Adsorptive removal of basic dyes from aqueous solutions by surfactant modified bentonite clay (organoclay): Kinetic and competitive adsorption isotherm

Cationic surfactant (Hexadecyltrimenthylammonium chloride) modified bentonite clay was prepared and systematically studied for its adsorption behavior as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of basic dyes such as methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV) and Rhodamine B (RB) from aqueous phase. Organo modified clay shows better capacity for the removal of three dyes. The adsorption process was found to be dependent on pH and initial dye concentration. The maximum dye sorption was found to be at a pH of 9.0 (99.99% for MB, 95.0% for CV and 83.0% for RB). The adsorption capacity for the dyes was found to be 399.74, 365.11 and 324.36 μmol/g for MB, CV and RB, respectively at 30 °C. The equilibrium uptake was attained within 240 min. The kinetic studies were revealed that sorption follows a pseudo-second-order kinetic model which indicates chemisorption between adsorbent and adsorbate molecules. Adsorption isotherm indicates non-energetically adsorption sites which fit with Freundlich isotherm model. The fitness of kinetics and isotherm models was evaluated by using HYBRID error analysis function. Competitive adsorptions of dyes were studied by using binary component systems.     

麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及对六价铬离子的吸附研究

以麻疯树籽壳为原料经磷酸活化后炭化处理制备了生物质炭吸附剂。以六价铬离子为目标对象,考察了磷酸浓度、活化时间、炭化温度、炭化时间等制备条件对生物质炭吸附六价铬离子的能力,并探讨了生物质炭的投加量、溶液pH值等工艺条件对六价铬离子吸附能力的影响。结果表明:在磷酸浓度为2 mol/L,活化18 h,600℃下炭化1.5 h时所制得的生物质炭在投加量为5 g/L、溶液pH值为3时对铬离子的吸附效果最佳,铬离子去除率为74.5%。     

活性炭对垃圾渗滤液中甲醛、苯酚和苯胺吸附规律的研究

本采用经过预处理的200目活性炭作为吸附剂进行吸附实验，研究了在不同的活性炭加入量、吸附pH值、吸附温度、初始质量浓度和吸附时间等条件下，活性炭吸附甲醛、苯酚和苯胺单组份溶液的规律。吸附实验中，甲醛、苯酚和苯胺的初始质量浓度控制在垃圾渗滤液的范围，同时，其它条件也按照吸附操作的常用条件进行。结果表明：活性炭对苯酚和苯胺的吸附量随着pH值的升高呈下降的趋势，而对甲醛的吸附量呈上升的趋势；初始质量浓度对吸附量的影响较小；随温度的升高，吸附量呈下降的趋势；活性炭对甲醛、苯酚和苯胺吸附达到饱和时，所需时间分别为120min、40mm和80min左右，饱和吸附量分别为0．0148mg／g、0．708mg／g和1.14mg／g左右；由吸附等温公式的拟合结果显示，吸附是一复杂的过程，不是单一的物理或化学吸附。此外，活性炭对垃圾渗滤液的吸附处理，有较好的效果，去除率为55％～65％。所得活性炭的吸附规律，既可以为活性炭吸附这些物质或近似物提供参考，又可以为新型吸附剂的研制提供参照标准。     

椰壳基活性炭吸附高氯酸盐污染物的研究

为确定高氯酸盐污染物椰壳基活性炭吸附的最佳工艺参数,以高氯酸铵模拟废水为处理对象,通过L25(5)4正交试验考察活性炭投加量、温度、pH值、高氯酸盐初始浓度等参数对活性炭吸附率的影响规律。结果表明,ClO4-的去除率随着活性炭投加量的增加、ClO4-初始浓度的增大而增大,在偏中性的环境中具有较高的去除率,高温不利于活性炭的吸附反应。最佳工艺参数:活性炭投加量为0.4 g/L,pH为中性,温度为25℃,高氯酸盐初始质量浓度为2 mg/L。在最佳工艺参数条件下对ClO4-的吸附率为74.87%。     

Recovery of methyl orange and Congo red from aqueous solutions using tri-octyl amine (TOA) in benzene as carrier

The recovery of anionic azo dyes namely Congo red (CR), methyl orange (MO) from acidic aqueous solutions using tri-octyl amine (TOA) as an extractant has been investigated. The percentage of extraction of MO and CR increases with an increasing TOA concentration. The anionic dyes were extracted from aqueous solution at pH 2.0 ± 0.1. The extracted dye has been back extracted into aqueous solutions using sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. The organic phase obtained after the stripping of dyes was washed with dilute sodium hydroxide solution to neutralize any sulphuric acid trapped or adhered to the solvent and then with distilled water. This solvent was reused in succeeding extraction of dyes. The influencing parameters were; the effect of diluents, effect of extractant concentration, effect of pH, effect of interference study, effect of equilibrium time, various stripping reagents and stripping phase ratio. The characterization studies such as UV and IR spectra of extracted and stripped MO and CR was also studied.     

Electro-Fenton degradation of cationic red X-GRL using an activated carbon fiber cathode

We reported the study of the degradation of the azo dye cationic red X-GRL by the electro-Fenton process using an activated carbon fiber cathode. The electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide in solution using different material cathodes fed with air was investigated, and the results revealed that the activated carbon fiber cathode was more effective compared to the graphite cathode. The decolorization and mineralization of cationic red X-GRL were also determined. The effect of the operating parameters, such as the initial Fe²⁺ concentration, temperature and initial dye concentration, was investigated. The optimum Fe²⁺ catalyst concentration values for the degradation of cationic red X-GRL was found to be 5 mM. The rate of decolorization and mineralization of dye could be accelerated by increasing the temperature. In addition, the decolorization and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency decreased with the increasing initial dye concentration, while the TOC removal increased. Two different transition metal ions (Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺) were applied as substitutes for ferrous sulfate for evaluating catalytic effect. The results indicated that Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺ were more effective than Fe²⁺ in catalyzing the degradation of the dye.     

Regeneration of Insulating Mineral Oil by Carbonated Amorphous Calcium Phosphate–Chitosan Adsorbent

In this study carbonated amorphous calcium phosphate (CACP) microparticles were prepared for use as an alternative adsorbent to replace bauxite in the removal of polar compounds present in mineral oil previously used in transformers. Chitosan was used to bind the adsorbent CACP microparticles together. This material showed a better performance than bauxite in relation to the colour and interfacial tension (IT) of regenerated oil. Also, this adsorbent may offer an interesting alternative environmentally since, after extraction of the residual oil with an organic solvent it could be disposed of in soil providing macronutrients such as calcium, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous.     

无菌型小型饮水机试验研究

随着生活水平的提高,越来越多的家庭和办公室使用直饮水机.直饮水机通常通过活性炭或过滤纤维两种介质来去除自来水中的污染物以达到直饮的目的.在使用过程中,介质表面会生长大量细菌,造成生物学与感观的问题. 采用超声波这一新型物理技术,可抑制过滤介质上的细菌生长.通过大量重复实验,发现超声波可稳定地抑制过滤纤维和活性炭两种吸附介质上生长的菌体甚至原生动物.此外,由于超声波强化介质的吸附作用,超声波与活性炭同时处理较活性炭吸附可以更好地去除自来水中有机物;不同超声波频率下的实验进一步验证了超声波技术对活性炭吸附的强化作用.     

MCM-41吸附法脱除烟气中二氧化硫的研究

基于活性炭吸附剂存在再生成本高、高温吸附能力差以及在高湿高温下脱附后性能严重下降等问题,研究采用MCM-41材料作为新型烟气脱硫吸附材料,该材料具有表观均匀、比表面积大、耐高温、脱附后能高效利用等优点,该研究设计了一种基于MCM-41材料的烟气脱硫吸附装置。介绍了该烟气脱硫吸附装置的结构、工作原理,并对MCM-41材料和活性炭在烟气中二氧化硫吸附效果进行了对比实验研究。研究结果表明:MCM-41吸附剂脱硫性能优异,相比活性炭吸附剂,脱硫效率提高了4%~8.4%,基于MCM-41材料的烟气脱硫吸附装置结构紧凑、占地面积小、吸附剂更换方便、脱硫效率高,在烟气排放量较小的各类工业企业脱硫系统中具有广泛的应用前景。     

Modelling Thiocyanate Adsorption onto Surfactant-Modified Coir Pith, an Agricultural Solid ‘Waste’

Thiocyanate (SCN⁻) is used in many industrial processes and is found in industrial wastewaters. Adsorptive removal of thiocyanate by surfactant-modified coir pith, an unwanted byproduct of coir fibre industry was studied. Cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as modifier. Optimum pH for maximum adsorption of SCN⁻ was found to be 2.0. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms were used to model the adsorption equilibrium data and the system followed all the three isotherms and the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 8.6 mg g⁻¹. Kinetic studies show that the adsorption obeyed second order. Desorption studies showed that upto 90% recovery of SCN⁻ from the spent adsorbent was feasible. Effect of foreign anions on the adsorption of SCN⁻ was also examined.     

吸附-絮凝法处理亚甲基蓝染料废水的研究

采用吸附-絮凝法对亚甲基蓝模拟废水进行处理,优化了累托石吸附处理亚甲基蓝的条件,探讨了4种絮凝剂的絮凝效果。吸附-絮凝试验结果表明,质量浓度为100 mg/L的亚甲基蓝模拟废水,累托石用量0.1 g,振荡速度200 r/min,pH=12,吸附时间60 min,0.1%阴离子型絮凝剂NX-A7用量3 m L为最佳处理条件,此时亚甲基蓝去除率可达到97.1%,比单一吸附去除效率高17.3%。加入絮凝剂后不仅易于固液分离,亚甲基蓝去除率也大大提高。处理高浓度废水时,吸附-絮凝法比单吸附法更具优势。     

微波脱硝煤基炭的选择与性能研究

采用微波辐照4种煤基炭进行脱硝性能的研究,从中选取一种最佳。分别考察了250 W微波功率和停留时间2.5 s条件下,4种未活化、硝酸氧化活化和Na OH活化煤基炭对NO的脱除率。考察了功率和停留时间对本实验最佳煤基炭脱硝性能的影响。采用工业分析、元素分析、BET对煤基炭进行了表面结构分析,采用FT-IR,SEM,XRD对微观结构进行了表征,结果表明:二号煤基炭在本实验中展现出最佳的脱硝性能,Na OH活化的煤基炭脱硝率高达98.56%;二号煤基炭的最佳脱硝功率和停留时间为250 W和2.5 s。     

聚合氯化铝微波法修饰磁性碳纳米管对水中腐殖酸的去除

用化学共沉淀法制备磁性碳纳米管,然后以聚合氯化铝(PAC)通过微波法修饰得到磁性聚合氯化铝碳纳米管复合材料,并用以去除水中的腐殖酸(HA),对复合材料的组成与结构进行了表征,考察了不同微波制备条件下复合材料去除HA的效果,研究了吸附工艺中HA去除的影响因素,对复合材料同步去除HA和浊度的可行性进行了探讨。能谱、X-射线衍射及红外光谱分析表明,PAC和磁性物质Fe3O4、γ-Fe2O3成功负载于碳纳米管上。PAC修饰显著提高了磁性碳纳米管对HA的去除率。在微波功率600 W及微波时间6 min条件下得到的复合材料去除HA的效果最佳,去除率达99.15%。当HA初始质量浓度小于25 mg/L时,HA去除率较高,但高于25 mg/L后吸附量变化不大而去除率下降;HA去除率随材料投加量增大而增大,但大于0.5 g/L后基本不变;在酸性与中性条件下HA去除率较高,在碱性条件下急剧下降;对于初始质量浓度为20 mg/L的HA溶液,吸附前5 min的HA去除速率很快,90 min时达到吸附平衡,平衡吸附量为39.48 mg/g;温度对去除HA没有影响。控制适当的条件,可同步去除HA和浊度,去除率同步达95%以上。     

Isotherm and kinetic studies for the biosorption of cadmium from aqueous solution by Alhaji maurorum seed

Cadmium is an extremely toxic metal commonly found in industrial regions. Anthropogenic activity is the most important factor causing its interference to water, soil and air resources. The aim of many researches is to present remediation strategy or to remove cadmium from contaminated resources through an economical and efficient method. Cadmium adsorption from aqueous solution using Alhaji maurorum seed adsorbent has been investigated and optimized in this study. Moreover, isotherm and kinetics of adsorption process was studied. The seeds are washed by distilled water after separation from the plant, and then dried in room temperature for 48 h. They are powdered by grinder and passed through sieve no.18 as well. Adsorption process was optimized in 4 steps regarding pH, contact time, adsorption dose and initial concentration of cadmium effects. The cadmium concentration in solution was measured using ICP-OES method. The results of optimization tests showed that the optimum condition of cadmium adsorption (85.5% removal) occurs at pH of 6.5 with 20 g/L of adsorption dose for 45 min. In addition, the efficiency of adsorption process increases as the cadmium concentration reduces in the initial solution. Adsorption process follows the pseudo second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm with correlation coefficients of 0.999 and 0.99, respectively. According to the findings of this analysis, it was concluded that A. maurorum seed is a good biological adsorbent for adsorbing cadmium from aqueous solution.     

燃煤烟气汞排放与控制研究进展

近年来,煤燃烧烟气汞排放加剧。针对燃煤中汞的形态分布以及各种影响因素进行分析和综述,对炉内脱汞和烟气汞排放的控制方法的原理和技术进行了总结和分析。     

微波辐射烟杆氯化锌法制造活性炭工艺

提出了利用烟杆废料制造活性炭的新工艺.采用正交试验法对影响活性炭性能的因素,如微波辐射的功率、辐射时间、氯化锌浓度等进行了系统研究,得到了最佳工艺条件:微波辐射功率750 W,辐射时间7 min,氯化锌浓度为50%,利用该工艺条件所制备活性炭的产率为34.7%,亚甲蓝脱色力为17 mL/0.1 g,碘吸附值为1 093.4 mg/g.对比该活性炭与市售一级活性炭的微观结构,发现其具有更发达的微观孔隙结构.同传统方法相比,微波辐射法缩短了工艺时间,提高了产品性能.     

磁性生物炭的制备、表征及对磷的吸附特性

处理成本高、分离难度大是当前湖库等相对封闭水体磷治理工程中的主要问题。为此,以廉价农林废弃物花生壳为主要前驱物与Fe_3O_4纳米颗粒复合制备一种低成本、可磁分离的磁性生物炭吸附剂,研究了热解温度(400℃、500℃、600℃)、溶液pH值、阴离子(Cl~-和SO_4~(2-))共存等因素对复合材料吸附性能的影响。结果表明,复合后的磁性生物炭最大吸附量相比复合前提升了3~5倍。动力学数据拟合结果表明,拟二级动力学方程能较好地拟合吸附过程。磁性生物炭的零电荷点(均7.5)与前驱物的热解终温在试验范围内呈现明显的正相关,表明引入Fe_3O_4后可明显增加磁性生物炭表面电荷,进而有效提升吸附性能。此外,阴离子共存试验表明,磁性生物炭对磷具有较好的选择性。     

Evaluating the efficacy of alumina/carbon nanotube hybrid adsorbents in removing Azo Reactive Red 198 and Blue 19 dyes from aqueous solutions

Concerning the high volume of wastewater containing dye in Iran and its adverse effects, it is necessary to develop scientific solutions for treating these wastewaters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of the alumina-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes in removing the Reactive Red 198 (RR 198) and Blue 19 (RB 19) dyes. Synthetic samples including dye with different concentrations were prepared. These samples were put in contact with different contents of alumina/multi-walled carbon nanotubes, in different pH values, in different contact times, different temperatures and the presence of sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate. The optimum pH, dye concentration and temperature for removal of the two dyes was 3, 50 mg l⁻¹ and 25 °C, respectively. The optimum adsorbent dose for removal the RR 198 dye was 0.5 g l⁻¹ and for Blue 19 was 0.4 g l⁻¹. The optimum contact time for RR 198 was 150 min and RB 19 was 180 min. In this condition, maximum removal efficiency for RR 198 and RB 19 was 91.54% and 93.51%, respectively. The adsorption study was analyzed kinetically, and the results revealed that the adsorption fitted a pseudo-second order kinetic model. According to these results alumina/multi-walled carbon nanotubes can effectively remove RR 198 and RB 19 from aqueous solutions.     

玉米芯为碳源实现酸性矿山废水生物处理

引入了一种新的碳源——玉米芯，对SRB法处理酸性矿山废水进行了更加深入的探索，分析了各种参数条件对s暖一还原效果的影响，确定了常温下这种碳源所需要的最适宜工况条件，探讨了硫酸盐矿山废水的水质资源化问题，并对山西矿山废水的生物治理进行了可行性实验验证。实验证明，玉米芯为碳源时，矿山废水中SO^2-4的出水值可达221．1mg／L，金属离子的浓度也都达到了生活饮用水的质量标准，所以玉米芯可作为酸性矿山废水资源化生物处理的合适有效碳源。     

磁性CoFe2O4/MgAl-LDH的制备及对水中刚果红的去除

采用水热法制备了CoFe_2O_4,采用化学共沉淀法将镁铝水滑石(Mg Al-LDH)覆盖在CoFe_2O_4上,制成磁性CoFe_2O_4/Mg Al-LDH复合材料,用于去除水中阴离子染料刚果红。考察了溶液p H值、吸附时间、共存阴离子等对吸附过程的影响,研究了CoFe_2O_4/Mg Al-LDH对刚果红吸附动力学、吸附等温线。结果表明,溶液p H值、共存离子对CoFe_2O_4/Mg Al-LDH去除刚果红效果的影响较小。吸附剂对刚果红的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,且在吸附时间180 min内基本达到吸附平衡。吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,CoFe_2O_4/Mg Al-LDH对刚果红的理论最大吸附容量为610.8 mg/g。