长江中下游流域降水分区及其气象干旱时间变化特征

基于1961~2015年逐月降水格点数据,首先通过系统聚类法对长江中下游流域进行降水分区,然后以标准化降水指数为指标,结合小波分析方法,探讨了长江中下游流域各亚区气象干旱的时间演变规律及周期变化特征。结果表明：（1）空间上,可将长江中下游流域分为6个降水亚区,即：大巴山地农业区（Ⅰ）、湘鄂贵渝山地农业区（Ⅱ）、鄂中东平原农业区（Ⅲ）、湘赣平原丘陵农业区（Ⅳ）、鄱阳湖平原农业区（Ⅴ）和长江三角洲平原农业区（Ⅵ）。（2）不同降水亚区干湿事件交替过程存在差异,Ⅵ区与其它亚区差异较大,Ⅱ区、Ⅳ区和Ⅴ区的干湿事件具有相似的时间演变模式;除Ⅵ区外,2000年后其它降水亚区干旱发生频率增加明显。（3）不同降水亚区气象干旱的第一主周期存在差异,北部（Ⅰ区、Ⅲ区、Ⅵ区）和南部（Ⅱ区、Ⅳ区、Ⅴ区）具有明显的区域分化特征,但各气候亚区大都显示出3.5年左右的显著周期。研究结果可为长江中下游流域各亚区气象干旱驱动因素的解释、干旱监测计划的制定、水资源的管理和旱灾的防治提供参考依据。     

江苏沿江地区20年来农业土壤资源缩减特征

在遥感和地理信息技术支持下,对江苏沿江地区1984~2003年城镇扩张侵占农业土壤资源的特征进行了研究。结果表明,1984~2000年,江苏沿江地区农业土壤资源缩减主要围绕重要城市,缩减图斑面积大,且区域分布相对平衡。2001~2003年,农业土壤资源缩减速率显著增快且各地市呈不平衡发展,除南京外主要集中在常州、江阴、泰兴、常熟地区。20年来江苏沿江地区农业土壤资源缩减了891%,缩减面积达到 190 713 hm2,所有土壤类型均受到城镇扩张影响,其中水稻土被侵占的面积最大。该区域农业土壤资源按肥力质量可分为5等,1984~2000年,Ⅰ~Ⅴ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度依次降低。2001~2003年,Ⅰ、Ⅲ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度明显降低,而Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ等土壤资源受城镇扩张影响程度增加,按受影响程度排序变为Ⅴ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅲ、Ⅰ。     

泾河流域不同生态功能区可持续发展能力评价

水土资源的不合理利用会引发严重的生态问题,这些问题正逐步得到重视,相关的研究也备受关注.本文以泾河流域为研究对象,分别不同生态功能区对基于水土资源的可持续发展能力进行评价,研究结果可为区域水土资源的进一步优化配置和合理利用提供指导.本文首先将流域分为六个生态功能区,即东部山地水源涵养区(Ⅰ区)、西部山地水源涵养区(Ⅱ区)、北部丘陵沟壑水土保持区(Ⅲ区)、南部山地丘陵沟壑水土保持区(Ⅳ区)、塬地(阶地、平原)、农田保护区(Ⅴ区)、中部过渡区(Ⅵ区).然后,确定了由两个系统即社会经济子系统和水土资源与生态环境子系统、8个综合性指标组成的水土资源可持续发展能力评价体系,从生态环境现状(林草覆盖率和土地退化指数)、耕地压力、水足迹与水压力三个方面对各功能区及相互之间的差异性进行分项评价,在此基础上,对各区进行综合评价.研究结果表明,泾河流域除Ⅴ区处于比较协调状态外,其他各区(面积总计占90.09%)均处于不协调状态,这反映出流域总体可持续发展能力差.     

基于时间序列MODIS数据的贵州省森林物候地域分异

森林物候是气候与环境变化的重要指示器,对于陆地植被生态环境监测具有重要的意义。以2011～2013年的MODIS NDVI(归一化植被指数)为时间序列数据,采用Savizky-Golay(S-G)滤波平滑和动态阀值法,提取出贵州省2012年森林物候的生长起始日期(SOS)、生长结束日期(EOS)、生长季长度(LOS)和生长季振幅(AOS)4个参数,分别将提取的森林物候参数与经度、纬度和海拔做相关性分析。研究结果显示:(1)贵州省森林物候参数与纬度相关性整体较弱,因此贵州省森林物候纬度地带性地域分异的不显著;(2)贵州省森林物候生长起始期、生长季长度与经度呈极显著相关,而森林物候生长结束期与经度呈低度相关,整体上贵州省森林物候参数海陆(经度)地带性地域分异显著;(3)贵州省森林物候生长起始期、生长结束期与海拔呈显著相关,而森林物候生长季长度与海拔呈极显著相关,因此贵州省森林物候参数垂直(海拔)地带性地域分异的十分显著。     

洪泽湖湖滨带丰水期水质空间分异特征及其影响因素

湖滨带是陆地与湖泊水体之间的生态过渡带,具有强烈的环境异质性和丰富的生产力,同时也容易受到人类活动的威胁。洪泽湖湖滨带受人类开发利用情况严重,为探明其水质空间分异特征,于2020年8月对全湖52个点位的水质开展调查,对比4个湖区水质差异,应用逐步线性回归探究水质空间分异的影响因素。结果表明：氮磷营养盐、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)与叶绿素a(Chla)是影响洪泽湖湖滨带水质的主要指标,各样点总氮(TN)浓度在0.66～4.25 mg·L^-1之间,均值为1.88 mg·L^-1,属Ⅴ类水;总磷(TP)浓度在0.02～0.24 mg·L^-1之间,均值为0.12 mg·L^-1,属Ⅴ类水;COD_Mn浓度在5.24～14.16 mg·L^-1之间,均值为7.21 mg·L^-1,属Ⅳ类水;Chla浓度在4.55～158.31 ug·L^-1之间,均值为49.30 ug·L^-1。洪泽湖湖滨带...     

湖南汛期降水分区和变化规律的探讨

利用湖南５２站汛期降水资料,根据聚类分析方法,进行降水分区,结果共分为Ⅰ区,Ⅲ区（湘北）Ⅲ区（湘东）,Ⅳ区（湘中）和Ⅴ区（湘南）等５个区域,能反映地理位置和地形对降水的影响。然后,通过统计分析,讨论了各区域汛期降水的年际变化趋势,结果表明,Ⅱ区（湘北）汛期降水的年际变化最大;同时,根据各区域汛期降水的距平资料,探讨了它们的变化规律,结果显示,基本上都呈现出上升－下降－上升的特征,只有Ⅴ区（湘南）稍     

长江三角洲地区四季变化特征及城市化影响研究

基于1961～2017年长江三角洲地区(以下简称长三角)112个气象站点逐日气温数据和1981～2015年各气象站点周边10 km范围内建设用地面积变化资料,利用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall突变检验、相关性和显著性检验等气候统计方法,分析了长三角四季开始日期、四季长度变化特征及其受城市化的影响.结果 表明:过去57年间,长三角入春和入夏日期分别以2.1和1.7 d/10a的趋势显著提早,入秋和入冬日期分别以2.0和1.3 d/10a的趋势显著推迟,并在几乎所有地区都呈提早或推迟趋势.长三角区域平均夏季长度以3.6d/10a的趋势显著延长,冬季长度以3.5d/10a的趋势显著缩短,且在长三角绝大部分地区都显著;春、秋季长度变化不显著.四季开始日期大多在20世纪90年代中后期发生显著突变.区域内城市建设用地的增长与四季变化具有较好的对应关系.城市化进程引起的建设用地增长,导致了下垫面地表物理属性的改变和地表能量平衡变化,促进四季增温并使春夏季提早、秋冬季推迟和夏季长度的增加、冬季长度的缩短.     

中国不同气候变化分区中老少人口暴露性变化

全球气候变化及其造成的极端气候事件对人类社会的影响已经引起广泛关注,少年儿童及老年人口是脆弱人群的重要组成部分,分析其空间暴露性与变化对开展气候灾害风险评估具有重要的意义。本文基于1982、1990、2000和2010年我国人口统计数据,编制二级气候变化区划下各县级行政单元老年系数和少儿系数的空间分布图,分析我国不同气候变化分区中老少人口暴露性的空间特征和变化。结果表明:从1982到2010年,我国老年系数总体呈上升趋势,由东南向西北呈阶梯状增加,少儿系数总体呈下降趋势,由东北向西南呈阶梯状减少。Ⅲ1、Ⅱ1、Ⅰ2、Ⅱ2和Ⅰ3区的老年系数较同期其他区划高,Ⅴ2、Ⅲ3、Ⅳ1、Ⅳ2和Ⅲ2区的少儿系数较同期其他区划高。从1982到2010年,Ⅲ1、Ⅰ1、Ⅱ1、Ⅰ2和Ⅲ3区近20年的老年系数增长较多,Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2、Ⅳ2、Ⅲ3和Ⅱ1的少儿系数减少较少。     

丹江口库区陆地植被物候空间格局及其与海拔的响应关系

海拔高度变化对区域温度、降水都起着至关重要的作用,从而会对植被物候特征产生影响。以丹江口库区为研究区,分析库区植被物候随海拔变化特征,该工作的开展对进一步认识库区植物物候空间特征,进而监测库区土地覆盖变化具有重要实践意义。研究采用Savitzky-Golay滤波算法重建库区2001~2012年MODIS 16天最大合成EVI时序影像数据,对重建后的时间序列影像采用动态阈值法提取库区陆地植被关键物候特征信息,并对库区陆地植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化特征进行分析。研究结果表明,丹江口库区陆地植被生长季为4月上旬至10月上旬,南部山区林地生长季最长,而库区中部、东部耕地生长季较短。植被物候特征随海拔梯度变化呈现两个较为明显的区域,低海拔区域植被生长季开始时间(Start of Season,SOS)随海拔升高而提前,生长季结束时间(End of Season,EOS)随海拔升高而推迟,进而导致生长季长度(Length of Season,LOS)随海拔升高而延长。而在海拔较高山区,林地植被物候呈现完全相反变化趋势。受丹江口水库和人类活动的影响,丹江口库区植被分布随海拔变化呈现两个较为明显的区域。     

用Markov模型预测长江水质

由于长江水质的污染程度日益严重,为了说明治理长江对长江水质进行了简单的评价,保护长江迫在眉睫,首先,根据长江流域的17个观测站近两年多的水质检测数据统计,说明了近两年多来长江的防污治理工作有一定的效果。然后,根据1995~2004年长江流域水质的数据报告,考虑各类水之间的相互转化,构造了马尔柯夫(Markov)转移矩阵,建立了马尔柯夫预测模型,通过已有的观测数据验证了该模型的正确性及有效性。运用该马尔柯夫模型预测未来10年水质的变化趋势,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类水逐年减少,而Ⅴ、劣Ⅴ类水逐年增加。到2014年,长江的第Ⅰ类水只有0.4 059%,劣Ⅴ类水达到26.2 714%,不可饮用水（即第Ⅳ,Ⅴ,劣Ⅴ类水）将达到47.468%,为此应采取更加有效的治理措施,控制长江水质的恶化。最后,通过计算,得到了每年需要处理污水的最小百分比,才能杜绝劣Ⅴ类水,将第Ⅳ、Ⅴ类水控制在20%内,从而才能保证我们有足够的饮用水     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式,经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题,作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析,指出当前发展循环经济,促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”,更表明了我国当前发展循环经济,促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义;再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析;最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

中国的节能减排困境和财税政策选择

节能减排不仅是推进我国国民经济又好又快发展的核心要义,也是应对全球气候变化的迫切需要.在我国,要实现到2020年单位国内生产总值的二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%的约束性目标,需要进行艰难的产业结构调整、能源消费结构调整和经济发展阶段跨越,并应采取体制、政策、技术和管理等综合推进措施.包括政府投资、税收、政府采购和财政贴息在内的财税政策措施对于推进我国节能减排至关重要.本文认为,政府投资政策应重在支持高新技术产业研发应用,经由产业结构调整促进节能减排;税收政策应立足于综合采取增设环境污染税、低技术污染税以及税收优惠和减免等激励和惩罚并重措施;政府采购应通过扩大高效节能减排产品市场需求,引导企业生产行为;财政贴息则应侧重于解决企业节能减排投资以及技术改造过程中的资金约束.