Micelle dyeing with low liquor ratio for reactive dyes using dialkyl maleic acid ester surfactants

Micelle dyeing with low liquor ratio is novel fabric dyeing method for cleaner production. Preparation and interaction of dye-surfactant micelles using dibutyl maleic acid ester sodium sulfate surfactant were investigated by UV-Vis spectra. Dyeing properties of cellulose fabrics using micelle dyeing with low liquor ratio were discussed by color yields (K/S), color differences (ΔE), exhaustion (E), fixation (F) and reactivity (R) of three reactive dyes. The results show that reactive dye molecules could be solved in surfactant micelles and form stable dye-surfactant micelles. Micelles formed by dibutyl maleic acid ester sodium sulfate had good anti-agglomeration effect on dye solutions. Liquor ratio of micelle dyeing for cellulose fabrics could be reduced from 1:15 to 1:5. Leveling properties of three reactive dyes using micelle dyeing were good. The exhaustion, fixation and reactivity of all three dyes using micelle dyeing were similar with the conventional dyeing technology. Wet rubbing, washing and perspiration fastnesses of dyed samples using micelle dyeing were also good. Micelle dyeing with low liquor ratio can save a large amount of water and energy.     

Colourimetric analysis and antimicrobial study of natural dyes and dyed silk

Colourimetric and antimicrobial activities of natural colourants and dyed silk have been studied. The colour strength (K/S) values were increased with increase in dye absorbance. The absorption of dyes on silk yarns was obtained from 10.56 to 39.48% at 5% concentration of dye from different plant extracts. The colourimetric parameters L¹, a¹, b¹, C, and H were measured for depth of the colour. The dyed silk with natural colourants displayed excellent antimicrobial activity (reduction rate: 25–65%) against the bacteria Escherichia coli and (reduction rate: 3–68%) against the fungal strain Aspergillus niger. The dyed silk exhibited good and durable fastness properties.     

Using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent to replace water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric dyeing procedures

Dyeing fabrics in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD) instead of water can save energy, reduce water use and prevent pollution. The special pilot plant was designed to test dyeing procedures in supercritical carbon dioxide and the analyses of the results indicate major benefits as compared to water based procedures. The dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric in supercritical carbon dioxide using special pilot plant was investigated. Disperse dye, C.I. (color index) Disperse Blue 79, was used in this study. After dyeing, rinsing in supercritical carbon dioxide, which removes the excess dyes, was also discussed. At the same dyeing conditions, K/S (color yield) of dyed fabric significantly increased with increasing the dye concentration from 1% o.w.f. (on weight of fabric) to 5% o.w.f. Dyeing temperature and pressure had a strong influence on the color yield. When the temperature rose above 110 °C, the increase in color yield was obvious. At 20 MPa, 120–130 °C, dyeing reached equilibrium after 60 min. The excess dye of the dyed PET fabric was small. The suitable condition in supercritical carbon dioxide for removal of excess dye from the dyed fabric was 70 °C, 20 MPa. The PET fabric dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide had good fastness and physical properties.     

Enzymatic natural dyeing of cotton and silk fabrics without metal mordants

Two step ultrasonic dyeing of cotton and silk fabrics with natural dyes, Terminalia arjuna, Punica granatum, and Rheum emodi have been developed in which an enzyme is complexed with tannic acid first as a pretreatment. This was found to be comparable with one step simultaneous dyeing. The effectiveness of three enzymes—protease-amylase, diasterase and lipase was determined. The enzymatic treatment gave cotton and silk fabrics rapid dye adsorption kinetics and total higher adsorption than untreated samples for all the three dyes. The CIELab values also showed improvement by enzymatic treatment. The tannic acid-enzyme-dye combination method offers an environmentally benign alternative, ‘soft chemistry’ to the metal mordanted natural dyeing.     

Eco-friendly dyeing of wool using natural dye from weld as co-partner with synthetic dye

Since the last decade, the application of natural dyes on textile materials is gaining popularity all over the world, possibly because of increasing awareness of environment, ecology, and pollution control. In this research, extraction of dyes from weld using soxhlet apparatus has been studied. The color components extracted and isolated from weld plant were characterized by Column Chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), NMR, mass, IR techniques. The natural dye extract obtained from the weld was used for the dyeing of wool fiber. The results indicated that the exhaustion rate for the extracted dye increases by 49% compared to the raw dye. This, in turn, leads to a considerable decrease in the amount of the extracted dye used to reach the same desired results. Finally, for comparative studies between synthetic and this natural dye, all dyed specimens were tested for wash and light fastness properties, making weld a viable alternative to synthetic acid dyes.     

Assessment of antimicrobial activity of Catechu and its dyed substrate

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of catechu in solution and % microbial reduction of dyed wool samples against Escherichia coli MTCC 443, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 902, Candida albicans ATCC 10261 and Candida tropicalis ATCC 750, by using micro-broth dilution method, disc diffusion assay and growth curve studies. The dye showed the maximum antimicrobial activity at 20% w/v, inhibiting the microbial growth by more than 90%. In the next set of the experiments the antimicrobial activity of the dye was compared on woollen yarn alone and on pre-mordanted samples. The reduction in antimicrobial activity was observed when mordanted samples were examined. K/S, CIELab values and fastness properties of the dyed samples were assessed. The structural morphology of woollen yarn was also evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes was studied to exclude possibility of further associated cytotoxicity. The observed antimicrobial characteristics and negligible cytoxicity of catechu indicate that the dye might be a promising antimicrobial agent for developing bioactive textile materials and clothing.     

Electrochemical reduction in vat dyeing: greener chemistry replaces traditional processes

In application of vat dyes the substitution of non-regenerable reducing agents such as Na₂S₂O₄ by cathodically regenerable reducing agents offers great ecological advantages. In a demonstration project a 45 A multi-cathode electrolyser successfully was coupled to a dyeing apparatus for package dyeing with a capacity of 1–10 kg material. Iron-complexes with triethanolamine and Na-d-gluconate were used as cathodically regenerable reducing agents. Dyebath regeneration was performed by ultrafiltration. Substantial reduction in chemical consumption and reduction in wastewater volume, released from the dyeing process could be demonstrated. Quality of dyeings was assessed with regard to levelness and iron content analysed in the dyed samples.     

生态沟渠底泥属性与磷吸附特性研究

对种植水生植物铜钱草、黑三棱的生态沟渠和有杂草生长的自然沟渠中0～5 cm和5～15 cm底泥属性及磷吸附特性进行比较研究.结果表明,铜钱草0～5 cm底泥中草酸提取态铁、铝和磷含量均高于自然杂草和黑三棱段底泥.Freudlich和Langmiur方程拟合吸附数据得出:试验底泥的吸附、解吸平衡时磷浓度(EPC0)在0.009～0.031 mg·L-1范围;铜钱草0～5 cm底泥的Kf和Smax值最大,分别为352.2 L.kg-1、562.7 mg·kg-1,表明该底泥样对磷的吸附能力最强.回归分析得出磷吸附参数与底泥属性有显著的相关性(P<0.05),主要受草酸提取态铁、黏粒含量、磷饱和度的影响.可见,水生植物对底泥属性及磷吸附能力都有影响,在生态沟渠中优选植物种植能降低面源污染中磷流失风险.     

紫外辐射增强对大豆影响的进一步分析

紫外辐射增强对大豆影响的进一步分析郑有飞简慰民李秀芬旦巴（南京气象学院应用气象系，南京２１００４４）关键词紫外辐射；大豆；影响．随着大气臭氧层的不断减薄，地表接受的紫外辐射量不断增加，预计未来六十多年内，地表紫外线辐射量将增加４％—２０％［１，２］...     

改性硅藻土对三种有机染料的吸附作用研究

以天然硅藻土分别负载十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)、四甲基溴化铵(TMAB)和壳聚糖,制得一系列改性硅藻土,研究了改性硅藻土吸附水中的阴离子染料(活性红120)、阳离子染料(亚甲基蓝)、酸性染料(玫瑰红B)的适宜条件及吸附机理.结果表明,天然硅藻土对亚甲基蓝、四甲基溴化铵改性硅藻土对玫瑰红B和壳聚糖改性硅藻土对活性红120的饱和吸附量分别为51.15、49.56、56.64mg.L-1,效果良好,可被直接利用.延长吸附时间、增大吸附剂用量、控制溶液的pH值(<6)都能提高改性硅藻土吸附剂的吸附效果;3种染料在各自吸附剂上的平衡吸附量Qe与平衡浓度Ce之间的关系均符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,表明改性硅藻土吸附染料以分配作用、弱的溶质吸收为主.改性剂的引入可以改变硅藻土的表面电性,从而对不同类型染料的吸附能力产生不同影响.     

利用流式细胞术研究鞘氨醇单胞菌GY2B降解菲过程中细菌表面特性的变化

微生物与污染物接触是生物降解的第一步,为进一步了解降解过程中有机污染物对降解菌的影响,通过对不同条件下鞘氨醇单胞菌GY2B(Sphingomonas sp.GY2B)降解菲的研究,并结合Propidium Iodide(PI)染料和流式细胞仪分析不同底物及污染物浓度对GY2B菌体细胞表面性质的影响.结果表明,随着菲的降解,PI染色的GY2B菌株细胞增多,说明细菌膜结构受到一定的破坏,通透性不断增强.污染物浓度越高,降解菌的膜完整性的破坏越为严重.60 h时,300 mg·L-1浓度条件下,染色细胞/未被染色细胞的比值可达12.44,而在100 mg·L-1和1.2 mg·L-1浓度条件下,比值分别为1.95和1.11.同时降解过程中细菌细胞的傅里叶红外光谱检测,死亡、受损和完整细胞的区分以及Zeta电位分析也进一步验证了细菌细胞表面性质的改变.利用流式细胞术与染料结合分析降解过程中细菌细胞膜完整性的变化,从单细胞水平上了解细菌降解污染物过程中其细胞表面性质的改变,有助于更好地研究GY2B对菲的降解机制.     

Mitigating phytotoxicity of tetracycline by metal-free 8-hydroxyquinoline functionalized carbon nitride photocatalyst

Photooxidative removal of pharmaceuticals and organic dyes is an effective way to eliminate growing micropollutants. However, photooxidation often results in byproducts as secondary hazardous substances such as phytotoxins. Herein, we found that photooxidation of common antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) over a metal-free 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) functionalized carbon nitride (CN) photocatalyst significantly reduces the TCH phytotoxic effect. The phytotoxicity test of photocatalytic treated TCH-solution evaluated towards seed growth of Cicer arietinum plant model endowed natural root and shoot growth. This study highlights the conceptual insights in designing of metal-free photocatalyst for environmental remediation.     

利用沉积色素恢复湖泊古紫外强度研究综述

自从南极臭氧空洞被发现以来,平流层臭氧浓度下降导致到达地表的紫外辐射增强的现象引起了人们的广泛关注,目前这一状况还在不断加剧并将在未来很长一段时间里持续下去。为了更好地理解这种现象在长时间尺度上的意义以及合理预测未来地球表面紫外环境的变化以及生态系统的响应过程,科学家开始尝试恢复历史时期地球表面紫外辐射的变化。Scytonemin是蓝绿藻细胞外鞘上的一种抗UV色素,高UV强度照射能够促使细胞合成更多的这种色素以保护细胞免受紫外辐射的伤害,并且这种色素在湖泊沉积物中能够很好地保存。因此,我们可以通过分析不同时间段蓝绿藻细胞的scytonemin含量来反映历史时期湖泊紫外环境的变化。进一步的研究可以推测造成这种变化的原因以及生态系统对这些过程的响应,为预测未来地表紫外环境的变化及生态系统的响应提供合适的理论和证据。     

Involvement of chloride anion in photocatalytic process

The effect of Cl^- on photocatalytic degradation（PCD） of pollutants is an important factor since it is ubiquitous in nature. In general, Cl^- showed an inhibition on photodegradation due to its scavenging HO- radicals. In this paper, experiments were carried out to examine the effects of CI on the PCD of Methylene Blue （MB） and Orange II （OII） in aqueous TiO2 suspensions under UV light illumination. It was found that low concentration of Cl^- （ 〈 0.01 mol/L） showed little influence on both dyes, however, high concentration of Cl^- （ 〉 0.10 mol/L） had a very different influence on the decolorization of dyes： a significant inhibition for MB but a great promotion for Oll. In the presence of 0.50 mol/L Cl^- , the rate decreased by 70% for MB while increased 7.5-fold for Oll. Furthermore, two bands in the ultraviolet region of Oll were rapidly broken down. The proposed mechanism was discussed in detail.     

再生水灌溉对土壤化学性质及可培养微生物的影响

通过室内土柱模拟实验,探讨再生水灌溉对土壤化学性质和可培养微生物的影响,从而为再生水回用评价提供数据支持.结果表明,在土壤化学性质方面,再生水灌溉可显著提高土壤有机质(OM)和全氮(TN)含量,而对土壤总磷(TP)、速效磷(AP)和pH值无显著影响.在微生物数量方面,再生水灌溉可显著提高表层0~20 cm细菌和放线菌数量,而对20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层三大微生物类群数量影响较小.在微生物种类方面,不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)是再生水灌区的优势菌属,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)是自来水灌区的优势菌属;自来水灌区特有种属4个,再生水灌区特有种属6个;再生水灌溉对表层0~20cm土壤微生物群落Shannon多样性无影响,使土壤微生物群落Pielou均匀度降低,可提高土壤微生物群落Margalef丰富度.通过SPSS 17.0对土壤微生物数量和土壤化学性质进行相关性分析表明,土壤微生物数量与OM、TN、TP和AP含量呈正相关,与土壤pH值、含水量(SWC)呈负相关;通过CANOCO 4.5对土壤微生物种类与土壤化学性质进行DCA去趋势分析和RDA冗余分析表明,AP含量与微生物群落相关性最强(P=0.002),TP和TN对链球菌属(Streptococcus)、气球菌属(Aerococcus)和奈瑟氏球菌属(Neisseria)的影响较大,OM和AP对气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)、动性球菌属(Planococcus)和盐杆菌属(Halobacterium)影响较大.     

粉煤灰对阴离子水溶性混合染料的吸附动力学

以燃煤废弃物粉煤灰作为吸附剂,对活性红23与活性蓝4、活性黄4、酸性黑1、酸性蓝193的混合染料溶液进行吸附性能研究.结果表明,在不同的混合体系中,活性红23的脱色率基本保持在60%~70%;体系中酸性染料的脱色率均超过90%;活性蓝4的脱色率高达85%;活性黄4的脱色率仅为50%.准二级吸附动力学能够更好地描述粉煤灰对水溶性混合染料的吸附过程.染料在溶液中的外扩散系数均为10-4cm·s-1数量级,染料在粉煤灰颗粒的内扩散系数为10-8cm2·s-1数量级.根据BN数,水溶性染料在粉煤灰上的竞争吸附是外扩散控制的吸附过程.     

壳聚糖铁固定疣孢漆斑菌球处理染料的研究

选择新疆本土产的疣孢漆斑菌作为固定化菌种,并与壳聚糖铁凝胶通过固定化手段有效结合起来,综合分析了壳聚糖铁固定化真菌脱色处理染料的过程机制,以及不同条件下的脱色率.结果表明:固定化真菌对染料的去除首先是染料积累的过程,其次是菌种降解的过程,壳聚糖铁的加入有效缩短了染料积累的时间,24 h的染料脱色率提升了1.5倍;壳聚糖铁固定化真菌对初始浓度为50~250 mg·L-1的酸性染料都有很好的去除效果.振荡培养使疣孢漆斑菌菌球的脱色效率最高提升14.4%.壳聚糖铁固定化菌球投加到染料后有较高的漆酶产量,48 h达到(81.40±3.18)U·mL-1.     

Natural dyes in modern textile dyehouses — how to combine experiences of two centuries to meet the demands of the future?

Plant materials which are available from farming regions in the moderate Austrian climate were investigated to serve as sources for natural dyes in textile dyeing operations. The extraction of the dye components from the plant materials was performed with boiling water without addition of chemicals or solvents. Based upon a rigorous selection of possible plant sources, a selection of natural dyestuffs applicable in a one-bath dyeing step was established. A broad variation in shade and color depth can be achieved by applying mixtures of natural dyestuffs in various combinations of iron- and alum-mordants. More than 60% of tested dyeings achieved acceptable fastness properties.On the basis of the developed natural dyestuff-based dyeing procedures, a comparison was made between the effluents from processes based upon them and those based upon the current ‘state-of-the-art’ techniques utilizing synthetic dyes. The comparison revealed that a lowering of the chemical load released with waste water can be expected by shifting to the plant-based dyes.     

Natural dyeing of wool and hair with indigo carmine (C.I. Natural Blue 2), a renewable resource based blue dye

Indigo carmine can be used as a source of blue dye for wool and hair dyeing. The option to use indigo carmine in combination with other natural dyes in a one-bath procedure as a hybrid dyeing concept is of interest both for natural dyeing and for coloration of hair. The present study shows that indigo carmine dyeing on wool exhibits the substantial sorption in the range of pH 4–5 and temperature between 40 and 60 °C. Experiments with human hair samples indicate that the experiments on wool can serve as a model that can be applied for hair dyeing. Comparisons of the energy, water and chemical consumption between two-bath dyeing with indigo and natural dyes separately and a one-bath dyeing using indigo carmine together with other natural dyes demonstrates the advantages of the one-bath hybrid dyeing concept.     

Al_2O_3光催化降解染料性能研究

液相加热法制备了Al2O3作为光催化剂,研究了不同光源、光照时间、催化剂用量和溶液酸度等条件对常见有机染料光催化降解性能影响。结果表明,用太阳光作为光源照射3h,50mL染料溶液中加入Al2O3 30mg,溶液pH8～10,孔雀石绿,酚藏花红,甲基紫等染料脱色率达93%以上。将使用过的Al2O3经过简单处理,孔雀石绿溶液脱色率仍达到94.1%,催化性能稳定,可以重复利用。通过紫外可见光谱分析,表明染料分子在催化剂和光照条件下发生了降解。