长江经济带城镇化与生态环境耦合协调效应测度与交互胁迫关系验证

基于长江经济带9省2市2000～2017年数据,建立长江经济带城镇化与生态环境交互耦合协调发展评价体系,运用耦合协调模型和交互胁迫模型,探究二者的动态关系。结果表明:在时间序列上,2000～2017年,长江经济带的城镇化与生态环境之间的协调性呈现稳步上升态势,整体处于良好耦合协调阶段。研究期初,生态环境综合指数高于城镇化综合指数;研究期末,城镇化综合指数高于生态环境综合指数。在空间格局上,二者的协调发展态势存在由东部区域沿中西部区域下降的空间差异特征。长江经济带的城镇化与生态环境之间存在交互胁迫关系,演变状态符合双指数函数特征。长江经济带区域内各省市存在城镇化与生态环境动态耦合关系的空间分布不均衡,经济较发达地区城镇化水平较高,经济欠发达地区生态环境受恶化风险较大。     

长江中游城市群人口分布与城镇化格局及其演化特征

城市群日益成为我国人口集聚和城镇化发展的重要载体,2015年4月《长江中游城市群发展规划》的提出标志着长江中游城市群建设正式上升为国家发展战略。基于2014年长江中游城市群人口和城镇化格局现状分析,采用湘鄂赣3省第四、五、六次人口普查数据,分析了1990~2010年长江中游城市群人口与城镇化格局的空间变化。研究发现:(1)1990~2010年,长江中游城市群人口分布不均衡,武汉、长沙、南昌3大省会城市一直是人口的主要集中地,人口集聚水平不断提升,但城市群整体的人口集聚水平有所下降,人口分布的空间格局呈现出由单核心结构向多核心结构的发展趋势;(2)人口"镇"化是长江中游城市群城镇化发展的主要驱动力,城镇化水平经历了由以长江为界北高南低分布向沿长江、京九和浙赣沿线地区分布的发展过程,形成了多核心结构的城镇化格局;(3)对比人口分布与城镇化格局的演变过程,反映出人口集聚度对城镇化格局的形成有着重要影响,但区域城镇化同时受到经济发展水平、工业化水平、基础设施等多种因素影响,其格局变化更加复杂、显著。     

长江经济带城市空间“三生”功能耦合协调时空演化特征及影响因素

探讨城市空间“三生”功能之间的互动关系,是新型城镇化推进中城市空间优化、高质量发展亟待解决的关键。以“三生”理论为基础,运用空间分析法、耦合协调模型和地理探测模型方法,研究2009～2019年长江经济带城市空间“三生”功能耦合协调时空特征及影响因素。研究得出：(1)长江经济带城市空间“三生”功能耦合协调水平呈现倒“U”型逐步趋于波动平稳发展的态势;(2)城市空间“三生”功能耦合协调水平存在明显的空间分异,呈“东高西低”的格局,高值主要集中在长三角、长江中游和成渝城市群,并且以省会城市为中心向周围梯度递减;(3)影响城市空间“三生”功能耦合协调发展的主导因素为经济发展水平、城镇化水平和环境治理水平,且存在空间差异。研究认为：应充分发挥中心城市的“极化作用”优势及其空间溢出效应,促进城市空间“三生”功能耦合协调发展。研究结果可以为城市空间优化、区域高质量协调发展提供依据。     

长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局演变及驱动机制研究

以长江经济带为研究区域,综合运用DEA模型、ESDA统计指数及Tobit线性回归模型等方法对长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局演变及驱动机制进行了初步地分析。结果表明:(1)2000~2012年长江经济带城市土地利用效率总体上呈上升趋势,存在显著区域差异,且技术效率高于综合效率和规模效率;(2)全局上城市土地利用效率呈现出正的空间自相关,效率高(低)的城市相互空间邻接;局部上城市土地利用效率的L-L类型主要集中在川西高原区,空间分布形态较平稳,而效率H-H类型主要分布在上海及苏南地区,并逐渐向绍杭、皖江地区演化,从"一字形"转向"Z字形"分布;(3)城镇化、经济发展、产业结构、科技水平及土地市场化是研究期长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局时空演变主要驱动力。     

基于InVEST模型的长江中游经济带生境质量的时空分异特征及其地形梯度效应

基于DEM与1995、2005、2015年土地利用数据,通过InVEST模型、GIS空间分析方法评估长江中游经济带生境质量的时空分异特征,并采用回归分析、地形位指数研究生境质量的地形梯度效应。结果表明:(1)长江中游经济带生境质量空间分布差异较大,整体上水平较高。高质量生境主要分布于山地丘陵区及水域,低质量生境分布于农业城市区;(2)1995～2015年,境内高质量生境存在向低质量退化的趋势,平均生境质量略有下降;(3)生境质量变化水平呈现"北部及东部提升-中部及南部下降"的空间格局,江汉平原和江西省东部地区的生境质量有所提升,生境质量下降区域主要位于中部重要城市连接成的环形带上;(4)生境质量存在显著的地形梯度效应,随着地形位提升,高等级生境质量的县级单元数量逐渐增加,平均生境质量相应提升。1995～2015年,1等地形位的生境质量提升,其余等级地形位的生境质量表现为下降趋势。研究结果有助于揭示长江中游经济带生境质量的时空变化过程,可为长江中游经济带生物多样性保护和土地利用规划提供理论支持。     

长江经济带城市碳排放及其影响因素的时空异质性研究

长江经济带作为国家生态文明建设的先行示范带，肩负着率先实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”的重大使命。掌握长江经济带城市碳排放及其影响因素，对长江经济带实现“双碳”目标具有重大意义。基于IPCC系数计算2008～2018年长江经济带110个地级及以上城市的碳排放情况，利用空间自相关对其进行时空格局分布的研究，构建地理加权回归模型探究不同区位城市碳排放影响因素的时空异质性并揭示原因。结果显示：2008～2018年碳排总量呈放缓态势，其重心逐年向中西部迁移；10a间长江经济带城市的碳排放在空间上呈现显著正相关性及集聚性，且相关性呈波动下降趋势；碳排放影响因素差异明显，影响大小为：人均用电量<人口数量<建设用地<产业结构，在空间格局上，建设用地和人均用电量的影响程度均向东偏移，产业结构和人口数量的空间格局基本稳定。研究结果表明，应从产业结构低碳转型、合理规划建设用地、优化人口空间格局和谋划新能源发电等领域进一步加快实现长江经济带的“双碳”目标。     

中国耕地非农化压力时空格局的演变分析

社会经济和资源禀赋的区域差异导致耕地非农化压力表现出明显的空间异质性。开展耕地非农化压力测算并揭示其时空格局演变,是实现土地资源优化配置的基础。从经济因素、社会因素、产业结构和资源禀赋4个方面构建耕地非农化压力指数评价指标体系,采用熵值法计算各指标权重,继而计算1990~2014年中国31省的耕地非农化压力指数,并在此基础上开展了耕地非农化压力的时空格局分析。结果表明:(1)从空间格局分布来看,中国耕地非农化压力空间分布呈现明显的地理梯度,总体上呈现从东到西依次递减的态势。(2)从时间变化趋势来看,不同地区各省份之间的耕地非农化压力指数变化呈现多元化趋势。东部沿海地区,山东、浙江、江苏的耕地非农化压力指数处于上升阶段,上海、福建的压力指数变化趋势逐渐趋稳,广东的压力指数呈现下降趋势。中部地区,河南、河北、山西、江西的耕地非农化压力指数趋稳,陕西、湖北以及四川、重庆等西南地区省份的压力指数呈上升趋势。西部沿边3省(云南、西藏、新疆)的耕地非农化压力呈现了一致的下降趋势。(3)从时空格局结合来看,耕地非农化压力不同的省份其变化趋势呈现出截然不同的走向。在耕地非农化压力较大的地区,耕地非农化经历了从制度驱动向发展推动的阶段,经济增长的倒"U"型轨迹明显,经济增长与耕地非农化之间的关系逐渐脱钩。在耕地非农化压力居中或较小的地区,产业发展滞后,土地比较收益较低,耕地的社会保障作用、生态作用对耕地非农化的影响较大,从而增加了部分省份的耕地非农化压力。     

长江经济带沿线城市水资源绿色效率及节水减排潜力时空演变

准确测算长江经济带沿线城市水资源绿色效率,对长江经济带沿线城市的水资源合理利用和绿色发展建设具有重要意义。运用SE-SBM模型(Super-Efficiency Slacks-Based Model)测度2010～2019年长江经济带沿线45个城市水资源绿色效率,结合泰尔指数分解探究其水资源绿色效率地区差异的形成根源,并采用ML指数方法(Malmquist-Luenberger)挖掘水资源绿色效率变化的内在原因;进而,利用水资源投入和水污染物产出的实际值与最优值的差异测算长江经济带沿线45个城市的节水减排潜力。结果显示：(1)研究期内长江经济带沿线45个城市有77.8%的城市水资源绿色效率处于无效率,水资源绿色效率空间分布呈现为长江经济带下游>上游>中游;(2)2010～2019年长江经济带沿线45个城市水资源绿色效率整体处于上升阶段,但有昭通、丽江、攀枝花、贵阳、铜陵、湖州、绍兴、舟山和鄂州等9个沿线城市水资源绿色效率处于下降阶段,受到不同程度的纯技术效率、规模效率和技术进步变化的影响;(3)将节水潜力、污水减排潜力和工业废水减排潜力值分别划分为“低、中和高”3个区间段,...     

长江经济带市域生态文明建设现状及发展潜力初探

生态文明建设是长江经济带下一阶段的工作重点之一。从生态文明和发展潜力的内涵出发,构建了耦合协调度模型和发展潜力模型,并对长江经济带生态文明建设情况进行分析。研究发现:(1)长江经济带东中西部生态文明特征差异明显,东部为经济、社会系统优势区,中部为相对协调区,西部为自然系统相对优势区;(2)当前长江经济带生态文明格局主要受经济因素的影响;(3)协调发展地区整体上表现出最佳的生态文明发展潜力,协调发展应成为长江经济带生态文明建设的重要途径。     

基于DMSP-OLS夜间灯光数据的长江经济带城镇体系空间格局演变（1992～2013）

研究长江经济带城镇体系空间格局演变,对于透视长江经济带城镇体系空间格局演变特征和规律以及促进长江经济带城镇体系空间格局优化发展有着重要意义。利用多时相同期Landsat卫星数据以及运用聚类分析方法对长江经济带夜间灯光数据进行校正,并采用其他辅助数据法对比分析获取城镇建成区面积的阈值,在此阈值基础之上选取景观总面积、总斑块数量和聚集度指数等总共8个典型景观格局指标, 继而使用FRAG-STATS 4.2 软件对1992~2013年间长江经济带城镇发展的空间格局变化进行计算分析。研究结果表明：(1）1992~2013年间,长江经济带城镇化快速扩展,城镇建成区面积增加了9.68倍,斑块数量增加了2.39倍,斑块密度也得到较大的增加,反映出长江经济带城镇数量不断增加和城镇建成区面积不断扩大;（2）景观斑块形状复杂度逐渐上升,中小城市不断壮大,同时出现了较多的新兴小城镇,总边界长度和平均边界密度的年均增长速度分别为21.56%和21.58%,体现了长江经济带城镇间聚集度越来越高,相互影响也越来越大;(3）最大斑块指数和聚集度指数两个指标在整体上呈现出逐年下降的态势,但是景观总面积、总斑块数量和斑块密度等8个指标在演变过程中均存在一定的波动和无序化,反映出长江经济带在城镇化过程中呈现出不规则和无序化的特征。     

Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms

BackgroundEvidence is growing for the beneficial impacts of natural outdoor environments on health. However, most of the evidence has focused on green spaces and little evidence is available on health benefits of blue spaces and about possible mediators and modifiers of such impacts. We investigated the association between natural outdoor environments (separately for green and blue spaces) and health (general and mental) and its possible mediators and modifiers.MethodsCross-sectional data from adults interviewed in Catalonia (Spain) between 2010 and 2012 as part of the Catalonia Health Survey were used. The collected data included sociodemographic characteristics, self-perceived general health, mental health, physical activity and social support. Indicators of surrounding greenness and access to natural outdoor environments within 300 m of the residence and degree of urbanization were derived for residential addresses. Associations were estimated using logistic regression and negative binominal models.ResultsGreen spaces were associated with better self-perceived general health and better mental health, independent of degree of urbanization. The associations were more consistent for surrounding greenness than for access to green spaces. The results were consistent for different buffers, and when stratifying for socioeconomic status. Slightly stronger associations were found for women and residents of non-densely populated areas. No association was found between green spaces and social contacts and physical activity. The results for blue spaces were not conclusive.ConclusionGreen spaces are associated with better general and mental health across strata of urbanization, socioeconomic status, and genders. Mechanisms other than physical activity or social support may explain these associations.     

循环经济与节能减排解析

目前我国经济增长模式是粗放的、不循环的经济增长模式,经济发展过程中存在着高增长、高能耗、高环境问题,作者通过一系列的数据对比和分析,指出当前发展循环经济,促进节能减排是我国经济发展过程中面临的第一要务。胡锦涛同志在党的十七大报告中提出一定要“落实节能减排工作责任制”,更表明了我国当前发展循环经济,促进节能减排的决心。本文首先提出循环经济与节能减排的相关概念及含义;再以重点行业中的电力、钢铁行业如何搞好能源资源节约和“三废”综合利用为例对我国发展循环经济、促进节能减排进行了实证分析;最后提出要通过加快资源价格机制的改革、促进技术创新、完善政策法规体系、转变领导片面追求GDP增长的认识等措施来达到发展循环经济、促进节能减排的目标。     

加拿大环境与可持续发展科技创新及对我国的启示

加拿大重视环境保护与可持续发展中的科技创新,在全联邦范围内营造了"政府引导、企业主体、国民支持"的良好创新氛围,形成了"以科技创新支撑环境产业发展,以环境产业促进环境保护与可持续发展"的鲜明环保特色,走出了一条科技创新、产业发展、环境保护和可持续发展三者协同发展、相互制衡、良性循环的发展路子,值得我国借鉴.在我国的环境与可持续发展科技创新中,存在着创新能力不足、产学研合作薄弱、产业化乏力等问题.本文通过中加比较,探讨了我国实施环境与可持续发展科技创新的对策思路,即政府应完善环保法规政策、健全环保标准和管理体系;应增加科研投入,建立政府调控下的市场化投资体系和环境科技的产业化发展;应选择重点领域实现优先发展,突破瓶颈产业;应重视合作创新,加强部门合作,科研机构合作以及国际合作.     

中国地表权、地下权概念、应用模式及相关问题分析

文章通过对地表权、地下权相关法律概念的梳理,指出地表权、地下权概念界定的复杂性,借鉴《商业词典》对地表权和地下权的定义,探讨了在中国矿产资源一元所有制及土地二元所有制并存的情形下,地表权与地下权的应用模式、相关产权界定及存在的问题。文章分三种情形对二者的应用模式进行了探讨,指出:地表权与地下权相分离的模式是符合中国国情的一种合理选择,但是在具体实践中却存在农村集体作为土地拥有者的地位没有得到应有的尊重、矿业权主体行政审批问题严重、矿产资源的国家所有权权益没有得到应有的体现、矿产资源开发中的环境产权界定不清晰等问题;在探讨中指出两个启迪性的思路:一是使农村集体参与矿产资源开发收益分成模式;二是在现有的征地制度下,理顺价格机制,建立有效的土地流转市场,在土地使用权转让中,给予土地所有者以价格补偿。文章进一步对矿产资源开发中的土地所有权界定、税费问题、土地价格补偿及环境产权分配给予相应的分析并给出建议。     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p′ and p,p′ isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118 + 149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p′-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua) > sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel) > Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03 ± 0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81 ± 1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34 ± 2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41 ± 19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p′-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most-emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ＇manual emission＇ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ＇good-cycle＇ both ＇harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously＇, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by＇all refrigerators. This ＇good-cycle＇ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

Chlorinated biphenyls and pesticides in migrating and resident seabirds from East and West Antarctica

The unhatched eggs of the following seabirds were analyzed to quantify PCBs, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ-, δ-hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), o,p' and p,p' isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE: resident Adèlie (Pygoscelis adèliae, ADPE) and Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri, EMPE) penguins, migrating snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea, SNPT) and South Polar skua (Catharacta maccormicki, SPSK) from the Ross Sea (East Antarctica); and migrating Brown skua (Catharacta antartica, BRSK) and resident ADPE from the Brainsfield Strait (West Antarctica). The general aims were to evaluate the contaminant accumulation in eggs of migrating and resident species in the two study areas, and to compare levels in penguins and skuas nesting in East and West Antarctica. PCB congener and HCH and DDT isomer profiles were also assessed. Comparisons were evaluated using seven PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118+149, 138, 153, and 180), p,p'-DDE, ΣDDTs, and ΣHCHs. Higher contaminant concentrations were detected in migrating seabirds (South polar skua and brown skua)>sub-Antarctic species (snow petrel)>Antarctic species (penguins) from both the sampling sites, suggesting contamination events at lower latitudes for those birds migrating northward. HCHs showed the lowest concentrations in all species (from 0.03±0.03 ng/g wet wt in SPSK to 1.81±1.23 ng/g wet wt in ADPE from West Antarctica), and PCBs were the most abundant contaminants (from 4.34±2.15 ng/g wet wt. in EMPE to 53.41±19.61 ng/g wet wt. in brown skua). Among pesticides, it is relevant the detection of p,p'-DDT in Adèlie penguin from West Antarctica and in both species of skua; the detection of this pesticide can confirm its actual use in certain malaria-endemic countries from where it is transferred through the long range transport to the polar regions. Contaminants did not show any significant temporal trend during a ten year time span, from 1994/95 to 2004/05, in organisms collected in East Antarctica and they did not indicate any latitudinal gradient along the Ross Sea coasts.     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

中国的节能减排困境和财税政策选择

节能减排不仅是推进我国国民经济又好又快发展的核心要义,也是应对全球气候变化的迫切需要.在我国,要实现到2020年单位国内生产总值的二氧化碳排放比2005年下降40%-45%的约束性目标,需要进行艰难的产业结构调整、能源消费结构调整和经济发展阶段跨越,并应采取体制、政策、技术和管理等综合推进措施.包括政府投资、税收、政府采购和财政贴息在内的财税政策措施对于推进我国节能减排至关重要.本文认为,政府投资政策应重在支持高新技术产业研发应用,经由产业结构调整促进节能减排;税收政策应立足于综合采取增设环境污染税、低技术污染税以及税收优惠和减免等激励和惩罚并重措施;政府采购应通过扩大高效节能减排产品市场需求,引导企业生产行为;财政贴息则应侧重于解决企业节能减排投资以及技术改造过程中的资金约束.