云南省高原典型森林植被涵养水源功能研究

利用水量平衡原理对云南省高原3种典型森林植被的林冠截留、枯落物持水和土壤蓄水能力进行比较研究。结果表明:土壤蓄水是森林发挥涵养水源功能的最主要途径;从林冠截留量和截留率两个指标来看,林冠截水能力排序为高山松林(209.87 t/hm²、28.87%)>白桦林(194.17 t/hm²、19.82%)>川滇高山栎灌丛(111.78 t/hm²、16.32%);对于枯落物持水能力:最大持水量排序为高山松林(35.79 t/hm²)>白桦林(24.52 t/hm²)>川滇高山栎灌丛(18.49 t/hm²);最大持水率排序为川滇高山栎灌丛(177.42%)>白桦林(152.08%)>高山松林(138.48%);土壤蓄水能力排序为川滇高山栎灌丛(673.19 t/(hm²·a))>高山松林(610 t/(hm²·a))>白桦林(549.84 t/(hm²·a));在同一森林单位面积上,涵养水源能力排序为高山松林(855.66 t/hm²)>川滇高山栎灌丛(803.46 t/hm²)>白桦林(768.53 t/hm²)。研究可为森林生态效益核算和管理奠定基础,且对制定适应气候变化的策略有着科学指导意义。     

长江上游流域降雨侵蚀力变化对河流输沙量的影响

利用长江上游主要水文站1956~2010年输沙量数据和雨量站日降雨量时间序列资料,采用线性回归研究流域降雨侵蚀力与河流输沙量的关系,并估算长江上游各子流域降雨侵蚀力变化对河流输沙量的总体贡献。结果表明:长江上游降雨侵蚀力为2 362 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)到3 814 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a),多年平均值为3 006 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a);各子流域的年均降雨侵蚀力差异较大,其中乌江子流域最大,为5 055 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a),金沙江子流域最小(1 560 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)),不足乌江子流域的1/3。各子流域降雨侵蚀力的极值比大小嘉陵江 > 岷江 > 乌江 > 金沙江。长江上游流域以及子流域输沙量在1956~2010年间均呈总体下降趋势,各子流域年均输沙量大小金沙江 > 嘉陵江 > 岷江 > 乌江。降雨侵蚀力变化对长江上游输沙量变化贡献率为7%,对岷江、嘉陵江、乌江子流域输沙量变化的贡献率分别为36%、20%、9%。总体来说,降雨对长江上游输沙量变化的影响不如人类活动的影响大。     

贵州阿哈湖喀斯特小流域DOC输出特征

河流不仅是陆地碳循环的通道,也是碳交换的重要场所,而小流域更被认为是陆地碳循环的热点。为探究人类活动影响下喀斯特小流域溶解性有机碳(DOC)输出特征,于2017年6月～2018年5月对阿哈湖3条主要入湖小流域游鱼河、白岩河、金钟河河水主要理化特征和DOC含量进行分析,并计算流域DOC输出通量。研究期间游鱼河、白岩河、金钟河DOC含量分别为4.78±2.11、5.61±2.27、7.40±2.51 mg/L,输出通量分别为2.71、2.91、3.82 t/(km~2. a)。结果表明:(1)阿哈湖小流域河水DOC含量时空变化特征明显,与降雨、流域土地利用类型密切相关,人类外源输入对DOC有显著影响;(2)对比不同河流DOC输出特征发现,小流域通常具有更高的DOC输出通量,特别是受城市输出影响的中小流域,其河流碳过程在碳循环中的贡献可能被低估。     

鄂西长江喀斯特小流域氮磷输出特征

以鄂西长江中上游分界处的喀斯特小流域下牢溪为研究对象,于2019年对河道内15个观测点进行了间隔半月的现场水环境因子监测、水样采集和室内营养盐分析,以探讨河流氮磷浓度及输出负荷的时空变化特征.结果表明:下牢溪总氮和总磷浓度分别为1.46±0.05和0.02±0.04 mg/L,普遍低于长江流域内其他河流.氮素浓度呈现春夏高、秋冬低的年内变化特征,磷素浓度总体表现为丰水期高于枯水期,与降雨密切相关.河流上游氮磷浓度均较高,受控制流域内农业活动影响较大.流域氮素浓度空间分布差异性较为明显,磷素浓度对河流附近人为活动及生活污染的响应敏感.流域中全年氮磷输出负荷分别为26.57和0.25 t,主要集中在春、夏季,贡献了全年氮负荷的82.0％、磷负荷的83.9％.硝氮和溶解态总磷分别为最主要的氮磷流失形态.夏季受降雨冲刷影响,颗粒态磷流失负荷占总磷负荷的比重显著高于其他季节.     

钱塘江干流杭州段水体氮污染特征分析

通过对钱塘江干流杭州段2000—2001年进行水质监测，并结合历年监测资料，分析了钱塘江水体氮污染特征和氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮浓度在不同江段、不同水期、不同年际的时空变化规律。研究表明：(1)钱塘江干流杭州段自上游至下游，氨氮在枯水期的浓度明显高于平、丰水期，几乎所有断面枯水期的氨氮浓度均超过地表水Ⅱ类标准。钱塘江下游河段，氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮在枯水期的浓度明显高于平、丰水期。(2)钱塘江流域工业含氮废水的排放引起局部水体氨氮污染，但流域内生活污水和畜禽粪便的污染是造成整个杭州段氨氮污染的主要原因。(3)钱塘江干流杭州段NO3--N浓度在1991—2001年呈现逐年上升的趋势，钱塘江流域农田化肥过量施用是造成水体NO3--N浓度逐年上升的主要原因。     

2013年长江丰水期河水化学特征及控制因素

为掌握长江河水化学组成特征及其控制因素,笔者运用Gibbs图、多种离子比例系数法和主成分分析法综合分析了长江流域丰水期河水化学及氢氧同位素特征。结果表明,长江丰水期河水主要来源为大气降水,河水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型,化学成分主要受流域内广泛分布的碳酸盐岩等岩石风化作用控制;河水pH值、HCO₃^-浓度沿长江径流方向降低,SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺浓度沿长江径流方向升高。2013年丰水期,长江河水化学组成特征变化的主要影响因子,是易溶盐岩溶解和人类活动(贡献率40%),其次为川贵及长江三角洲地区的酸雨沉降以及人为酸性废水排放促进了流域内石灰岩和富含碳酸盐的三叠系砂页岩溶解(贡献率20%),最后为硅酸盐矿物及其风化产物的溶解(贡献率19%)。为了解长江河水水质状况及其演变趋势,合理评价长江流域水资源提供很好的科学依据。     

上海市青浦区景观格局的粒度效应分析

以上海市青浦区为研究区域，基于ETM遥感影像数据和GIS技术，采用优势规则栅格聚合方法，对分类的ETM数据进行了粒度变换。以景观格局分析程序Fragstats3．3为分析工具，从景观类型水平和景观水平上研究了景观格局的空间粒度效应。研究结果表明：（1）不同的景观类型、不同的景观特征指数对粒度响应存在差异：居住景观和道路景观是对粒度响应最敏感的两种景观类型；形状指数、聚集度指数、斑块数量指数对粒度响应的敏感程度较高，多样性指数、均匀度指数、景观面积比例指数、分维数对粒度响应的敏感程度较低；此外，还发现优势景观随着粒度增加面积增大，形状规则的景观对粒度响应敏感程度低。（2）景观指数的粒度响应曲线存在尺度转折点，且多出现在40、60、80、120m，其中第一尺度区域多为20～40m或20～60m。第一尺度域是选择适宜粒度的较好取值范围，所以本研究中所用景观类型图进行景观指数计算的适宜粒度范围为30-40m。（3）研究发现由不同指数表征相同的生态现象可能会出现相反的粒度效应，在一定程度上体现了景观指数量化景观格局的局限性。     

青藏高原拉萨河流域水化学时空变化特征控制因素研究

根据丰、枯水期采集的拉萨河河水、地下水、降水以及冰川水样品,提取采样点子流域面积、地形、岩性以及冰川面积占比等流域特征因子。采用Piper图、Gibbs图分析河流水化学受岩石风化的控制作用;采用主成分分析和相关性分析方法,分析河流水化学主成分及其与子流域特征因子之间的关系。结果表明：拉萨河河水为HCO₃-Ca型水,主要受碳酸盐岩风化控制,蒸发盐岩溶解影响次之,丰水期河水水化学还受降水、冰川融水补给影响。河水水化学特征总体呈现为,随着子流域面积增加、海拔降低,水岩作用增强,碳酸盐岩风化作用增强,蒸发盐岩溶解作用减弱。而枯水期的冰川影响区,由于采样点控制面积大且枯水期地下水补给较强,蒸发盐岩影响作用随碳酸盐岩溶解增强而加强。研究结果为揭示高寒山区河水水化学特征的控制因素及区域规律研究提供科学依据。     

长江水δ~(18)O和δD时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

稳定同位素示踪技术已成为研究河流的水文过程及其变化的重要手段,尤其在河网交错密集和水力关系复杂的长江流域。通过分析枯水期和丰水期长江水及大气降水中δ~(18)O和δD组成的变化,揭示其时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果发现长江流域大气降水δ~(18)O组成表征出明显的空间分布差异特征,长江河源区降水δ~(18)O值最低,随着海拔高度降低降水中δ~(18)O值自长江上游向下游地区逐渐减小,这与流域的水汽来源及海拔高度密切有关;枯水期长江水δ~(18)O和δD值明显要高于丰水期,原因在于丰水期河水受到较弱的蒸发富集作用和大量降水补给影响;无论在丰水期还是枯水期长江水自上游到下游其同位素值呈逐渐增大的趋势,这主要受不同河段支流和湖泊等水体补给的影响。三峡大坝的蓄水和放水过程对河水同位素组成产生一定的影响,丰水期对相应河段河水同位素组成的影响不大,但在枯水期则影响较为明显,这将对充分认识长江流域大气降水-河水-湖水间水力联系与探讨其水资源合理利用提供科学依据。     

页岩气开发对乌江沿岸景观与生态格局的影响研究

景观生态格局是区域生态安全和可持续发展的基础。以乌江沿岸页岩气开发区为例，基于2010、2020年两期遥感影像、页岩气开发规模等相关数据，应用移动窗口获取景观格局指数，计算景观生态风险指数；构建生态网络，探究页岩气开发对区域景观格局的直接影响和生态格局的间接影响。结果表明：(1)2010～2020年，乌江沿岸页岩气开发区内林地、耕地分别减少了约52.78、43.78 km²,建设用地增加92.04 km²,草地和水域用地基本保持不变。页岩气矿区内景观聚集指数、最大斑块指数降低，降幅分别为9.38%～30.61%、14.36%～57.69%;斑块密度、分离度指数上升，增幅分别25.29%～55.39%、2.57%～5.11%,景观生态风险指数增幅0.20%～0.52%。(2)井场、管线、道路等基础设施建设带来的土地损毁，影响周边景观生态。其中道路沿线斑块密度指数、景观生态风险指数增幅最大，分别为50.95%～54.28%、0.59%～0.62%,对生态环境影响明显。(3)10年间，乌江沿岸生态源地面积减少250 km²,生...     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式,经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题,作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析,指出当前发展循环经济,促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”,更表明了我国当前发展循环经济,促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义;再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析;最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

中国的节能减排困境和财税政策选择

节能减排不仅是推进我国国民经济又好又快发展的核心要义,也是应对全球气候变化的迫切需要.在我国,要实现到2020年单位国内生产总值的二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%的约束性目标,需要进行艰难的产业结构调整、能源消费结构调整和经济发展阶段跨越,并应采取体制、政策、技术和管理等综合推进措施.包括政府投资、税收、政府采购和财政贴息在内的财税政策措施对于推进我国节能减排至关重要.本文认为,政府投资政策应重在支持高新技术产业研发应用,经由产业结构调整促进节能减排;税收政策应立足于综合采取增设环境污染税、低技术污染税以及税收优惠和减免等激励和惩罚并重措施;政府采购应通过扩大高效节能减排产品市场需求,引导企业生产行为;财政贴息则应侧重于解决企业节能减排投资以及技术改造过程中的资金约束.