoff, the reverse is true. In wet years the proportion of bare rock is a major predictor for the annual average NO3 concentration in runoff.     

Effects of EDTA and low molecular weight organic acids on soil solution properties of a heavy metal polluted soil

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of EDTA and low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) on the pH, total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metals in the soil solution in the rhizosphere of Brassica juncea grown in a paddy soil contaminated with Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd. The results show that EDTA and LMWOA have no effect on the soil solution pH. EDTA addition significantly increased the TOC concentrations in the soil solution. The TOC concentrations in treatments with EDTA were significantly higher than those in treatments with LMWOA. Adding 3 mmol kg(-1) EDTA to the soil markedly increased the total concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the soil solution. Compared to EDTA, LMWOA had a very small effect on the metal concentrations. Total concentrations in the soil solution followed the sequence: EDTA > citric acid (CA) approximately oxalic acid (OA) approximately malic acid (MA) for Cu and Pb; EDTA > MA > CA approximately OA for Zn; and EDTA > MA > CA > OA for Cd. The labile concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd showed similar trends to the total concentrations.     

Influence of soil organic matter on the leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the main classes of contaminants in the terrestrial environment. Aside from total organic carbon, the ratio among the different organic matter fractions [dissolved organic matter, fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA) and humin] can also affect the mobility of these hydrocarbons in soils. In this study the effect of the whole organic carbon pool has been compared with that of HA and FA on the translocation of four PAHs (biphenyl, fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene) in soil columns. Oxidized and untreated soil columns with and without HA or FA, were prepared, spilled with hydrocarbons and leached with a 0.01 M CaCl2 solution. The influence of HA and FA on PAH translocation was investigated through determinations of the PAH contents and total organic carbon (TOC) in the layers of the columns. All molecules were moved vertically by the percolating solutions, their concentrations decreasing with depths. The nonoxidized soil tended to retain more PAHs (96%) than the oxidized one (60%), confirming that organic matter plays an important role in controlling PAH leaching. The whole organic matter pool reduced the translocation of pollutants downward the profile. The addition of HA enhanced this behaviour by increasing the PAH retention in the top layers (7.55 mg and 4.00 mg in the top two layers, respectively) while FA increased their mobility (only 2.30 and 2.90 mg of PAHs were found in the top layers) and favoured leaching. In fact, in the presence of HA alone, the higher amounts of PAHs retained at the surface and the good correlation (r2=0.936) between TOC and hydrocarbon distribution can be attributed to a parallel distribution of PAHs and HA, while in the presence of FA, the higher mobility of PAHs can be attributed to the high mobility of the humic material, as expected by its extensive hydrophilic characteristics.     

Modelling nitrogen saturation and carbon accumulation in heathland soils under elevated nitrogen deposition

A simple model of nitrogen (N) saturation, based on an extension of the biogeochemical model MAGIC, has been tested at two long-running heathland N manipulation experiments. The model simulates N immobilisation as a function of organic soil C/N ratio, but permits a proportion of immobilised N to be accompanied by accumulation of soil carbon (C), slowing the rate of C/N ratio change and subsequent N saturation. The model successfully reproduced observed treatment effects on soil C and N, and inorganic N leaching, for both sites. At the C-rich upland site, N addition led to relatively small reductions in soil C/N, low inorganic N leaching, and a substantial increase in organic soil C. At the C-poor lowland site, soil C/N ratio decreases and N leaching increases were much more dramatic, and soil C accumulation predicted to be smaller. The study suggests that (i) a simple model can effectively simulate observed changes in soil and leachate N; (ii) previous model predictions based on a constant soil C pool may overpredict future N leaching; (iii) N saturation may develop most rapidly in dry, organic-poor, high-decomposition systems; and (iv) N deposition may lead to significantly enhanced soil C sequestration, particularly in wet, nutrient-poor, organic-rich systems.     

Fenton法降解垃圾渗滤液中的溶解性有机质

垃圾渗滤液是一种高浓度难降解废水,含有大量有毒物质和溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter, DOM）,可生化性差。Fenton试剂（Fe2++H2O2）能产生活性极强的羟基自由基（·OH）,能快速氧化渗滤液中DOM和微量有机物质。本研究采用Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液,结果表明,在优化的处理条件下,渗滤液COD和TOC去除率分别为65%和42%,其中混凝作用去除的COD和TOC分别为20%和21%。进一步通过紫外可见光谱扫描、SUVA254、E3/E4等指标评价,发现Fenton法可以有效降低渗滤液中的DOM含量,大分子有机物的含量明显减少,而分子量小的有机物含量相对增加,反应体系中溶解性有机物分子量随着反应的进行而降低,腐殖化程度降低。利用GC-MS定性出渗滤液原液中47种有机物,该类有机物在Fenton反应后上清液中未再检出,但5种物质（邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己）酯、植酮、角鲨烯、麥角甾烷醇和二氢胆固醇）在沉淀的铁泥中检出。研究发现不同pH值、H2O2和Fe2+浓度条件下,残留的COD与DOM、TOC和UV254存在显著的相关关系（R2> 0.9）。本研究结果为改进垃圾渗滤液处理工艺和探索DOM在Fenton过程中的降解行为提供科学依据。     

The ratio of clay content to total organic carbon content is a useful parameter to predict adsorption of the herbicide butachlor in soils

Thirteen soils collected from 11 provinces in eastern China were used to investigate the butachlor adsorption. The results indicated that the total organic carbon (TOC) content, clay content, amorphous Fe2O3 content, silt content, CEC, and pH had a combined effect on the butachlor sorption on soil. Combination of the data obtained from the 13 soils in the present study with other 23 soil samples reported by other researchers in the literature showed that Koc would be a poor predictive parameter for butachlor adsorption on soils with TOC content higher than 4.0% and lower than 0.2%. The soils with the ratio of clay content to TOC content (RCO) values less than 60 adsorbed butachlor mainly by the partition into soil organic matter matrix. The soils with RCO values higher than 60 apparently adsorbed butachlor by the combination of the partition into soil organic matter matrix and adsorption on clay surface.     

不同人工湿地基质对污水总有机碳去除能力初探

选择4种常见基质及基质配比,研究其碳含量和组分对污水中总有机碳(TOC)的去除影响。结果显示当污水的TOC浓度为27 mg/L时,4种基质都向水体中释放碳,且释放碳的大小顺序为:砂子-土壤-泥炭混合基质土壤砂子-土壤混合基质砂子,基质的碳含量越高,释放到水体中碳越多。3种基质对水体中TOC的去除率大小顺序为:土壤砂子-土壤混合物基质砂子,基质碳含量越高,微生物活性越强,对TOC的去除率越高。在第12天,砂子-土壤-泥炭混合基质处理中TOC浓度的增加,与其稳结合态有机碳含量较高有关。有机碳含量和组分影响了人工湿地基质对TOC的去除。     

Removal of volatile and semivolatile organic contamination from soil by air and steam flushing

A soil core, obtained from a contaminated field site, contaminated with a mixture of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (VOC and SVOC) was subjected to air and steam flushing. Removal rates of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds were monitored during flushing. Air flushing removed a significant portion of the VOC present in the soil, but a significant decline in removal rate occurred due to decreasing VOC concentrations in the soil gas phase. Application of steam flushing after air flushing produced a significant increase in contaminant removal rate for the first 4 to 5 pore volumes of steam condensate. Subsequently, contaminant concentrations decreased slowly with additional pore volumes of steam flushing. The passage of a steam volume corresponding to 11 pore volumes of steam condensate reduced the total VOC concentration in the soil gas (at 20 degrees C) by a factor of 20 to 0.07 mg/l. The corresponding total SVOC concentration in the condensate declined from 11 to 3 mg/l. Declines in contaminant removal rates during both air and steam flushing indicated rate-limited removal consistent with the persistence of a residual organic phase, rate-limited desorption, or channeling. Pressure gradients were much higher for steam flushing than for air flushing. The magnitude of the pressure gradients encountered during steam flushing for this soil indicates that, in addition to rate-limited contaminant removal, the soil permeability (2.1 x 10(-9) cm2) would be a limiting factor in the effectiveness of steam flushing.     

Fluxes of inorganic and organic arsenic species in a Norway spruce forest floor

To identify the role of the forest floor in arsenic (As) biogeochemistry, concentrations and fluxes of inorganic and organic As in throughfall, litterfall and forest floor percolates at different layers were investigated. Nearly 40% of total As(total) input (5.3g Asha(-1)yr(-1)) was retained in Oi layer, whereas As(total) fluxes from Oe and Oa layers exceeded the input by far (10.8 and 20g Asha(-1)yr(-1), respectively). Except dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), fluxes of organic As decreased with depth of forest floor so that <10% of total deposition (all <0.3g Asha(-1)yr(-1)) reached the mineral soil. All forest floor layers are sinks for most organic As. Conversely, Oe and Oa layers are sources of As(total), arsenite, arsenate and DMA. Significant correlations (r>/=0.43) between fluxes of As(total), arsenite, arsenate or DMA and water indicate hydrological conditions and adsorption-desorption as factors influencing their release from the forest floor. The higher net release of arsenite from Oe and Oa and of DMA from Oa layer in the growing than dormant season also suggests microbial influences on the release of arsenite and DMA.     

Ecosystem Response to Climatic Change: The Importance of the Cold Season

Winter climate and snow cover are the important drivers of plant community development in polar regions. However, the impacts of changing winter climate and associated changes in snow regime have received much less attention than changes during summer. Here, we synthesize the results from studies on the impacts of extreme winter weather events on polar heathland and lichen communities. Dwarf shrubs, mosses and soil arthropods were negatively impacted by extreme warming events while lichens showed variable responses to changes in extreme winter weather events. Snow mould formation underneath the snow may contribute to spatial heterogeneity in plant growth, arthropod communities and carbon cycling. Winter snow cover and depth will drive the reported impacts of winter climate change and add to spatial patterns in vegetation heterogeneity. The challenges ahead lie in obtaining better predictions on the snow patterns across the landscape and how these will be altered due to winter climate change.     

4种碱基添加剂对1,2,4-三氯苯污染土壤热脱附效果的影响

含氯有机物是土壤中常见的污染物质,对人体危害大,采用热脱附修复技术去除。通过改变加热温度、加热时间及添加4种碱性物质 (NaHCO₃、NaOH、Ca(OH)₂、CaCO₃) 等条件获取TCB的去除效率及污染土壤理化性质变化情况。实验结果表明,热脱附能有效去除土壤中TCB,当温度为350 ℃加热30 min时,污染土壤中TCB去除率为83.27%;碱性物质的添加能有效强化热脱附过程,添加1%的NaHCO₃、NaOH、Ca(OH)₂和CaCO₃后,TCB去除率分别提高了28.28、26.13、20.28、18.19%。碱性物质的添加促进了TCB的脱氯和降解,相比于无碱性物质热脱附,添加1%NaHCO₃和NaOH后尾气中DCBz增加了5.4 ug·L⁻¹和3.65 ug·L⁻¹。热脱附后土壤有机碳、有效磷质量分数和阳离子交换量减少,电导率增大;碱基协同热脱附前后土壤的总有机碳质量分数变化不大,土壤中有效磷质量分数和阳离子交换量明显增大,脱附条件为250 ℃、30 min以及1%的Ca(OH)₂时,脱附前后有效磷由57.5 mg·kg⁻¹增大至80.2 mg·kg⁻¹,阳离子交换量由19.72 cmol⁺·kg⁻¹增大至24.4 cmol⁺·kg⁻¹。本研究结果可为热脱附技术修复三氯苯污染土壤提供技术参考。     

Ecosystem response to climatic change: the importance of the cold season

Winter climate and snow cover are the important drivers of plant community development in polar regions. However, the impacts of changing winter climate and associated changes in snow regime have received much less attention than changes during summer. Here, we synthesize the results from studies on the impacts of extreme winter weather events on polar heathland and lichen communities. Dwarf shrubs, mosses and soil arthropods were negatively impacted by extreme warming events while lichens showed variable responses to changes in extreme winter weather events. Snow mould formation underneath the snow may contribute to spatial heterogeneity in plant growth, arthropod communities and carbon cycling. Winter snow cover and depth will drive the reported impacts of winter climate change and add to spatial patterns in vegetation heterogeneity. The challenges ahead lie in obtaining better predictions on the snow patterns across the landscape and how these will be altered due to winter climate change.     

Influence of kinetic sorption and diffusion on pesticide movement through aggregated soils

Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate solute leaching at different times from application in relation to temperature and initial soil moisture. Aggregates of a heavy clay soil were treated with a non-interactive solute (bromide) and the herbicides chlorotoluron, isoproturon and triasulfuron. The soil was incubated at 90% field capacity and either 5 or 15 degrees C. The influence of application to initially dry and initially wet aggregates on the behaviour of isoproturon was also investigated. At intervals, samples were either leached in small columns, centrifuged to characterise the fraction of chemical available in pore water under natural moisture conditions or extracted with organic solvents to assess total residues in soil. Bromide concentrations in leachate and in pore water extracted by centrifugation were constant with time. In contrast, availability for leaching and concentration in pore water of the herbicides decreased with increasing time from application in soil incubated at 15 degrees C. The effect of residence time was much smaller at 5 than at 15 degrees C. At the higher temperature, pesticide concentrations in leachate and pore water declined faster than would be expected from degradation alone, probably due to slow diffusion of the pesticides into soil aggregates where they are less available for leaching and/or slow sorption-desorption. The faster decline in availability for leaching at 15 than at 5 degrees C was attributed to faster degradation of the readily available fraction. There was no significant influence of initial soil moisture on either the leaching behaviour of isoproturon or its availability in soil water.     

Climate change influence on POPs distribution and fate: a case study

Climate change has the potential of affecting the behaviour and distribution of organic pollutants, including POPs. Direct effects of climate change, like temperature increase, modification of wind and precipitation patterns, sea level rise, snow and ice cover, may be very effective in altering the partitioning of POPs among the environmental compartments. Other consequences of future climate scenarios may imply the alteration of degradation rates, soil properties (and hence land use), air-particle partitioning of chemicals and so forth. A case study is here presented to illustrate the major implications of climate change on the long term at the local scale. A dynamic multimedia model was applied to selected PCB and PCDD/F congeners to simulate the effects of climate change on their distribution and fluxes over the next 50 y in the Venice Lagoon (Italy). Different climate change scenarios were tested, finding noticeable variations in POPs concentration even for minor environmental changes. PCBs and PCDFs environmental concentrations may differ by a factor two in a moderate climate change scenario, compared to a situation with stable climate over the next 50 y. However, model results also suggest that if global warming may have the potential of reducing the environmental levels of these chemicals, it would probably enhance their mobility and hence their potential for long range atmospheric transport.