Identification of Illex coindetii, I. illecebrosus and I. argentinus (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) throughout the Atlantic Ocean; by body and beak characters

Shortfinned squid species of the genus Illex support commercial fisheries throughout the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Previous identification of interspecific and intraspecific populations by morphological and size-at-maturity studies have not provided conclusive results. We analysed morphometric body and beak variables (24 characters) in three species of the genus (I. coindetii, I. illecebrosus and I. argentinus), using a geographic and seasonal series of 33 populations for 1,500 specimens of I. coindetii, I. illecebrosus and I. argentinus. Residuals of the regression between each morphometric body and beak variable and mantle length were used as input in a stepwise discriminant analysis. Species discrimination by body and hectocotylus characters required at least eight variables and resulted in high correct-classification percentages for I. coindetii and I. argentinus (75% and 90%, respectively), whereas the best identification resulted from beak characters (83% correctly classified). Size of the suckerless basal arm, sucker-bearing length and beak lateral wall discriminated best among I. coindetii from northern Iberia, northwest Iberia (year-1996) and Ireland in the Atlantic and western Mediterranean versus middle and eastern Mediterranean samples. Canadian shelf and American samples were discriminated from Canadian slope I. illecebrosus. Winter/shelf and winter/slope samples of I. argentinus seemed to form a single biological group separated from Falkland Island, 46°S/autumn spawners and 46°S/1996 specimens along the Patagonian Shelf. No significant sexual or maturity polymorphism was obtained. Discriminant analysis optimised population diagnosis on a morphometric basis of interest in fisheries strategies. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0796-7.     

Gut characteristics and assimilation efficiencies in two species of herbivorous damselfishes (Pomacentridae: Stegastes dorsopunicans and S. planifrons)

The morphological and physiological mechanisms by which marine herbivores assimilate energy and nutrients from primary producers and transfer them to higher trophic levels of reef ecosystems are poorly understood. Two wide-ranging Caribbean fishes, the dusky damselfish, Stegastes dorsopunicans, and the threespot damselfish, S. planifrons, defend territories on patch reefs in the Archipelago de San Blas, Republic of Panama. We examined how relative intestine length and retention time influence digestion and absorption of energy and nutrients in these fishes. The dusky damselfish has a relative intestine length (RIL=intestine length/standard length) of 1.2 and a Zihler index {ZI=intestine length (mm)/10[mass(g)^1/3]} of 3.4. These values are significantly lower (P_RIL=P_ZI<0.0001) than those for the threespot damselfish (3.0 and 8.2, respectively). Both RIL and ZI for both species fall well below previously published values for other herbivorous pomacentrids, and may reflect their primary food resource at San Blas (diatoms). Energy-rich diatoms may be easier to digest than refractory macroalgae characteristic of diets of many herbivorous fishes (RIL range: 2-20). Despite differences in RIL and ZI between these two species, gut retention time is the same (P>0.05) for both dusky (6.6 h) and threespot damselfish (6.5 h). Thus, food travels the length of the threespot damselfish intestine ~2.5 times faster than it does in the dusky damselfish intestine. Levels of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid are significantly (0.003<P<0.030) higher in the feces of dusky damselfish than in the feces of threespot damselfish, when both species were fed a natural diet of benthic diatoms collected from damselfish territories. This indicates threespot damselfish have a greater nutrient-specific and total assimilation efficiency than do dusky damselfish. Furthermore, when fed an artificial pellet diet, protein absorption efficiency differed significantly (P=0.014) between species; threespot damselfish absorbed 98.3% of dietary protein, whereas dusky damselfish absorbed 96.4% of dietary protein.     

Effects of exposure to toxic and non-toxic dinoflagellates on oxygen consumption and locomotion in stage 1 larvae of the crabs Cancer oregonensis and C. magister

Sublethal effects on larval crabs upon exposure to toxic dinoflagellates were examined in the laboratory in early 1999. Specifically, oxygen consumption rates and geotaxis responses were determined for stage 1 larvae of the crabs Cancer oregonensis (Dana) and C. magister Dana that were exposed to non-toxic (Alexandrium tamarense, strain 115) or toxic (A. fundyense, strain 1719) dinoflagellates or to freshly hatched nauplii of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. In C. oregonensis, larvae exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate showed reduced rates of oxygen consumption compared to those exposed to non-toxic dinoflagellates or brine shrimp nauplii. Larvae exposed to a filtrate of the non-toxic dinoflagellate showed no change in oxygen consumption, but a reduced rate when exposed to filtrate from the toxic alga at densities >5᎒² cells ml^-1. In C. magister, larvae exposed to the non-toxic A. tamarense or the toxic A. fundyense had reduced oxygen consumption rates. Larvae exposed to filtrates of non-toxic and toxic dinoflagellates had no change in oxygen consumption. In geotaxis tests, C. oregonensis larvae exposed for 1 day to the toxic A. fundyense reduced their level of locomotion compared to those exposed to non-toxic A. tamarense or to brine shrimp nauplii. C. magister larvae showed no change in activity after a 1-day exposure to the toxic A. fundyense. After a 4-day exposure to A. fundyense, C. magister larvae had much reduced locomotion. Reduced locomotory activity in larvae exposed to toxic algae is consistent with the changes in oxygen consumption rates. Responding to exposure to toxic algae by reducing locomotion may affect vertical migration in these negatively buoyant crab larvae, resulting in sinking below a toxic alga bloom, at least temporarily.     

Chemical defense of the mint plant, Teucrium marum (Labiatae)

Summary. The mint plant, Teucrium marum (family Labiatae), sometimes called cat thyme, contains two methylcyclopentanoid monoterpenes, dolichodial and teucrein. The former compound is potently anti-insectan. It is repellent to ants (Monomorium pharaonis) and induces preening reflexes in flies (Phormia regina) and cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). Evidence is presented suggesting that dolichodial, which is presumed to be the plant's chief defensive agent, is stored in the tiny epidermal capsules that beset the leaves. It is only when the leaves are injured (and the capsules ruptured) that the leaves become repellent. Teucrein, in contrast, has no anti-insectan potency. It is present predominantly in the leaf buds, unlike dolichodial, which is present mostly in mature leaves. It is argued that teucrein is the storage compound from which dolichodial is generated during leaf development.     

食蚊鱼(Gambusia afinis)cat、gapdh和gst基因的克隆及其在生态毒理学中的应用

根据Ensembl、Genbank登录的鱼类cat、gapdh和gst基因的CDS序列设计普通PCR扩增引物,寻找食蚊鱼的cat、gapdh和gst基因的c DNA片段,并根据定量引物设计要求设计出相应的SYBR Green I荧光定量RT-q PCR引物,建立了食蚊鱼cat、gapdh和gst基因的SYBR Green I荧光定量RT-q PCR方法。该方法在104~108数量级范围内有良好线性关系(R=0.999~1.000);熔解曲线显示扩增产物特异性良好,均为单一峰值;质粒标准品最高浓度与最低浓度的批内试验变异系数与批间试验变异系数均低于2%。利用该方法监测和评价环境污染物对水生生物的影响,选择了水体中常见典型药物污染物——双氯芬酸,研究其对食蚊鱼抗氧化基因表达的影响。结果表明,雌性食蚊鱼暴露在不同浓度双氯芬酸钠(0.005、0.05、0.5和5 mg·L-1)24 h后,其肝脏cat、gapdh和gst的mRNA呈现显著变化,相对于对照组,在低浓度0.005 mg·L-1时,cat与gst mRNA的表达量均有极显著上升(p0.01),而其它浓度均极显著下降(p0.01)。试验表明该方法具有快速、精确、灵敏度高的优点,可为利用该类小型鱼类的原位污染物的生物监测和生态毒理评价提供有力的技术支持。     

Chemical poison and regeneration of SCR catalysts for NOx removal from stationary sources

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ is an effective technique to remove NO_x from stationary sources, such as coal-fired power plant and industrial boilers. Some of elements in the fly ash deactivate the catalyst due to strong chemisorptions on the active sites. The poisons may act by simply blocking active sites or alter the adsorption behaviors of reactants and products by an electronic interaction. This review is mainly focused on the chemical poisoning on V₂O₅-based catalysts, environmental-benign catalysts and low temperature catalysts. Several common poisons including alkali/alkaline earth metals, SO₂ and heavy metals etc. are referred and their poisoning mechanisms on catalysts are discussed. The regeneration methods of poisoned catalysts and the development of poison-resistance catalysts are also compared and analyzed. Finally, future research directions in developing poisoning resistance catalysts and facile efficient regeneration methods for SCR catalysts are proposed.     

Simultaneous removal of NOx and chlorobenzene on V2O5/TiO2 granular catalyst: Kinetic study and performance prediction

• A V₂O₅/TiO₂ granular catalyst for simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene. • Catalyst synthesized by vanadyl acetylacetonate showed good activity and stability. • The kinetic model was established and the synergetic activity was predicted. • Both chlorobenzene oxidation and SCR of NO follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. • The work is of much value to design of multi-pollutants emission control system. The synergetic abatement of multi-pollutants is one of the development trends of flue gas pollution control technology, which is still in the initial stage and facing many challenges. We developed a V₂O₅/TiO₂ granular catalyst and established the kinetic model for the simultaneous removal of NO and chlorobenzene (i.e., an important precursor of dioxins). The granular catalyst synthesized using vanadyl acetylacetonate precursor showed good synergistic catalytic performance and stability. Although the SCR reaction of NO and the oxidation reaction of chlorobenzene mutually inhibited, the reaction order of each reaction was not considerably affected, and the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics was still followed. The performance prediction of this work is of much value to the understanding and reasonable design of a catalytic system for multi-pollutants (i.e., NO and dioxins) emission control.     

壬基酚在蛋白核小球藻和大型溞体内的富集与传递

为探究壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)在水生生物中的富集传递效应,选择以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)为研究对象,开展蛋白核小球藻对NP的富集效应实验,及NP在蛋白核小球藻和大型溞体内的传递效应实验。研究结果表明,NP对蛋白核小球藻的96 h半数效应浓度(96 h-EC50)为3.13 mg·L~(-1),对蛋白核小球藻的生长和叶绿素含量的影响呈现明显的剂量-时间效应。NP对大型溞的48 h半数效应浓度(48 h-LC50)为37.41μg·L~(-1),属于高毒类化合物。蛋白核小球藻暴露于0.05 mg·L-1NP 4 h后,其生物富集系数(BCF)为5 144.93,富集量为252.2μg·g~(-1),在12 h内对NP的生物富集系数(BCF)最高达12 053.64,富集量为1 181.73μg·g~(-1)。以0.05 mg·L-1NP中暴露4 h后的蛋白核小球藻为饵料投喂大型溞7 d后,大型溞体内NP富集量最高达3.6μg·g~(-1)。0.05 mg·L~(-1)NP直接暴露组大型溞暴露10 d后,大型溞体内NP富集量最高达4.02μg·g~(-1)。蛋白核小球藻对NP具有较强的富集能力,能够通过摄食过程将NP传递到大型溞,经传递的NP能够显著抑制大型溞的生长、繁殖、摄食等生命活动。论文为评估NP在水生生态系统中的污染风险和富集传递效应提供了一定的参考依据。     

铯对印度芥菜和菊苣植物螯合肽和金属硫蛋白含量的影响

以133Cs作为污染源,溶液培养印度芥菜和菊苣幼苗,研究植物螯合肽(phytochelatins,PCs)、金属硫蛋白(metallothionein,MT)等含巯基肽类物质与Cs+胁迫毒理的内在联系。采用改良水培法培养印度芥菜和菊苣长至两片真叶,置于含铯[ρ(Cs~+)0~200 mg·L~(-1)]的营养液中培养一段时间后取样,测定幼苗地上部和根系生物量,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定Cs~+富集量,5,5’-二六硝基苯甲酸(DTNB)比色法测定PCs和MT含量。结果显示:随着Cs~+浓度[ρ(Cs+)25~200 mg·L~(-1)]增加,印度芥菜和菊苣地上部和根系生物量显著降低(P0.05),印度芥菜的生物量降低幅度小于菊苣;Cs~+的富集量均显著增加,印度芥菜对Cs~+富集量大于菊苣,印度芥菜地上部、菊苣根系分别是Cs~+的主要蓄积部位;非蛋白巯基肽类(non-protein thiol,NPT)、植物螯合肽(PCs)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)和金属硫蛋白(MT)含量变化均呈现先升后降的趋势,均表现为根系地上部,印度芥菜菊苣。当ρ(Cs~+)100 mg·L~(-1)时NPT、PCs、GSH和MT达最大值。结果表明,菊苣对Cs~+处理敏感,印度芥菜具有较强的吸收和转运Cs~+的能力,Cs~+处理诱导合成PCs、GSH和MT含量显著增加,这是印度芥菜对Cs~+耐性较强的主要原因。     

立方体和八面体微/纳米氧化亚铜对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)的氧化胁迫和生理损伤

为了实现特定的功能和应用,越来越多不同结构特性的纳米材料逐渐被人们精确合成。一些研究指出纳米材料的物理化学特性能够显著影响纳米材料对水生生物的毒性作用,但是对于不同特性的纳米氧化亚铜的毒性研究依然比较缺乏。本研究制备了2种不同形貌和结构的微/纳米氧化亚铜(micro/nano-Cu_2O)晶体,通过对大型水蚤(Daphnia magna)进行72 h的急性暴露实验,测定了大型水蚤体内还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和钠/钾腺苷三磷酸酶(Na+/K+-ATPase)的活性变化。结果表明在2种不同特性的微/纳米氧化亚铜暴露体系中,大型水蚤体内Cu的积累量差别不大,但是不同结构的micro/nano-Cu_2O对大型水蚤抗氧化酶活性和钠/钾腺苷三磷酸酶活性影响存在差别。与立方体相比,八面体micro/nano-Cu_2O能够暴露更多的{111}面,并且其原子排列使其具有较高的表面能量,因此更容易在大型水蚤肠道内诱导产生活性氧(ROS)及溶出更多Cu2+,对大型水蚤产生更强的氧化胁迫和膜损伤。     

High piezo/photocatalytic efficiency of Ag/Bi5O7I nanocomposite using mechanical and solar energy for N2 fixation and methyl orange degradation

In this work, Ag/Bi₅O₇I nanocomposite was prepared and firstly applied in piezo/photocatalytic reduction of N₂ to NH₃ and methyl orange(MO) degradation. Bi₅O₇I was synthesized via a hydrothermal-calcination method and shows nanorods morphology. Ag nanoparticles(NPs)were photo deposited on the Bi₅O₇I nanorods as electron trappers to improve the spatial separation of charge carriers, which was confirmed via XPS...     

加拿大一枝黄花和小飞蓬叶浸提液对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感效应

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)和小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)常共同入侵至同一农田生态系统。探究了两者对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感作用。加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液显著抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量。而小飞蓬叶浸提液也明显抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗地上生物量。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗地上生物量显著大于加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液单一处理,同时也大于小飞蓬叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。两者叶浸提液单一处理均明显降低大豆幼苗株高(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗株高。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗株高明显大于两者叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。因此,两者叶浸提液对大豆幼苗的生长均具有一定程度的抑制效应,且加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液对大豆幼苗产生的化感作用(尤其是地上生物量)明显大于小飞蓬。两者复合化感作用明显低于两者单一化感作用,尤其是两者对大豆幼苗地上生物量的复合化感作用显著低于加拿大一枝黄花的单一化感作用。所以,化感效应可能在两者共同入侵(即两者复合作用)进程中所起的贡献低于在两者单一入侵进程中所起的作用。     

Ecological niche similarities of Peponapis bees and non-domesticated Cucurbita species

Peponapis bees are considered specialized pollinators of Cucurbita flowers, a genus that presents several species of economic value (squashes and pumpkins). Both genera originated in the Americas, and their diversity dispersion center is in Mexico. Ten species of Peponapis and ten species of Cucurbita (only non-domesticated species) were analyzed considering the similarity of their ecological niche characteristics with respect to climatic conditions of their occurrence areas (abiotic variables) and interactions between species (biotic variables). The similarity of climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation) was estimated through cluster analyses. The areas of potential occurrence of the most similar species were obtained through ecological niche modeling and summed with geographic information system tools. Three main clusters were obtained: one with species that shared potential occurrence areas mainly in deserts (P. pruinosa, P. timberlakei, C. digitata, C. palmata, C. foetidissima), another in moist forests (P. limitaris, P. atrata, C. lundelliana, C. o. martinezii) and a third mainly in dry forests (C. a. sororia, C. radicans, C. pedatifolia, P. azteca, P. smithi, P. crassidentata, P. utahensis). Some species with similar ecological niche presented potential shared areas that are also similar to their geographical distribution, like those occurring predominantly on deserts. However, some clustered species presented larger geographical areas, such as P. pruinosa and C. foetidissima suggesting other drivers than climatic conditions to shape their distributions. The domestication of Cucurbita and also the natural history of both genera were considered also as important factors.     

g-C3N4/RGO的制备、光催化降解性能及其降解机理

尿素固相反应得到石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄),石墨(G)被氧化制得氧化石墨(GO),GO被还原制得石墨烯(RGO),通过3种复合方法分别制得g-C₃N₄/RGO材料.通过对污染物亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B和甲基橙的降解,考察了g-C₃N₄与GO不同复合比9.7:1、9.3:1、9:1、8:1和6.7:1对光催化剂g-C₃N₄/RGO光催化性能的影响.同时考察了复合物对污染物的选择性降解.用X-射线衍射谱(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对催化剂的结构性质进行了表征.结果表明,g-C₃N₄与GO混合-水合肼还原-高温固相反应法制备的g-C₃N₄/RGO,时间最短,产量较高,对罗丹明B的降解效果最佳,说明该方法较好.另外,当g-C₃N₄与GO的质量比为9.7:1时,制备的g-C₃N₄/RGO降解效果最佳.还有,该复合材料对亚甲基蓝的降解效果最佳,罗丹明B次之,甲基橙最差.机理研究结果表明超氧自由基在光催化过程中起主导作用,羟基自由基起次要作用.     

Seasonal variations in the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (13C/12C and 15N/14N) of primary producers and consumers in a western Mediterranean coastal lagoon

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁵N/¹⁴N) of primary producers and consumers were investigated seasonally throughout 1999, in order to describe the food web in a western Mediterranean coastal lagoon (Lake of Sabaudia, central Italy). Particulate organic matter and algal material (seagrass epiphytes and macroalgae) seem to constitute the main food sources for primary consumers (zooplankton and small benthic invertebrates, respectively) throughout the sampling year, while the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa appears to play a negligible trophic role. As regards the ichthyofauna, carbon stable isotopes differentiated between planktivore and benthivore fish species. However, a benthic-pelagic coupling seems to occur, with some fish of higher trophic levels feeding both on benthic and pelagic materials. Analysis of variance showed that the interaction between the three main factors (species2size2season) significantly affects the isotopic composition of fish, suggesting the presence of intra- and inter-specific resource partitioning. Wide seasonal variations in the isotopic composition were observed in organic matter sources, invertebrates and fish, with a general trend towards depleted values in winter and enriched values in summer. The winter depletion of organic matter sources may be due to several environmental factors and seems to be mirrored in the upper trophic levels. Primary producers and invertebrates are known to have shorter time-integrated isotopic signatures than vertebrates, yet fish also exhibited seasonal isotopic differences. We concluded that the examined fish species can assume a new muscle isotopic signature relatively quickly in response to changes in the isotopic composition of their diet and/or diet shifts.     

Pyrolysis behaviors of oil sludge based on TG/FTIR and PY-GC/MS

Pyrolysis is an alternative technology for oil sludge treatment. Thermogravimetric Analysis-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry were employed to investigate the pyrolysis process and products of oil sludge. The pyrolysis process was divided into five stages: drying and gas desorption, oil volatilization, main pyrolysis, semi-coke charring, and mineral decomposition. The main reaction temperatures ranged from 497.6 K to 753.2 K. The products were mainly composed of pairs of alkane and alkene (carbon number ranges from 1 to 27). The mechanisms consisted of random chain scission followed by end chain scission at high temperatures with volatilization occurring during the whole process. This study is useful not only for the proper design of a pyrolysis system, but also for improving the utilization of liquid oil products.     

可见光响应PANI/TiO_2和PoPD/TiO_2纳米材料的氧化机制及协同-光敏化作用

利用原位氧化聚合法制备pdyaniline(PANI)/TiO_2和poly-o-phenylenediamine(PoPD)/TiO_2纳米材料,通过XRD、元素分析、UV-Vis DRS和循环伏安曲线等方式进行表征,以亚甲基蓝为模拟污染物,考察p H值以及导电聚合物/TiO_2浓度对光催化效果的影响,通过捕捉实验判定不同活性物种在光催化过程中的贡献.结果表明,PANI和Po PD没有改变TiO_2的粒径和物相,PANI/TiO_2、Po PD/TiO_2和TiO_2的禁带宽度分别为2.82 e V、2.89 e V和3.09 e V;溶液p H值越高,导电聚合物/TiO_2纳米材料的光催化活性越高;PANI/TiO_2和Po PD/TiO_2纳米材料浓度在光催化降解过程中存在的最佳值分别为1 g·L-1和1.5 g·L-1,PANI/TiO_2和Po PD/TiO_2纳米材料光催化过程中活性氧物种的贡献顺序分别为·OHh+·O-2,·OH≈h+·O-2.重复利用实验结果表明制备的PANI/TiO_2和Po PD/TiO_2纳米材料具有良好的光催化稳定性.导电聚合物和TiO_2之间的协同-光敏化作用是CPs/TiO_2纳米材料光催化活性得到提高的主要原因.