武汉市耕地景观游憩功能与可达性的空间匹配格局

揭示耕地景观游憩功能的供给能力与其可达性的空间匹配格局,可以为耕地景观游憩功能的合理布局、开发与利用提供依据。以武汉市为例,采用指标评价法和专家打分法,结合GIS空间分析,建立了耕地景观游憩功能的空间格局研究框架,对耕地景观游憩功能的供应潜力、可达性、及两者空间匹配等方面开展了研究。结果表明:(1)武汉市耕地景观游憩功能供应潜力的空间分布呈现从中心城区边缘向外逐渐降低的格局;(2)武汉市耕地景观游憩功能可达性呈现"中西部高,边缘低"的分布格局;(3)根据耕地景观游憩功能的供应潜力与可达性的空间匹配关系,将武汉市耕地景观游憩服务分为四类:高供应-高可达,高供应-低可达,低供应-高可达,低供应-低可达;这四类面积分别占研究区域的26.17%、25.24%、17.33%、31.26%。对耕地景观游憩功能的合理开发与利用、促进耕地利用的多功能化具有重要的现实意义。     

城市游憩空间结构优化研究——以大连市为例

鉴于我国城市化的快速发展．城市居民游憩需求与供给的矛盾日益突出。本文选择城市游憩空间结构作为研究对象．综合分析现有的城市游憩空间结构和典型游憩功能区的研究成果，探讨了城市游憩需求的空间结构特征、游憩供给的空间结构特征．分析了城市游憩需求和供给空间结构特征的形成因素,提出理想的城市游憩空间结构模式。通过调研大连市主城区游憩场所的分布情况、使用情况以及大连城市游憩者的游憩需求特征,分析了大连市游憩供给和需求之间的矛盾及城市游憩空间的等级结构和整体结构。     

游憩价值评价方法探讨——以凤阳山自然保护区为例

风景区游憩价值的评估对景区经营管理及开发保护等工作具有重要意义。本文基于笔者对条件价值法的创新,通过问卷设计和抽样调查,对凤阳山保护区游憩价值进行评估,计算出其2010年的总游憩价值2 031万元人民币。此项研究丰富了我国的环境价值评估理论研究和应用实践。     

基于CVM法的沙漠游憩资源非使用价值评估——以内蒙古响沙湾5A级景区为例

本文在实地调查响沙湾景区游憩资源状况的基础上,以意愿调查价值评估法(CVM)对内蒙古响沙湾景区游憩资源的非使用价值进行了评估。研究结果表明游客的支付意愿(WTP)较低。每个游客支付意愿的中位值为30元,平均值为78.2,并基于WTP中位值法和Spike修正模型的平均值法对响沙湾进行非使用价值评估。本文运用Logistic回归分析影响游客支付意愿的因素,研究发现WTP与旅游者的客源地和目前有无工作显著相关。     

基于空气负离子效应的游憩规划研究——以圆明园公园为例

从空气负离子和游憩规划结合的角度,在整理和借鉴国内外相关成果的基础上,以圆明园公园为例,于2009年春夏两季,选取公园内具有代表性的采样点,对环境空气负离子进行全天监测,并对监测结果进行数据整理和分析评定;对公园内游客进行问卷调查,探索公园不同游憩活动的空间规律;根据空气负离子的浓度及其分布提出公园的游憩规划建议,划定公园的适游区域和适游季节,给出了34、5、月份空气负离子健康大道线路以及游憩功能分区。对游客的游憩活动及圆明园公园的空间利用及规划管理具有实践指导意义,可为城市公园的游憩规划和管理提供思考途径。     

城市自然景区游客环境责任行为影响因素研究

城市自然景区是城市中不可多得的旅游资源和游憩空间,游客旅游行为对城市自然景区的游憩冲击一直是城市旅游管理亟待解决的棘手问题,研究游客的环境责任行为是控制游憩负面冲击,增强城市自然景区可持续发展能力的有效途径。本研究在国内外文献综述和实践观察基础上,将游客社会责任意识引入游客环境冲击感知和环境责任行为的关系研究中,建立了包含生态环境冲击感知、不友善行为感知、游客冲突感知和设施管理冲击感知四个游憩冲击感知变量,自我约束行为和保护促进行为两个环境责任行为变量的"游憩冲击感知—社会责任意识—环境责任行为"理论模型,应用问卷调查和结构方程模型,以长沙岳麓山国家5A级景区为案例,对城市自然景区游客环境责任行为的影响因素及其相互关系展开定量实证研究。研究发现:(1)游客游憩冲击感知对环境责任行为的直接影响作用较小,生态环境冲击感知对环境保护促进行为具有显著正向影响;(2)游客社会责任意识对环境自我约束行为具有显著正向影响,其在游客环境冲击感知、设施管理冲击感知、游客冲突感知与环境责任行为的影响关系中起中介作用;(3)游客冲击感知对社会责任意识的影响主要表现为游客生态环境冲击感知和设施管理冲击感知对游客社会责任意识具有显著的正向影响,而游客冲突感知对游客社会责任意识具有显著的负向影响。根据研究结论,文章最后指出城市自然景区游客环境责任行为若干管理启示。     

舟山普陀旅游金三角游憩价值评估

旅行费用法（Travel Cost Method,TCM）是相对成熟的游憩价值评价方法。运用旅行费用法的两种模型--分区旅行费用法（Zonal Travel Cost Method,ZTCM）和旅行费用区间分析法（Travel Cost Interval Analysis,TCIA）,以2008年为评价基准年份,以实地调研、问卷调查和访谈等获得的数据为基础,对舟山普陀旅游金三角的游憩价值进行了评估。结果表明：（1）ZTCM评估普陀旅游金三角游憩价值为6396×10⁸元/a,其中直接旅行费用为5071×10⁸元/a,消费者剩余为1325×10⁸元/a;（2）TCIA评估普陀旅游金三角游憩价值为6124×10⁸元/a,其中直接旅行费用为5051×10⁸元/a,消费者剩余为1071×10⁸元/a;（3）ZTCM和TCIA结果的差异主要是消费者剩余的差异。研究提出用两种方法结果的均值作为游憩价值能提高评估结果的准确性     

Using Multi-destination ZTCM to Evaluate the Recreational Values of Cultural Sights：an Application to Jiayuguan,China

This study explained the importance of environmental protection in tourism development and illustrated the relationship between recreational resource valuation and environmental consideration. We compare different models of travel cost method and reiterates long-time existing problems of multi-destination and treats of time opportunity cost (TOC). Taking Jiayuguan's cultural sights as an example, we establish an updated method called multi-destination zonal tourism cost method to evaluate the recreational values (RVs) of selected three cultural sights. We divide trip packages of Jiayuguan's tourists into 11 portfolios. Each portfolio can be seen as a separate commodity, and each commodity has its own demand curve. According to demand curves we can calculate consumer surplus (CS) of different portfolios of tourist destinations and later we sum up the total travel costs (including travel expenditure and TOC) and CS to come to the RVs of each portfolio. We then apply suitable proportions to calculate the RVs between different destinations in the portfolio. In the end, we add up all the RVs calculated for the objective destination. Using this method, we draw conclusions that Jiayuguan's RV in 2006 includes national and international values, summing up to 738.4762 million yuan. The tourist expenditure, CS and TOC of Jiayuguan is proportionating 62.96, 32.28 and 4.76%, respectively. This study is also an example of non-market valuation of cultural tourism resources.     

山区农村居民点空间分布特征与空间重构研究

梵净山地区地属喀斯特山区,其核心区为国家级自然保护区,村庄规划布局的制约因素较多。为实现农村居民点的空间优化,综合评价了农村居民点的空间位置、自然资源和区位条件对农村居民点分布的影响,利用主成分分析法综合各影响指标,求出农村居民点规模值,在此基础上通过基于断裂点的加权Voronoi图分割其作用范围,结合"居住场势"分类,找出需要搬迁的农村居民点。结果表明:1研究区共有农村居民点23 046个,面积14 342.78 hm~2,居民点多沿道路支线和河流分布于山间河谷地带,布局散乱。2区域内有零星居民点7 871个,面积为2 641.75 hm~2,占18.42%;需保留居民点10 288个,面积为5 680.46 hm~2,占39.6%;中心居民点4 887个,面积为6 020.57 hm~2,占41.98%。3空间布局优化后的农村居民点共15 175个,总面积不变,主要应将西部和梵净山保护区内的零散聚落向东部水源充沛、交通发达的集镇地区搬迁。研究成果可为梵净山地区新农村规划的科学编制提供理论参考。     

空间依赖、碳排放与人均收入的空间计量研究

本文采用较为前沿的空间计量方法研究我国29个省区2000-2008年间人均碳排放与人均收入之间的关系。研究结果表明:①我国人均碳排放和人均收入均表现出明显的空间集群特征,特别是人均收入的空间依赖性表现出加强的趋势。②人均碳排放与人均收入呈"倒U"型曲线关系,拐点为人均收入16 953元。并进一步计算了我国各省区的人均碳排放拐点,发现各地区人均碳排放拐点在时间路径上存在明显差异性,东部地区的多数省区较早地到达拐点,而中西部地区则要经历较长时间。③城市化水平、就业人员比重和技术进步是导致我国人均碳排放量增长的重要因素。④对外贸易程度在一定程度上减少了人均碳排放。因此,提出了大力倡导低碳生活方式、优化产业结构、积极开发低碳技术、转变贸易结构以及将地区的空间依赖性纳入到碳排放的政策制定中等政策建议。     

Perfluorosulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates in snow and rain in Dalian,China

Samples of precipitation events (snow and rain) in Dalian, a typical coastal town in China, were analyzed for perfluorosulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) to investigate atmospheric contamination by these compounds. In the snow event on December 16, 2006, samples were collected from 21 different sites and in another 6 precipitation events, samples were collected from a single location. Four PFSAs (C4, C6, C8, C10) and seven PFCAs (C6–12) were analyzed. Among the homologues, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) concentrations were the highest with a geometric mean (GM) of 145 ng/L (n = 21) during the snow event on December 16, 2006, followed by perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) with a GM of 24.7 ng/L (n = 21). Concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA) were more than two orders of magnitude lower than that of PFOS. Other PFSAs and PFCAs were found to be below the limit of detection in all the samples. In other 6 precipitation events, PFSAs and PFCAs were detected approximately in the same order of magnitude in both snow and rain. The results indicate that wet deposition may be a potential transport mechanism of perfluorinated chemicals in the environment.     

Concentration and characteristics of depleted uranium in biological and water samples collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina

During Balkan conflicts in 1994-1995, depleted uranium (DU) ordnance was employed and was left in the battlefield. Health concern is related to the risk arising from contamination of the environment with DU penetrators and dust. In order to evaluate the impact of DU on the environment and population in Bosnia and Herzegovina, radiological survey of DU in biological and water samples were carried out over the period 12-24 October 2002. The uranium isotopic concentrations in biological samples collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina, mainly lichens, mosses and barks, were found to be in the range of 0.27-35.7 Bq kg(-1) for (238)U, 0.24-16.8 Bq kg(-1) for (234)U, and 0.02-1.11 Bq kg(-1) for (235)U, showing uranium levels to be higher than in the samples collected at the control site. Moreover, the (236)U in some of the samples was detectable. The isotopic ratios of (234)U/(238)U showed DU to be detectable in many biological samples at most sites examined, but in very low levels. The presence of DU in the biological samples was as a result of DU contamination in air. The uranium concentrations in water samples collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina were found to be in the range of 0.27-16.2 m Bq l(-1) for (238)U, 0.41-15.6 m Bq l(-1) for (234)U and 0.012-0.695 m Bq l(-1) for (235)U, and two water samples were observed to be DU positive; these values are much lower than those in mineral water found in central Italy and below the WHO guideline for public drinking water. From radiotoxicological point of view, at this moment there is no significant radiological risk related to these investigated sites in terms of possible DU contamination of water and/or plants.     

Distribution Characteristics and Implication of n-alkanes in Soils and Plants in Alpine Meadow

Russian Journal of Ecology - The present study was conducted to investigate the n-alkane composition of typical alpine meadows. Plant and soil samples were collected and analyzed to characterize...     

Variation and Interrelation of Characters in Brunnera sibirica in Natural and Disturbed Habitats

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

110mAg root and foliar uptake in vegetables and its migration in soil

110mAg, as a radionuclide of corrosion products in water-cooled nuclear reactors, was detected in the liquid effluents of Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station (GNPS) of Daya Bay under normal operation conditions. Experiments on a simulated terrestrial agricultural ecosystem were carried out using the pot experiment approach. The most common plants in Hong Kong and the South China vegetable gardens such as lettuce, Chinese spinach, kale, carrot, pepper, eggplant, bean, flowering cabbage, celery, European onion and cucumber were selected for (110m)Ag root and foliar uptake tests. The results show that carrot, kale and flowering cabbage have the greatest values of soil to plant transfer factor among the vegetables, while(110m)Ag can be transferred to Chinese spinach via foliar uptake. Flowering cabbage, the most popular leafy vegetable locally, could be used as a biomonitor for the radioisotope contamination in vegetables. Soil column and adsorption tests were also carried out to study the leaching ability and distribution coefficient (K(d)) of (110m)Ag in the soil. The results show that most of the radionuclide was adsorbed in the top 1 cm of soil regardless of the pH value. The K(d) was also determined.     

Institutional traps and vulnerability to changes in climate and flood regimes in Thailand

Vulnerabilities to floods in Thailand are changing as a result of many factors. Formal and informal institutions help shape exposure, sensitivity and capacities to respond of individuals, social groups and social-ecological systems. In this paper we draw on several case studies of flood events and flood-affected communities to first assess how current practices reflect various laws, procedures, programs and policies for managing floods and disasters and then explore the implications for dealing with additional challenges posed by climate change. Our analysis identifies several institutional traps which need to be overcome if vulnerability is to be reduced, namely capture of agendas by technical elites, single-level or centralized concentration of capacities, organizational fragmentation and overemphasis on reactive crisis management. Possible responses are to expand public participation in managing risks, build adaptive capacities at multiple levels and link them, integrate flood disaster management and climate change adaptation into development planning, prioritize risk reduction for socially vulnerable groups and strengthen links between knowledge and practice. Responses like these could help reduce vulnerabilities under current climate and flood regimes, while also improving capacities to handle the future which every way that unfolds.     

Associations between grab sample and integrated radon measurements in dwellings in Maine and Texas

Radon concentrations were measured in several locations in each of approximately 100 dwellings in central Maine and in Houston, TX. Integrated samples were taken during the heating (or cooling) seasons with commercially available passive alpha track devices, while grab samples were taken at the time of integrated sampler deployment. It was found that both indoor and outdoor measurements in both areas were distributed log normally, and that the geometric mean of indoor measurements in Maine was three times higher than that of corresponding measurements in the Houston area. It was also noted that the mean of the indoor grab sample measurements was not significantly different from the mean of the indoor integrated measurements, and that the degree of correlation between the grab samples and a given indoor integrated sample was nearly as good as between integrated samples taken at different living area locations.     

90Sr, 210Po and 210Pb in lichen and reindeer in Norway

Concentrations of ⁹⁰Sr, ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in lichen and reindeer were studied in central (Østre Namdal) and southern Norway (Vågå) during 2000–2003. The study focussed on potential differences in concentrations of these nuclides in reindeer of different ages. Concentrations of ⁹⁰Sr in bones of ∼10 year old adult females were about 40% higher than those in calves' antlers (⁹⁰Sr concentrations in antlers and bones of calves are similar), while the available data from Vågå suggest that ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in reindeer calves decreased with an effective ecological half-time of 9.03 ± 0.06 years during 1988–2002. Furthermore, ⁹⁰Sr concentrations were 50–80% higher in bone of reindeer of a similar age from Vågå compared to those from Østre Namdal. Concentrations of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in muscle and liver tissues were comparable to those reported for reindeer in other Nordic areas, with no significant difference in ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb concentrations between adults and calves or between reindeer from the two different study areas.     

4-Nonylphenol and bisphenol A in Swedish food and exposure in Swedish nursing women

4-Nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are phenolic substances used in high volumes by the industry. Studies on cells and in experimental animals have shown that both these compounds can be classified as estrogenic hormone disrupters. Information about the exposure of humans to NP and BPA is still scarce, especially regarding levels in human blood. The first aim of this study was to investigate possible sources of NP and BPA exposure from food, by analyzing the levels of NP and BPA from a Swedish food market basket, based on the Swedish per capita food consumption. A second aim was to investigate blood serum levels of NP and BPA, as well as NP-ethoxylates, among young women in Sweden (n = 100). Moreover, associations between food consumption and blood NP and BPA levels were studied. In food, NP was to some extent found at levels above limit of quantification (LOQ 20 ng/g fresh weight) in fruits, cereal products, vegetables, and potatoes. BPA levels above LOQ (2 ng/g fresh weight) were found in fish, meats, potatoes, and dairy products. The estimated mean intakes per capita were (medium bound) 27 μg NP/day and 3.9 μg BPA/day, showing that food is a source of BPA and NP in the general Swedish population. In blood serum, free NP above limit of detection (LOD 0.5 ng/g) was detected in 46% of the study participants while detectable levels of total NP (LOD 0.8 ng/g) were observed in 43%. The corresponding percentages for BPA were 25% and 22%, respectively. The results indicate that there is a continuous source of exposure to NP and BPA that is high enough for free NP and BPA to be detected in some consumers. Among the participants with quantifiable levels of free and total NP (n = 38), 85% (median, range: 38–112%) of the NP was present as free NP. For BPA 76% (49–109%) was detected as free BPA (n = 15). All women had levels of ethoxylates of NP below LOD (0.1–0.7 ng/g). A significantly higher total consumption of fruits and vegetables was reported in questionnaires by participants with NP levels at or above LOD than among women with levels below LOD. This result is supporting the market basket results of relatively high NP levels in these types of food.