经济系统物质流分析研究述评

经济系统物质流分析方法近年来在可持续发展研究领域发展尤为迅速。论文对该研究方法的发展历程、主要观点、逻辑框架及相关应用研究进行了评介,并在此基础上指出了其方法的主要作用和局限,对其未来研究的发展方向提出了建议:①主要作用有二,一是能够得到简洁的可持续发展示踪指标,二是得到的采用物理量为单位的物质流指标便于比较;②主要局限有三,一是大的物质流会冲淡物质流指标描述物质流动状况的清晰度,二是物质流指标与物质流动环境影响之间的联系不够紧密,三是使用范围有限制;③未来研究发展方向有三,一是挖掘物质流分析结果所蕴含的社会研究价值,二是与土地利用分析的结合,三是向物质投入产出表的迈进。     

城市物质流分析框架及测算方法

在借鉴国家物质流分析(MFA)框架基础上,针对进出城市系统的物质数据缺乏且难以统计的特点,引入面向元素或产品的物质流分析(SFA)要素,建立了城市尺度物质流分析框架.与国家物质流分析相比,该框架总体结构和物质分类上相同,但输入量、净存量和输出量的计算顺序和假设条件不同.对于化石能源,可由城市统计年鉴中的能源平衡表直接得出本地开采量、净存量、调入量和调出量;对于生物质,本地开采(生产)量一般都有统计,净存量可通过假设人均消费量相对稳定估算得出,而调入量和调出量则需要对大宗工业用途进行调查并做少量假设计算得出;对于金属矿物及其产品、工业非金属矿物及其产品、建筑材料3类物质,本地开采量和消费量一般都有所统计,而调入量和调出量的计算则需要首先采用针对元素或成品的物质流分析来获取城市系统中的净存量,然后再配合生产和消费数据并做少量假设测算得出.其他项目的获取或测算同国家物质流分析,由此得到的城市物质流分析框架可以用于城市间物质代谢的比较.      

Material flow accounting in an Irish city-region 1992–2002

This paper aims to measure raw material inputs and waste flows in an Irish city-region in order to analyse (i) whether there was absolute dematerialisation in the particular case study over the period 1992–2002 and (ii) whether material consumption and waste generation were decoupled from economic growth and increases in disposable income over the same period. It was found that the selected material flow indicators showed no evidence of absolute dematerialisation over the given study period, although more recent evidence at the national level suggests that a decline in construction activity and extraction of non-metallic minerals has resulted in an absolute reduction in material consumption and it is likely that this will be mirrored at the system boundary level.It was found that Domestic Material Consumption (DMC) per capita and Direct Material Input (DMI) per capita increased at a faster rate than Domestic Processed Output (DPO) per capita and Direct Material Output (DMO) per capita between 1992 and 2002, which indicates relative decoupling of consumption from waste generation. In addition, it was found that there was relative decoupling of consumption and waste generation from disposable income growth over the study period. Finally, it was found that average DMC and DMI figures for the selected case study were lower than the national averages but broadly similar to results for other city-regions in the European Union (EU). On a methodological note, it was concluded that material flow accounting (MFA) for city-regions in Ireland is constrained due to a lack of disaggregated data for material flows, with the exception of local waste data, and it is recommended that bottom-up analysis should be used to complement disaggregated top-down data.     

北运河水体中荧光溶解性有机物空间分布特征及来源分析

利用激发发射矩阵荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC),研究了北运河荧光溶解有机物(fluorescent dissolved organic matter,FDOM)的荧光组分及其空间分布特征,并对各河段FDOM的来源进行了分析.结果表明,北运河水体FDOM的组分中,代表类腐殖物质的组分含量较多,占总荧光强度平均比例的76.18%,而类蛋白质物质占23.82%.各组分荧光强度与氮、磷等污染物呈显著相关关系,说明FDOM与氮、磷等元素的迁移转化有关系;溶解性有机质呈现出明显的空间分布格局,从上游到下游为先降低后升高.上游区域的FDOM含量受工业废水和沿岸农业径流的影响,溶解性有机质含量较高;中游区域主要受少量生活废水排放的影响,溶解性有机质含量较低;下游区域FDOM来源于周边畜禽养殖废水、生活污水、乡镇工业废水和农田退水等,该区域类蛋白物质的相对丰度明显增加,溶解性有机质含量最高.污水处理厂出水中DOM的含量较高,表明污水处理效果有待进一步提高.     

Cleaner production practices in a medium size gold-plated jewelry company in Brazil: when little changes make the difference

The paper reports the experiences of a medium size gold-plated jewelry company, located in São Paulo – Brazil, in order to reduce waste and pollution. Actions taken for this purpose are described, as well as the key factors affecting progress, the changes that have been introduced, their cost-effectiveness and the additional benefits accomplished. A waste minimization project was carried out to obtain environmental and economic benefits. The first cleaner production (CP) interventions targeting the improvement of the company's environmental performance are also described and related to economic benefits. Local scale performance indicators were employed to evidence the economic and the material savings by kilogram of piece produced. Additionally, savings achieved included 86% reduction in volume of degreasing solution and 36% reduction in electricity consumption. The results are complemented with the use of global scale performance indicators (Material intensity, MIs, and Emergy accounting), which look at upstream impacts and evaluate the environmental performance of the system on the biosphere scale, respectively. Material savings (MIs) account for each matter flow to and from a chain of processes from raw material to the final products, and were calculated in order to estimate the changes avoided in material flows and cycles due to the reduced use of inputs by the company. The total emergy of the savings is used as a quantitative measure of the total environmental support to the flows of energy and matter involved in the process, and is calculated to assess the work of nature spared by the reduced use of materials and energy by the company. Emergy values were converted to currency. Global scale performance indicators have shown that little changes within the company reduce upstream impacts and that benefits to the environment are greater than that observed in the companies neighborhood.     

Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production

Industrial symbioses (ISs) and eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are key concepts of industrial ecology (IE). The aim of ISs and EIPs is to minimise inefficient material and energy use by utilising local by-product and energy flows. Industrial symbioses tend to develop through spontaneous action of economic actors, for gaining of economic benefit, but these systems can be designed and promoted via policy instruments as well. A literature review showed that national programmes for eco-industrial parks can be found in different parts of the world. In the action programmes and other sustainable consumption and production (SCP) policy documents of the EU, on the other hand, industrial symbioses gain less recognition as a path to enhanced sustainable production. In this article, we consider this and also analyse how the evolution and environmental performance of an industrial symbiosis system centred on a Finnish pulp and paper mill have been affected by SCP policy instruments. With regard to the system forming the subject of the case study, and Finnish industrial systems in general, policy instruments have succeeded in reducing emissions but not in systematically encouraging operators toward symbiosis-like activities. All in all, few studies exist on the overall impact of policy instruments promoting design of eco-industrial parks. It is not self-evident that symbiosis-like production systems would be sustainable in every case, as the background assumptions for political promotion of EIPs suggest. We concluded that industrial symbioses should be analysed and developed on a life cycle basis, with documentation of the real environmental benefits due to efficient resource use and decreased emissions in comparison to standalone production. ISs can then bring eco-competitiveness to companies in relation to SCP tools, such as environmental permits, ecolabels, and future product regulation based on the Ecodesign Directive in Europe. Indirect encouragement of symbiosis through land-use regulation and planning, in such a way that material fluxes between companies are possible both in operations and in financial terms, may prove effective. The same holds for waste policies that encourage increased reuse of a company’s waste by other enterprises.     

金泽水库上游来水及库区水质变化时空分布特征

金泽水库是上海西南五区的主要饮用水源,上游太浦河来水及库区水质变化对水库运行和相应供水系统供水水质有重要影响.基于常规水质指标应用主成分分析法评价了不同季节金泽水库上游来水及库区水质变化;利用平行因子(PARAFAC)分析了金泽水库上游来水及库区水中荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)组成结构及分布特征;通过相关性分析分析了水体荧光强度与常规水质指标间的关系.结果表明,金泽水库上游来水及库区冬季水质最差,库外断面水质受外源污染逐步恶化,经过库区生态净化作用后水质有所提升;水体FDOM主要由类蛋白类和类腐殖质类组分构成,类蛋白物质为主要组分,各组分呈现出明显的时空分布特征,外源污染是影响库外断面FDOM总荧光强度的主要因素,生态环境是影响库内FDOM总荧光强度季节性波动的主要因素. FDOM总荧光强度呈现上游低下游高的趋势,与水中NH4+-N、石油类、TOC、氯化物和硫酸盐含量显著相关,通过检测FDOM总荧光强度可实现对水体水质的快速分析并发挥预警和指示作用.     

Integrated water resource management model for process industry in Lithuania

Water resource management has become an important operational and environmental issue. The increasing costs of dependable water supplies and wastewater disposal have increased the economic incentive for implementing technologies that are more environmentally friendly, and that can ensure efficient use of natural resources. A structured “integrated water resources management,” (IWRM) model for water management is presented as a useful tool for research into complex water using production systems in industrial companies. The step-by-step procedure and the consistent relationships between the diagram types allow straightforward implementation of water saving projects. By performing various case studies, it became clear that the IWRM model is applicable to various types of water using industrial companies. Therefore, wastewater reclamation and reuse are effective procedures for more sustainable industrial development programs.     

电子企业水质特征因子与雨污混接诊断研究

针对雨水管网旱天混接排放来源中,工业企业接入雨水管网可能造成的严重水环境污染问题,以城区内存在的电子类工业企业为研究对象,开展了电子类企业混接水质特征因子识别与混接诊断研究.研究表明,在22项水质监测指标中,显著表征电子类企业废水混接的水质特征因子指标包括氟化物、氯化物、硫酸盐;其中氟化物的显著性最高,且浓度变化范围相对最低,约为(10.5±1.76) mg/L(均值±标准差).针对上海市中心城区某排水系统,以氟化物作为特征因子,结合化学质量平衡模型和随机算法对半导体废水混接进行了解析,与调查结果相比,混接水量解析误差在15%以内.进一步针对各种典型工业行业类型,建立混接水质特征因子数据库,可将水质特征因子推广应用于雨水管网混接成因识别.     

Developing industrial water reuse synergies in Port Melbourne: cost effectiveness, barriers and opportunities

Urban water scarcity from ongoing drought and an increasing population are driving a range of water saving options to be explored in Melbourne (Australia). This paper assesses the cost effectiveness of five water treatment and industrial reuse options in the Fishermans Bend industrial area at Port Melbourne. In consultation with industrial stakeholders and the local water utility, the study design began by identifying potential water sources and sinks in the area. Treatment technologies for each option - using a combination of membrane bioreactors (MBR) and in some cases reverse osmosis (RO) technologies - were developed. In evaluating the potential for future implementation, the cost effectiveness ($/kiloLitre) was assessed relative to water supply augmentation and water demand management options available in Melbourne. Additionally, the opportunities and barriers for option implementation in Port Melbourne were contrasted with the Kwinana Industrial Area, Western Australia where many regional synergy projects have been undertaken. This research identifies that the future implementation of industrial ecology opportunities requires strong and ongoing stakeholder involvement as described in this paper.     

Environmental profile of textile wet processing in Finland

This study was carried out in major Finnish textile companies in order to create an environmental impact profile for wet processing in Finland as a part of drafting the Best Available Technique (BAT) Reference documents for the European IPPC Bureau. System boundaries were defined for alternative process technologies to be used in BAT definitions. The use of resources and process emissions is, however, monitored for the whole wet processing only in the companies under study. No remarkable differences in energy and water consumption between continuous and batch wet processing could be measured; the lowest dyeing liquor ratios were reported on jet machines and the highest on winch dyeing machines. Dyestuff consumption depends on the colour shade required; some dyes have, however, low fixation rates, such as reactive and sulphur dyes, only 60% on average. About 20% of the process liquor containing unfixed dyestuffs and auxiliaries end up in sewage treatment plants. These chemicals are not recovered and reused in the companies under study. All industrial plants in Finland discharge their wastewater to municipal sewage treatment plants, which carry out wastewater analysis and control. All textile plants, which use more than 50 tonnes of organic solvents per year, are under official off-gas control in Finland.     

Integrated environmental assessment of biodiesel production from soybean in Brazil

This paper presents the results of an environmental impact assessment of biodiesel production from soybean in Brazil. In order to achieve this objective, environmental impact indicators provided by Emergy Accounting (EA), Embodied Energy Analysis (EEA) and Material Flow Accounting (MFA) were used. The results showed that for one liter of biodiesel 8.8 kg of topsoil are lost in erosion, besides the cost of 0.2 kg of fertilizers, about 5.2 m² of crop area, 7.33 kg of abiotic materials, 9.0 tons of water and 0.66 kg of air and about 0.86 kg of CO₂ were released. About 0.27 kg of crude oil equivalent is required as inputs to produce one liter of biodiesel, which means an energy return of 2.48 J of biodiesel per Joule of fossil fuel invested. The transformity of biodiesel (3.90E + 05 seJ J^?1) is higher than those calculated for fossil fuels as other biofuels, indicating a higher demand for direct and indirect environmental support. Similarly, the biodiesel emergy yield ratio (1.62) indicates that a very low net emergy is delivered to consumers, compared to alternatives. Obtained results show that when crop production and industrial conversion to fuel are supported by fossil fuels in the form of chemicals, goods, and process energy, the fraction of fuel that can actually be considered renewable is very low (around 31%).     

Utilization of publicly owned treatment works to promote pollution prevention

Industrial production processes contribute the most diverse group of emissions to air, water, and land pollution. These forms of pollution were the initial focus of environmental regulations requiring control efforts. Under optimum conditions, industrial waste streams pass through some type of treatment to minimize toxicity prior to being released into the environment. Business, government, and interest groups have previously assumed that industrial productivity and environmental quality were diametrically opposed. In other words, enhanced industrial productivity resulted in environmental damage and, conversely, environmental protection resulted in costs to business. However, companies that have implemented pollution prevention (P2) strategies to address their environmental problems have usually found that their facility's productivity can improve, while at the same time waste and pollution can be reduced. Where previous environmental strategies focused on end-of-pipe control efforts, P2 strategies are implemented at the design or process phase. While there are many examples of individual companies successfully implementing P2, consensus shows P2 adoption by the business community advancing at a rate far slower than expected. Most government agencies that currently promote P2 are not typically viewed as credible sources of innovation by industry. Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), however, may be able to capitalize on their dual status as respected members of the local community as well as experts in waste management thus serving as credible proponents of P2. The paper discusses how POTWs are working with industrial users to promote P2, as well as their interest in doing so and their requirements for technical assistance. Survey results are provided that describe how POTW personnel in the State of Illinois believe they could best promote P2.     

Game theory approach to the analysis of inter-plant water integration in an eco-industrial park

Industrial water conservation is an important adaptation to the effects of climate change. In addition to water conservation within individual plants, wastewater can be reused/recycled among different companies through inter-plant water integration (IPWI) schemes. Such schemes are based on the concept of industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis, and can be used to achieve greater water savings than when water conservation is implemented in individual companies separately. However, in IPWI, each participating company seeks to maximise its own benefits. In the absence of centralised authority dictating the terms of water integration schemes, conventional modelling techniques are not appropriate. This paper shows how a game theory-based approach can be used to analyse the interaction of participating companies in an eco-industrial park seeking to develop an IPWI scheme.     

区域系统物质代谢研究——以江苏省南通市为例

为定量地描述一个区域对其自然环境的负荷,论文利用区域系统物质代谢的方法研究了南通市全市范围内食物、能量、水、物质和废弃物的输入与输出。在研究期限内(1996～2002年),固体废弃物输出的增长率高于固体物质输入的增长率,而废水输出的增长率低于淡水输入的增长率。南通市区域代谢的速率正在持续上升。2002年非食物性资源的消耗总量是食物需求的15.8倍。化石燃料能量及电能的消耗是人体能量需求的17.9倍,光合作用固定太阳能的48.36倍。南通市区域代谢的趋势是上升的。尽管各种物质与能量的利用效率提高了,部分物质的循环利用率也上升了,但是还不足以降低其对陆地、水体和大气环境的压力。最后提出降低区域代谢脆弱性、提高代谢效率的相关建议。     

Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area： A case study in the Shiyang River Basin, China

Ecosystem risk is a new concept in understanding environmental problems. It is important to study and develop quantitative methods for regional ecosystem risk analysis. In this study, some new indicators and methods for measuring oasis ecosystem risk were established using reliability theory. These indicators are linked to water resource, which is the key restricting factor in arid area oasis ecosystems. They have clear meanings and can also be compared in different arid area oases. A case study in the Liangzhou oasis of the Shiyang River Basin in China shows how to calculate these ecosystem risk indicators. The results of the case study are as follows： the reliability indicator, risk indicator, stability indicator, and integrated loss indicator of the Liangzhou oasis are 0.686, 0.314, 0.743, and 0.301, respectively. This means that the reliability degree of the oasis＇s ecosystem safety is 68.6%; the degree of risk that it is unsafe is 31.4%; the stability degree is 74.3%; and 30.1% of the oasis＇s area is supported by over-exploiting underground water and damaging the lower reaches of the ecosystem. This result can be used as a guide in controlling and managing ecosystem risk in the research area.     

长江中下游典型硅酸盐岩流域自然风化与人类活动影响下的水化学特征-以抚河流域为例

抚河汇流于中国第一大淡水湖鄱阳湖,也是长江中下游的重要支流,其河流水化学组成代表了典型的硅酸盐岩地区河流风化特征.本研究于2019年1月对抚河流域进行了系统的采样分析,通过离子的主成分分析、离子比值分析等方法对流域河水水化学空间变化、控制因素和主要离子来源进行了研究.结果表明,K+、Na+和HCO3-为抚河流域水体的主...     

基于改进DEA模型的城市生态福利绩效评价研究——以我国35个大中城市为例

论文首先基于数据包络分析（DEA）方法构建城市生态福利绩效的评价指标体系,以我国35个大中城市（省级和副省级城市）为例,采用2013年的截面数据,选取考虑松弛变量的Super-SBM模型测算城市生态福利绩效水平,并在此基础上运用Tobit模型回归分析其影响因素。研究表明：1）我国35个大中城市2013年的整体生态福利绩效水平不高,且城市间差距较大,青岛、海口等沿海旅游城市的生态福利绩效水平明显处于领先地位,然而经济发达的长三角地区包括上海、南京、杭州等城市均排名靠后;2）从区域层面上看,呈现出“东部最高、中部次之、西部最低”的态势;3）经济产出贡献率和产业结构与生态福利绩效呈负相关,城市紧凑度和绿化与生态福利绩效呈显著正相关。最后根据实证分析结果提出针对性政策建议。     

草甘膦生产工艺水资源代谢分析与优化建议

以某农药集团草甘膦生产工艺为例,运用工业代谢分析方法对其水资源代谢过程进行量化分析,建立了水代谢平衡账户并绘制了水代谢图,在此基础上,识别和筛选出草甘膦生产过程中的主要用水单元及废水排放单元,并据此提出优化建议. 结果表明,草甘膦生产过程中的主要用水类别为蒸汽,其蒸汽消耗单元多且用汽量大,而换热网络单一,冷凝水浪费较严重,系统中水资源重复利用水平较差.针对该问题,从系统优化和节水管理等方面提出了工艺废水的重复利用及主要用汽单元之间的换热网络优化等建议,以期提高生产过程中的水资源利用效率.