Optimization of alkaline extraction of natural dye from Henna leaves and its dyeing on cotton by exhaust method

The alkaline conditions for extraction of natural dye from Henna leaves were optimized and the resulting extract was used to further optimize its dyeing conditions on cotton by exhaust method. Dyeings without any mordant were compared with those obtained with premordanting and postmordanting with alum and iron. It was found that dyeings produced with alkaline extracts of Henna leaves have better colour strength than the dye extracts obtained in distilled water. Furthermore, dyeings with alkaline extracts have moderate to good fastness properties and that mordanting did not result in any significant improvement in fastness properties. Finally, in comparative studies between synthetic and this natural dye, it was inferred that natural dye has good potential to act as co-partner with synthetic dye.     

Colourimetric analysis and antimicrobial study of natural dyes and dyed silk

Colourimetric and antimicrobial activities of natural colourants and dyed silk have been studied. The colour strength (K/S) values were increased with increase in dye absorbance. The absorption of dyes on silk yarns was obtained from 10.56 to 39.48% at 5% concentration of dye from different plant extracts. The colourimetric parameters L¹, a¹, b¹, C, and H were measured for depth of the colour. The dyed silk with natural colourants displayed excellent antimicrobial activity (reduction rate: 25–65%) against the bacteria Escherichia coli and (reduction rate: 3–68%) against the fungal strain Aspergillus niger. The dyed silk exhibited good and durable fastness properties.     

Reusing wastewater of madder natural dye for wool dyeing

Natural dye is environment-friendly which is usually extracted from vegetative material. In this work, the wastewater of madder dyebath is reused for wool dyeing. Initially, the madder absorption behavior on wool fiber is determined by new methods based on spectroscopic information of dye solution. The absorbance spectra change is explained in terms of absorbability of chemical components of madder on wool by using several techniques such as principal component analysis, colorimetry, statistical and derivative spectroscopy techniques. The obtained results indicate that the chemical components of the initial dye solution are different from those remaining in the exhausted dye solution. In reusing wastewater of wool dyeing with madder, the exhausted dyebath is reconstructed by adding madder and water. The analyzing color parameter and fastness properties of samples indicate that the quality of samples dyed in reconstructed dyebath is the same as initial wool dyeing. The economic analysis shows that the reusing wastewater caused 19.91% cost saving in wool dyeing with madder.     

Eco-friendly dyeing of wool using natural dye from weld as co-partner with synthetic dye

Since the last decade, the application of natural dyes on textile materials is gaining popularity all over the world, possibly because of increasing awareness of environment, ecology, and pollution control. In this research, extraction of dyes from weld using soxhlet apparatus has been studied. The color components extracted and isolated from weld plant were characterized by Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), NMR, mass, IR techniques. The natural dye extract obtained from the weld was used for the dyeing of wool fiber. The results indicated that the exhaustion rate for the extracted dye increases by 49% compared to the raw dye. This, in turn, leads to a considerable decrease in the amount of the extracted dye used to reach the same desired results. Finally, for comparative studies between synthetic and this natural dye, all dyed specimens were tested for wash and light fastness properties, making weld a viable alternative to synthetic acid dyes.     

印染废水的污染与控制

本文详细介绍了印染废水的污染源和印染废水的危害 ,提出了印染行业进行污染控制的具体途径。     

A new process of combined pretreatment and dyeing: REST

Use of enzymes in textile processes has many advantages as far as the environmentally friendly processes are concerned. These advantages include water and energy savings, less chemical use, less fabric damage, mild and environmentally friendly process conditions. In this work, C.I. Reactive Yellow 15, C.I. Reactive Red 21 and C.I. Reactive Blue 19 were used to dye untreated woven cotton fabric in a laboratory scale dyeing machine, on a pilot scale jig and on a pilot scale winch by using a single bath combined process, in which various enzymes, namely, amylase, pectinase, and catalase were employed. This new process was named as the “Rapid Enzymatic Single-bath Treatment” (REST), since it was completed almost in half of the conventional dyeing time, and all of the stages, namely, desizing, scouring, bleaching and dyeing were carried out in a single bath without replacing the process water with fresh water until the end of the dyeing. In the REST process, the untreated, starch-sized fabric was first desized by amylase enzyme, and this was followed by a pectinase treatment in the same bath. The fabric was then bleached by H₂O₂ in the same bath, and after the hydrogen peroxide bleaching; the catalase enzyme was added to the bath to remove H₂O₂ residues before reactive dyeing. Without carrying out intermediate washings/rinsings between these processes, the reactive dyeing was carried out in a conventional way in the same bath, and finally, the fabric was taken from the bath and washed out. The colour yield was compared with the dyeings which were carried out conventionally in separate baths. Finally, the REST has many benefits in terms of water saving, reduced process time and energy consumptions compared to the conventional preparatory and dyeing process of cotton fabrics.     

物理化学法与二级好氧生物处理纺织印染废水

采用"物化+水解酸化+二级好氧"生物处理纺织印染废水,工程实施运行表明:该工艺运行稳定,出水水质好,运行费用低,投资省,能广泛应用于纺织印染废水的实际工程中。     

纤维球过滤的适应性和稳定性的研究

论述了纤维球过滤技术用于给水处理和废水处理的效果和适应情况，并和砂滤进行了同步比较试验．同时，探讨了纤维球滤料的反冲洗条件和反冲效果，并经长期运行以观察纤维球过滤的稳定性．     

生化—物化组合工艺处理棉浆粕生产综合废水

棉浆粕生产综合废水的生化—物化处理试验表明，采用驯化活性污泥法可有效地去除废水中易生物降解的有机物。当浆粕废水进水ＣＯＤｃｒ浓度１２００～１８００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内，ＣＯＤｃｒ负荷１．８～２．８ｋｇ／ｍ３·ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达５８％～６４％，ＢＯＤ５去除率可达８５％～８９％。生化出水经投加化学混凝剂进行物化处理后，ＣＯＤｃｒ可进一步去除６５％～７５％左右，可满足排放标准的要求     

生化-混凝沉淀-砂滤工艺处理毛巾印染废水

根据毛巾印染废水水质特点 ,选择了厌氧折流板反应池 -生物接触氧化池 -混凝沉淀 -砂滤处理工艺。运行结果表明 ,在进水水质为 :CODCr5 89～ 2 980 mg/L、BOD5 2 49～ 5 3 4 mg/L、SS12 3～ 190 mg/L、色度 3 0 0～80 0倍、p H8.76～ 9.5 6时 ,出水水质达到《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》( GB42 87— 92 )一级标准。该处理系统耐冲击负荷 ,运行稳定、简单 ,基建和运行费用较低。     

泰乐菌素降解菌的分离及其酶促特性

从长期堆放泰乐菌素药渣附近的土壤中筛选到一株泰乐菌素高效降解菌株TS1,经过对其形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定为越南伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis)。以菌株TS1为研究对象,分别采用硫酸铵盐析法和冰浴超声波破碎法提取胞外和胞内粗酶液,考察了该粗酶液降解泰乐菌素的特性。结果表明:菌株TS1降解泰乐菌素的酶为胞内组成酶,粗酶液降解泰乐菌素的适宜温度为35℃,适宜pH为7.5,在温度为20~50℃,pH 5.0~8.0的条件下,粗酶液对泰乐菌素都能保持较高的降解活性,表明降解粗酶液具有较好的热稳定性和较宽的pH适应范围,其米氏常数Km和最大降解速率Vmax分别为0.33 mmol/L和1.89 nmol/(mg·min)。     

Interactions of host-plant resistance in cotton with predators and parasites

Results from no-choice field and greenhouse studies established an inverse relationship between plant trichome density in cotton and the level of successful attacks on Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs by the parasite, Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) and the predator, Chrysopa rufilabris (Burmeister). Thus, plant damage from H. zea can be reduced on glabrous cotton phenotypes due to antixenosis and increased entomophage effectiveness compared to hirsute and pilose phenotypes. Studies by other scientists which demonstrate interactions of natural enemies with host-plant resistance in cotton are also discussed. Symbiotic relationships between the host-plant and its associated predator/parasitoid complex may significantly influence the expression of host-plant resistance in cotton. Scientists involved in programs for development of host-plant resistant cultivars are encouraged to utilize sources of resistance which increase effectiveness of key natural enemies of the major pest species.     

印染废水处理工艺改造的实践与探讨

根据某印染废水的特点 ,在原有传统处理工艺的基础上进行了工艺改造 ,将调节池改为水解酸化池 ,将活性污泥曝气池改为接触氧化池 ,在池内形成了合理的微生物分布 ,大大地改善了出水水质 ,使 COD、SS、硫化物、色度的去除率分别提高了 2 2 %、10 %、36 .4%、2 5 %。既满足废水排放标准 ,又节约了土建资金。     

DBP对铜绿微囊藻生长和抗氧化酶的影响

文章研究不同浓度邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对铜绿微囊藻生长、叶绿素a含量、藻液中可溶性磷含量、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:和对照组相比,DBP在较低浓度范围内(1~4 mg/L)促进铜绿微囊藻的生长特性、SOD和CAT的活性;然而较高浓度的DBP(8 mg/L)却对藻类的生长表现出抑制作用,同时还会降低SOD、CAT的活性。这表明:随着浓度的增加,DBP对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响呈现先促进,后抑制的效果。研究结果可为水华化感抑制剂的研发和安全使用提供理论指导作用,同时对全面了解水华暴发机制有一定的意义。     

水解酸化/生物膜法SBR处理印染废水实验研究

针对印染废水污染物浓度高、种类多、色度高、可生化降解性差等特点,对印染废水采用水解酸化/生物膜法SBR进行处理,结果表明,该处理工艺处理效果较好,出水COD、色度、BOD5、NH3-N浓度分别为60~100 mg/L、50~70倍、20~24 mg/L、5~10 mg/L,平均去除率分别达到92.1%、86.5%、95%、90%。     

半纤维素降解菌J-16的筛选及产酶特性研究

从腐烂竹子表面采集样品经初筛、复筛获得1株半纤维素高效降解菌。采用半纤维素平板水解圈法和胞外酶测定法进行菌株筛选,利用培养特征形态学生理生化特征和分子生物学方法进行菌株鉴定,并对产酶特性和酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明,该菌株初步鉴定为类芽胞杆菌属细菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp.J-16,最适碳源和氮源分别为麸皮(20 g/L)和豆粕(15 g/L),在初始pH值为6.5,装液量为50 mL,32℃条件下180 r/min培养60 h,酶活性达到192.6 U/mL。该菌株的获得为采用生物法降解半纤维素的研究与应用提供了实践依据。