长江三角洲土地资源可持续利用研究

在定性分析长江三角洲土地资源现状特征和可持续利用目标基础上,重点对区域土地资源可持续利用进行定量评价:选择36个因素作为参评因子,建立评价指标体系;选用模糊隶属函数和线性加权函数进行综合测算,评判出区域土地资源可持续利用综合水平;引进“障碍度”概念进行定量的障碍诊断,并针对主要障碍因素提出可持续利用具体对策。     

Method for assessing impacts on life support functions (LSF) related to the use of ‘fertile land’ in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Degradation of soil quality is a major concern due to the scarcity of fertile land, and needs to be properly addressed in the environmental assessment of agro-forestry systems. This paper addresses the main issues arising in assessing the impacts of fertile land use on “Life Support Functions” in Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). These issues include the assessment of occupation and transformation impacts, the references against which such impacts should be measured, and the concept of natural relaxation versus backup technology for recovery from the impacts. The alternative (or reference) situation is defined using the concept of consequential LCA, which facilitates clarification of the allocation issues arising due to successive land uses. This paper presents soil organic matter (SOM) as a robust indicator for soil quality; even though it does not fully consider all aspects of soil functioning, SOM has been often recognised as the best stand-alone indicator for soil quality. Impacts on biodiversity are not included in this indicator and should be assessed in parallel. Alternative data sources for practical implementation of the method are suggested in a hierarchical way, including locally specific data sets describing changes in SOM; mechanistic models for the prediction of SOM evolution; and general data sources for simplified analyses. Thanks to its flexibility in data collection the method is applicable to any agricultural or forestry LCA to fill an important gap in Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of land use.     

植穴控制体对盐渍土生态重建的可持续性评价

基于盐渍土生态重建过程影响因子的复杂性,采用综合指标评价方法,选取4类母指标和相应的13项子指标对植穴控制体生态重建技术进行可持续评价。4类母指标分别为土壤养分与结构改良程度、生产力持续水平、组分间关系协调性和生态、社会效益,对应的13项子指标分别为:土壤水分、土壤含盐量、土壤养分含量、土壤容重和水质;土地利用效果、土地生产力水平与稳定度、绿地结构与环境功能;生态重建年限、生物群落变化和生态景观效果;小气候效益和游憩的功能效益。经权重分析认为,植穴控制体生态重建技术评价分值为0.772,评价等级为Ⅳ级,表明植穴控制体模式的盐渍土生态重建技术具有较好的稳定性和可持续的功能效应。     

Biodiversity and life support impacts of land use in LCA

An operational method to include land use impacts in LCA has been developed. The aim was to base the approach on a scientific framework and to use scientific data to arrive at indicator scores. This has led to a first set of rough impact score data per type of land use on a global level, for two indicators. Remaining subjective elements are related to the restrictions of the approach: only two indicators are chosen as a basis for expressing land use impacts (vascular plant species diversity and free net primary biomass production), a reference state had to be included to incorporate regional differences, and for biodiversity the measure is relative to the local background biodiversity, leading to relatively low sensitivities to changes. Finally, land use impacts are considered to be proportional to the area which is a common understanding in LCA, but not always agreed upon. It is clear that this operationalisation is at present only in its teens.     

基于遥感的SDG 15.1.2生物多样性指标计算与分析:以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区为例

生物多样性评价为生物多样性保护提供重要的参考价值,联合国可持续发展目标(SDGs)中15.1.2指标对此提出了具体要求. 本研究借助遥感技术,以长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区(简称“示范区”)为研究区,选取物种多样性层次、生态系统多样性层次和景观多样性层次的7个指标(生境质量指数、增强型植被指数、水网密度指数、生境面积百分比、辛普森多样性指数、景观分离度指数、蔓延度指数)构建生物多样性评价指标体系,实现了对研究区生物多样性的量化计算及生物多样性评估. 结果表明:①研究区生物多样性指数平均值为0.42,生物多样性高等级区域面积为526.65 km2,占研究区陆地面积的27.38%;研究区共28个乡镇,其中生物多样性高等级区域占乡镇陆地面积比例大于50%的乡镇有两个,分别是青浦区的华新镇和香花桥街道. ②探究了土地利用方式和城市不透水面占比对生物多样性的影响,生物多样性受人类活动干扰较为严重,不透水面占比与高等级生物多样性占比呈负相关,在植被稀少的城市和工业区域生物多样性等级较低. 研究显示,SDG 15.1.2指标区域得分为27.38分,距离实现2030年生物多样性可持续目标还面临一定的挑战;同时,该研究旨在构建县级区域生物多样性现状的评价指标体系,从而为SDGs指标本地化提供理论参考.      

Objective and quantitative evaluation of environmental quality of the land for agriculture purpose

An objective and quantitative evaluation method on land environmental quality for agricultural purpose in a county range is studied in this paper. The method takes into account the quantity of heat, precipitation, meteorological disaster and soil fertility, which have close relationship to the potential productivity of land and can be expressed conveniently and accurately by taking Kai County as an example. Besides comprehensive grading assessment, assessment with Hilbert Space distance coefficiency and comprehensive judgement by fuzzy sets theory, the assessment factors are expanded to 18 parameters, and fuzzy dominance matrix and fuzzy clustering methods are adopted for regional comprehensive identification of agriculture-use land. Among these methods, each benefits from association with the other. In this paper, an all-round and objective new way for understanding of land environmental quality is put forward.     

基于熵权物元模型的土地利用规划环境影响跟踪动态评价

为了分析土地利用规划实施后对区域环境产生的影响的时间累积效应与分异规律,以山西省晋城市为例,综合运用熵权法与物元模型,在构建以水环境、土壤环境、大气环境与生态环境为子系统的区域自然环境质量评价指标体系的基础上进行跟踪动态评价.结果表明,自第3轮土地利用规划执行以来,总体上晋城市自然环境质量呈现正向发展的趋势,但人均水资源量、水土流失比重、单位面积化肥使用负荷、单位面积固体废弃物负荷等环境指示性指标有变差的趋势或没有因规划的实施而得到有效提升,研究成果可以为进一步进行评估、调整土地利用规划时提供科学的依据和借鉴.     

Uncertainty analysis in life cycle inventory. Application to the production of electricity with French coal power plants

Uncertainty assessment in LCAs is an important aspect for decision-makers to judge the significance of differences in product or process options.Stochastic models (e.g., Monte Carlo) are tools used in Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) to compute the uncertainty of cumulative emissions and resource requirements. However, one main problem when applying such models is the large number of unit processes that make up a product system. In this paper a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches in uncertainty assessment is proposed for an efficient assessment of uncertainty. The qualitative assessment of data quality relies on data quality indicators, whereas the quantitative assessment uses Monte Carlo simulation.The effort to select accurate probability functions concentrates on data with a significant contribution to the cumulative results¹ and/or with a high uncertainty. The probability function of selected data is estimated using different techniques, depending on the amount of information available.Some results are presented by applying the method on selected French coal-based electricity.     

苏州市耕地保护等级评价

基于国内外相关研究与PSR 模型提出环境压力、土壤质量、破碎度、粮食单产等耕地保护等 级评价指标。单项指标评价表明: 苏州耕地环境压力突出、土质较好、破碎化明显、粮食产量高。基于 指标相关性分析, 选用层次聚类分析法, 对样本特征聚类分为4 等, 各等面积百分比S1∶S2∶S3∶S4= 33.6∶32.4∶26.7∶7.3。S1 在乡村区和湖荡区, 各指标良好; S2 在沿江平原及城市化边缘区, 土质良好, 粮 食产量较高; S3 散布在城市化边缘区及湖荡丘陵区, 各指标中等; S4 散布在城市周边及湖荡丘陵区。 进而基于各等级的地域特征及指标关系, 将耕地保护等级又分为9 级, 并指出各级耕地保护措施。     

Comparing the soil quality changes of different land uses determined by two quantitative methods

Soil quality is one of the most important environmental factors in sustaining the global biosphere and developing sustainable agricultural practices.A study was initiated in Wolong Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province,China to elucidate the soil quality changes of natural secondary succession,forest planting and agricultural practices after deforestatin in the humid mountainous region.The soil qualities of six land use types(natural forestland ,grassland,shrub land,secondary index(QI) and soil deterioration index(DI).The QI values of natural forestland ,grassland,shrub land,secondary forestland,cultivated land ,reforested land were 0.8039,0.3277,0.9127,0.6881,0.0285 and 0.3183,respectively.The DI values were 0%,-14%,12%,1%,-26% and -18% respectively.Both indexes suggested that shrub land can restore soil properties.To compare the two methods more directly,a deduced index QI‘based on QI value was developed,.The results showed that DI and AI‘ had a very high linear correlation coefficient(r=0.9775) despite the values were different .Both methods were efficient in evaluating the soil quality levels and DI was a more simple way in soil quality assessment,while QI could show more ecological meanings.     

土地利用规划环境影响评价指标体系实证研究

在前人研究的基础上,针对目前土地利用规划环评指标间存在的信息重叠问题,以安徽省当涂县为例,运用SPSS软件基于相关性分析探讨了土地利用规划环评指标体系的建立,并在此基础上运用综合指数对当涂县土地利用规划方案进行评价。结果表明:(1)基于常用的指标体系建立思路(环境影响识别-确定指标体系构建原则-建立指标),增加原始指标定量筛选环节,将能有效避免指标间信息重叠现象的产生,指标的独立性更高;(2)2005年当涂县土地利用规划环境影响评价综合指数为0.734 1,环境、资源、生态及社会经济分项指数分别为0.259 6、0.099 3、0.165 7、0.209 5。规划方案实施后,到2020年全县环境、资源、生态及社会经济分项指数分别为0.304 6、0.107 2、0.256 0、0.327 2,均有不同程度的提高,规划方案可行。     

Mapping and modelling of changes in agricultural intensity in Europe

Spatial maps of agricultural intensity are needed for analyses of environmental issues, including biodiversity changes. We present a method to produce such maps for Europe. While most studies beyond farm level focus on land cover change only, this paper focuses on spatial variation in land use intensity and its dynamics.Our method defines agricultural land use intensity in terms of nitrogen input. For arable land, it combines field observations with administrative-level statistics to assess probability of occurrence for three land use intensity classes. For grassland, it uses maps of livestock density to assess probability of occurrence for two intensity classes. Agricultural land is spatially allocated to intensity classes using an algorithm that downscales intensity changes simulated with an agricultural economic model.Our results are 1 km² resolution maps of classified agricultural land use intensity in the year 2000. We illustrate the method by exploring changes in the spatial pattern of land use intensity for a financial policy reform scenario in the year 2025. Results indicate spatial heterogeneity in land use intensity across European countries, including large differences in intensity between countries, between regions, but also within regions.Our method could be improved with smaller-resolution agricultural statistics and broader intensity indicators.     

辽河流域河流栖息地评价指标与评价方法研究

建立了由底质、栖息地复杂性、速度-深度结合特性、堤岸稳定性、河道变化、河水水量状况、植被多样性、水质状况、人类活动强度和河岸土地利用类型所构成的河流栖息地评价指标体系,确定了各指标的等级划分以及栖息地综合指数的计算方法.结合2005年辽河流域河流生态调查结果,对流域内所调查的28个河段的栖息地质量状况进行了具体评价,并进一步分析了河道栖息地综合指数与河流理化因子、底栖生物以及小流域土地利用状况的相关关系.结果表明:①辽河流域28个河段的栖息地质量状况差异显著,其中10个河段达到了较好等级以上,6个仅为中等水平,12个河段为较差等级以下;②栖息地质量与理化因子、底栖生物指标具有显著相关性,表明栖息地质量是影响水质与生物状况的重要因素;③小流域的人类未利用土地比例与栖息地质量显著相关,表明小流域土地利用程度对栖息地环境质量影响较大,是恢复与保护河流栖息地质量的重要条件.     

山区县域土地环境质量的客观评价

土地是一种包含了许多自然资源子系统的系统。以四川省开县为例，根据对土地生产潜力制约作用最大，且便于定量描述的热量、水分、气候灾害、土壤肥力等４类因子，利用综合评分法，Ｈｉｌｂｅｒｔ Ｓｐａｃｅ距离系数法及模糊集理论，探讨了山区县域土地环境质量观评价方法，各种方法互相补充，相辅相成，为全面、正确评价土地环境质量提供了一条有效途径。     

基于改进TOPSIS方法的耕地系统安全评价及障碍因子诊断

耕地系统安全评价及障碍因子诊断是改善耕地安全状况、促进耕地可持续利用的基础。论文在界定耕地数量、质量、生态安全关系的基础上,从耕地数量、质量、生态“三位一体”的系统角度出发,构建耕地系统安全指标体系,运用改进的TOPSIS模型和障碍度模型,以江西省鹰潭市为研究区域,研究2005—2015年耕地系统安全时空变化状况及进行障碍因子诊断。结果表明：1）2005—2015年间,鹰潭市耕地数量安全和耕地质量安全均整体呈上升趋势,耕地生态安全呈先上升后缓慢下降趋势,耕地系统安全水平整体呈上升趋势,2015年,安全状态耕地提升至90.44%,非常安全耕地占2%;2）不同县（市、区）因发展类型及特点不同,耕地系统安全变化特征不一,月湖区耕地系统安全水平最低并呈先下降后缓慢上升趋势,余江县耕地系统安全整体较高并呈上升趋势,贵溪市耕地系统安全处中上水平并呈先下降后上升趋势;3）土壤有机质含量、化肥负荷、耕地保有力度、pH、固定资产投资、灌溉保证率、人均耕地面积、城市化水平、环保投资占GDP比例和农药负荷是制约耕地系统安全的主要障碍因子。     

浙江省湖州地区不同土地利用氮磷非点源污染研究

根据浙江省湖州地区土壤以及东太湖沉积物样品所测定的数据．对不同土地利用（耕地土、园地土、鱼塘土、林地土）的营养元素进行了定性和定量研究。结果表明：土壤中氮、磷的总量均比太湖沉积物中高，表明有一部分营养物质进入了水体；营养元素相关分析表明，不同土地利用中有机碳含量与总氮相关性较好，与总磷相关性较差。估算出不同土地利用占土壤中流失总氯总磷百分比分别为：总氮，耕地土为63％，园地土为22％，鱼塘土为7％，林地土为8％；总磷，耕地土47％，园地土为28％。鱼塘土为18％，林地土为7％；湖州地区鱼塘土对东太湖的氮磷贡献程度较高。     

Development of LCIA characterisation factors for land use impacts on biodiversity

The UNEP/SETAC life cycle initiative has recently proposed a framework for life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) of land use. Still, a lack of appropriate LCIA-methods for assessing land use impacts exist in life cycle assessment (LCA). Most existing methods are either too coarse-grained regarding the differentiation between different land use types (e.g. conventional farming versus organic farming), or they are too narrow regarding spatial coverage (e.g. only part of Europe). Therefore, the purpose of this article is to develop a method that overcomes these problems. A secondary goal is to develop a method for which it is possible to determine characterisation factors for any land use type in any region without the need for overwhelming data and data manipulation requirements. The developed method for LCIA of biodiversity focuses on species richness of vascular plants which can be determined from species–area curves. The category indicator is calculated as the multiplication of occupied area, the number of species affected per standard area (100 m²), the duration of occupation and renaturalisation from transformation, and a factor for ecosystem vulnerability. The main uncertainties of the method are related to the determination of renaturalisation times and the establishment species–area curves. The intention of the study presented in this article, i.e. to develop an applicable model with global coverage and no constraints on resolution regarding spatial and land use type differentiation, has widely been met. The limiting factor for applicability is the access to species richness surveys for the relevant regions and land use types. But still, the method shows that, with limited efforts, it is possible to calculate characterisation factors for a large range of land use types in different parts of the world.     

耕地质量监测中合理样本量配置及不确定性分析——以陕西省宝鸡市为例

耕地质量监测样本量的优化配置对降低成本,实现可持续土地资源监测与利用有重要指导价值。以陕西省宝鸡市为例,采用2018年耕地质量监测数据,运用传统统计学和地统计学方法,探讨耕地质量监测中土壤监测指标的合理样本量及不确定性。研究表明：样本变异性大小与样本量的关系并不是绝对的。样本代表性评价方法和地统计学方法较Cochran方法能有效降低样本的不确定性;样本代表性评价法适用性更广,但研究结果缺乏稳定性;地统计学方法的适用性存在局限性,可降低中等变异性指标的不确定性,但对低、高变异性指标适用性较低。中等变异性指标宜采用地统计学方法确定合理样本量;低、高变异性指标宜采用代表性评价方法确定合理样本量。     

生物液体燃料发展的环境影响研究进展

第二代生物燃料生产技术已发展起来,有关生物液体燃料发展的环境影响研究,毁誉参半、争论激烈。论文在查阅大量国内外相关文献的基础上,评述了生物液体燃料的发展进程及其对温室气体减排、水土资源及生物多样性等方面的影响,并就生物液体燃料环境影响的研究趋势与发展方向进行了讨论。研究认为:①一些学者认为,就温室气体减排来看,尽管效益不同,但生物液体燃料均在一定程度上减轻了温室气体排放。也有学者认为生物液体燃料与化石燃料相比并没有减少温室气体排放,甚至更糟。②大规模的能源作物集约种植消耗了大量水资源,污染了地下水,破坏了土壤碳库,降低了土壤肥力,加剧了水土流失。此外,土地利用方式改变造成的潜在影响具有很大的不确定性。但也有研究表示选择合适的能源物种及科学的耕作方式也有可能对水土资源带来积极的影响。③生物液体燃料发展对生物多样性产生了危害,但恰当的管理方式亦可能带来正效益。导致研究结论差异巨大的原因主要在于研究角度与尺度不同、研究方法的复杂性和数据的精度及可获得性等。明确边界、统一路径,细化指标、规范标准,系统分析、定量评价应是生物液体燃料的环境影响研究的发展方向。     

基于面向对象理论的区域生态环境综合评价

以龙口市为例,在分析区域生态环境特征的基础上,尝试应用面向对象的理论构建评价系统; 结合RS、GIS技术与数学模型方法提取评价因子,建立基于GIS栅格数据的空间模糊评判模型进行综合评价分析.结果表明:2008年龙口市生态环境状况总体良好,优等级占总面积的24.75%,良等占41.78%,中等占5.29%,差等占28.18%,但与1996年相比有下降趋势;生态环境的空间分异明显,表现为从西北沿海到东南内陆逐渐好转; 3个典型分区的生态环境状况各异,其变化趋势也有所差别; 气候条件、土地利用状况、工业生产建设、人口迁移等因素对研究区生态环境状况及演变起主要作用. 根据研究区的实际情况,并对比热岛效应的空间分布,可确定该方法合理有效, 是对当前区域生态环境综合评价方法的有益补充.