改善兴化农村水环境的对策措施

了解当地农村地区水环境现状,分析了农村水环境存在问题,提出了保护农村水环境、改善农村水环境的主要措施。     

安徽省农村黑臭水体成因及治理研究

农村黑臭水体是目前我国水环境污染的主要原因之一。为改善农村生态环境质量和推进水污染治理任务,需加快落实农村黑臭水体的治理工作。本研究针对安徽省农村黑臭水体现状和成因,从多个角度提出可靠的农村黑臭水体治理措施:统筹规划,分阶段推进农村黑臭水体治理工作;抓好结合,做好与当前各项重点工作及规划的衔接;建立"污染物治理链条"思维,狠抓行业各环节规范化管理;建立"类面源"概念,重点推进各类废弃物资源化利用;打通科技与应用之间的壁垒,制定推广农村黑臭水体治理技术模式。     

珠江口沿岸城市经济发展对珠江口水质的影响

结合近20 a来珠江三角洲地区经济发展状况,对多年来珠江口海域水质监测数据进行统计分析。结果表明:珠江三角洲地区工业化、城市化进程加快以及人口迅速膨胀所产生的污水排放量增加,是导致珠江口海域水质恶化的主要原因。采用综合指数法进一步对珠江口海域水质进行评价,结果发现:珠江口海域20 a来综合污染指数出现高一低一高的变化模式,与同期珠江三角洲工业污水处理率的提高而生活污水处理滞后相对应,也表明,珠江口海域水质污染已从20世纪80年代初期的工业污染类型转变成生活污染类型。     

发展农村水利事业营造可持续发展的良好环境

水是生命之源,农村水利对于农村经济社会发展起着十分重要的作用。文中介绍了水利对于制约农村经济社会发展存在的问题,并提出了发展农村水利事业的对策,最后强调要加强农村水利建设,营造可持续发展的良好环境。     

Relationships of nitrous oxide fluxes with water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands

The effects of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the influent on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, together with the relationships between N₂O and water quality parameters in free water surface constructed wetlands, were investigated with laboratoryscale systems. N₂O emission and purification performance of wastewater were very strongly dependent on COD concentration in the influent, and the total N₂O emission in the system with middle COD influent concentration was the least. The relationships between N₂O and the chemical and physical water quality variables were studied by using principal component scores in multiple linear regression analysis to predict N₂O flux. The multiple linear regression model against principal components indicated that different water parameters affected N₂O flux with different COD concentrations in the influent, but nitrate nitrogen affected N₂O flux in all systems.     

微界面水质过程的理论与模式应用

水体颗粒物群体与水溶液构成微界面体系,共多种表面反应过程决定着天然水的水质,并且为水处理工艺所利用来净化水质。西方综述表面配位理论与模式的进展。主要简要介绍环境消化重点实验室近年来在此领域进行的部分研究工作,藉以反映这一领域中可广泛涉及的环境水质学问题。     

典型区县农村冬季取暖"煤改电"推进案例分析

近年来,我国北方地区农村冬季取暖"煤改电"持续推进带来了显著的环境效益,不过仍面临诸多挑战。本文选取石家庄市无极县、北京市门头沟区进行调研分析和经验做法案例评估,以期为管理者提供决策支持。研究发现,通过健全改造运作机制、选用高效节能设备、创新设备推广方式、精细化财政补贴政策和提高售后保障服务,无极县与门头沟区有效降低了农户设备购置成本和取暖设施运行成本,大幅削减了散煤用量,系列做法获得了农村居民的支持。同时研究指出,工程改造复杂且难度大,要凝聚多方改造合力;不同改造设备的取暖效果差异较大,要加快相关经验借鉴推广和改造后评估;低收入群体对政府财政补贴依赖性大,要制定差异化补贴政策;改造设备购买、更换、维修机制不够健全,要积极推动采购方式创新,加强设备售后服务保障体系建设。     

探究水质环境监测技术和仪器的发展

文章对近些年来的简易现场水质检测、水质自动监测等水质环境监测技术和仪器发展以及中间存在的问题作出了初步的分析,对国际上以及国内的一些水质环境监测技术的经验和成果进行了总结,对未来此技术的发展方向和重点指明了方向。     

Modeling the effects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale.The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets,0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002,where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day.The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal efficiency even during the winter.The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland,stream,and reservoir.The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads,respectively.It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%,respectively.The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

Potential nitrogen enrichment of soil and surface water by atmospheric ammonia sorption in intensive livestock production areas

Elevated atmospheric NH₃ levels near intensive livestock operations can add significant N to local agroecosystems. In this study, the potential atmospheric NH₃ sorbed by soil and water was assessed over a 2-year period starting October 2000 in an intensive livestock production area in southern Alberta, Canada. Fifty-two uneven grid sampling sites were selected in the 53,905 ha study area. The sorption rate of atmospheric NH₃ was estimated weekly by exposing distilled water and air-dried soil samples to the atmosphere at the sampling sites. The increases in NH₄–N content in the samples after 1-week exposure was regarded as an index of the atmospheric NH₃ sorbed for that week. The NH₃ sorption rates were highly variable across the 52 sites, with water ranging from 4 to 125 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 22 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and soil from 5 to 84 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ with a mean of 20 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Considerable variation in NH₃–N sorption across the study area reflects the effects of size, direction (upwind or downwind) and proximity of nearby livestock operations or other NH₃ sources and operators’ activities around the sampling sites. The NH₃ sorption rate at each site also varied considerably in response to weather conditions. The high rate of NH₃ input poses a direct risk of surface water eutrophication in intensive livestock operation areas. If fertilizer recommendations are not reduced to account for NH₃ sorption by soil, excess N may also contribute to eutrophication through runoff and leaching.     

Industrial research and development in the Federal Republic of Germany

The Federal Republic of Germany is strongly dependent on intensive R + D activities in order to maintain the achieved economic and social level. Industry contributes substantially to these activities, mainly by developmental projects. Commercial enterprises must also cope with these tasks in the future. Therefore, appropriate basic conditions have to be set up and must be improved continuously.     

泸沽湖氧化还原边界层的季节性迁移及其对水质的影响

通过对云南泸沽湖孔隙水和沉积物垂直剖面Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ及其它氧化还原参数季节性变化规律的研究,建立了湖泊氧化还原边界层的季节性迁移模式,同时定量评估了重金属界面扩散作用对上覆湖水水质的季节性影响。结果表明,孔隙水和沉积物Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ浓度均呈明显的峰形分布,Ｍｎ,Ｆｅ峰的位置和形状以及其它氧化还原参数都表现出季节性变化的特点;     

微生物对煤矿固体废弃物的脱硫效应

煤矸石是煤矿特有的一种固体废弃物,应用本实验室筛选出的氧化亚铁硫杆菌Thiobacillus ferrooxidans和嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌Thiobacillus thiooxidans对宁夏大武口高硫煤矸石进行微生物脱硫技术及应用条件的研究,如不同煤矸石粒径、不同接种浓度和不同煤矸石浓度。2种脱硫细菌对煤矸石的脱硫效果显著,小粒径煤矸石的微生物脱硫效果更好。考虑脱硫成本及脱硫效率,Thiobacillus ferrooxidans菌最佳的接种浓度为25%,在Thiobacillus thiooxidans菌悬液中,能脱出最大量硫酸根的煤矸石最佳比例是10%。2种菌混合较单菌株脱硫效果更好,以Thiobacillus ferrooxidans∶Thiobacillus thiooxidans=2∶3的比例混合后对煤矸石的脱硫效果最佳,该结果为煤矿废弃物煤矸石的污染防治提供技术依据。     

陆地水水质变化研究国内外进展

论述了国内外内陆水水质变化的研究结果：１）世界各国内陆水质变化的主要研究结果;２）中国近３０年来主要内陆河,湖,地下水质变化研究概况。     

贵州省境内乌江干流水质现状分析

根据贵州省环境监测部门资料显示乌江已成为贵州省水污染程度最为严重的流域,突出的问题是总磷、氟化物超标。本文用最小二乘法模型和t检验方法对贵州省境内乌江干流2006—2013年水质状况进行分析,结果表明乌江干流总磷、氨氮、氟化物,高锰盐指数浓度变化趋式为"无趋势",乌江干流水质稳定,并提出流域污染防治的对策和建议。     

《地表水环境质量标准》中氮、磷指标体系及运用中有关问题的探讨

《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)》自实施以来,发现在实际运用中存在一些问题,影响了标准的严谨性、科学性和可操作性,本文对此进行了探讨并提出了粗浅的看法和建议。     

北京市农村地区村庄冬季清洁取暖改造方式及成效

按照国务院"大气十条"的要求,北京市出台了《北京市2013—2017年清洁空气行动计划》,2013年,北京市政府正式启动了农村地区"减煤换煤清洁空气行动"。特别是2016年大规模开展"煤改清洁能源"工作后,全市完成了约80万户清洁能源采暖改造,已经基本实现了平原地区无煤化、能源现代化的目标。北京市通过加大财政扶持力度、强化顶层设计、及时开展技术路线研究和全程精细化管理,实现了清洁取暖设备高效节能运行、取暖效果群众满意和大气环境质量改善的目标。