Market opportunities for coal gasification in China

Coal gasification is a technology that has been around for 200 yr. With the recent technology advances in the past 20 yr, it has become an option for the clean production of power and other energy forms. China will continue to be the largest user of coal in the world. Coal is the source of energy in almost every area of everyday life in China. This paper is an overview of the prospects of coal gasification in China. It discusses the opening of Chinese markets to more private sector participation. In particular the paper focuses on the energy sector and coal as the both an economic development variable and a factor in climate change. Clean coal technologies can be apart of the production cycle in China and hence can impact the Chinese economy in a positive manner as well as lower the current high levels of atmospheric pollution. Proven integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) technologies in new production methods and applications can provide China with its rising energy needs and reduce the SOX, NOX and particulates in the atmosphere. The results of IGCC can support the Chinese economy as it moves into the future.     

Alternative models for environmental management in SMEs: the case of Ekoscan vs. ISO 14001

In the case of SMEs, ISO 14001 and EMAS have been the most used models of reference for implementing Environmental Management Systems (EMSs). Their success has eclipsed that of other alternative SME models deployed in the European Union and Japan. In this paper the authors analyze the content and objectives of one of these models, the Ekoscan model, and compare it to the ISO 14001. Furthermore, a survey composed of 262 participating companies is presented, where motivations, obstacles and benefits of adopting both models in SMEs are compared. The article concludes that only the drivers differ in a significant way, since the perceived obstacles and benefits of adopting the respective models by the SMEs are similar (although their respective signaling and market value are different).     

面向服务架构的南海地理信息决策模拟系统功能设计与实现

南海具有丰富的自然资源与重要的战略地位,实现多源海洋环境数据的集成与共享,从而为南海情势分析与决策模拟提供支持是当前急需开展的工作。本文在分析国内外海洋地理信息系统(MGIS)的研究成果及相关技术的基础上,设计实现了面向服务架构(SOA)的南海地理信息决策模拟系统。该系统不仅集成了从传统观测网获取的南海地区卫星影像、水文气象、自然资源等结构化数据,同时集成了从互联网中检索到的文字、图片等非结构化数据,实现了围绕南海地区的信息查询、可视化表达、分析评价等功能,并以服务方式实现了数据与功能的集成与互操作,为南海海域的科学管理、分析和决策提供强有力的工具。     

The effect of coupling coagulation and flocculation with membrane filtration in water treatment： A review

Water supply and sanitation demands are foreseen to face enormous challenges over the coming decades to meet the fast growing needs in a global perspective. Significant growth in the industry is predicted and membrane separation technologies have been identified as one of the possible solutions to meet future demands. Application and implementation of membrane technology is expected both in production of potable water as well as in treatment of wastewater. In potable water production membranes are substituting conventional separation technologies due the superior performance, potential for less chemical use and sludge production, as well as the potential to fulfill hygienic barrier requirements. Membrane Bio-Reactor (MBR) technology is probably the membrane process which has had most success and has the best prospects for the future in wastewater treatment. Trends and developments indicate that this technology is becoming accepted and is rapidly becoming the best available technology (BAT) for many wastewater treatment applications. A major drawback of MBR systems is membrane fouling. Studies have shown that fouling mitigation in MBR systems can potentially be done by coupling coagulation and flocculation to the process.     

基于ARM的嵌入式系统的应用技术

较详细地分析了基于ARM的嵌入式系统的技术特点,嵌入式系统的开发设计过程、体系结构,以及硬件和软件的设计方法.     

Implementation of cleaner production in small and medium-sized enterprises

The aim of this article is to analyse whether it is possible for an external group to act as a catalyst when trying to make small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) adopt a cleaner production concept. At Linköping University, Sweden, nine SMEs cooperated in a cleaner production project that uses the University and the County Administration as catalysts. This article is based on a survey that evaluated the project. The survey shows that the SMEs did modify their products and processes after taking part in the project. They were especially successful in changing their products. Why products were changed to a larger extent than processes is not fully understood. Maybe this was done as a part of introducing a preventive environmental care system. Most SMEs did, as a part of introducing an environmental care system, introduce an environmental policy and an educational programme. The SMEs also experienced lower costs and better cooperation with the authorities. A reason for this is the good cooperation between the three participants of the project. In general, the SMEs did not think that they had gained marketing benefits. This attitude could have been different if more SMEs from the same value chain (supplier-producer-wholesalers-customer) had been involved.     

复杂工业产品制造阶段生命周期清单数据获取方法:以轿车为例

准确可靠的工艺单元数据是开展产品生命周期清单分析和影响评价最重要的基础.目前开展的相关研究,由于数据获得性的问题,大多集中在结构或成分较为简单的工业产品.而利用相关数据库开展的生命周期清单分析,不能很好地满足对外公开的对比性评价或商业性应用需要.本文以国产轿车为例,研究提出了其制造阶段生命周期清单分析数据的获取方法,并通过理论研究和实践完善,设计出了一套系统化的数据收集表格,可用于机动车及类似复杂工业产品制造阶段生命周期清单数据获取.     

板材成形新技术及其发展趋势(Ⅰ)

近些年来,面对全球化的竞争,越来越需要小批量、多样化、周期短的新的成形技术.薄板成形技术在成形工艺中占有很重要的地位,其多样化趋势已经变得越来越明显,出现了多种加工方法,它对将来的工业结构和产品的生产技术将是一场革命.文中介绍了变压边力技术、成对液压成形技术、粘介质成形技术、无模分层成形技术等几种柔性化程度高的板材成形技术及其发展趋势.     

畜牧业清洁生产关键技术实例研究——生态发酵床在规模化养猪场的应用研究

畜牧养殖业最大的污染物就是畜禽粪便,在畜禽养殖也实施清洁生产技术十分必要,将粪便在产生的环节上降低污染物的产生和排放,结合具体实例,按照企业清洁生产审核程序要求,对一家生猪养殖场进行清洁生产审核,对生态发酵床技术在规模化养猪场的应用进行深入研究,从技术、环境、经济三个方面阐述这项清洁生产技术的示范作用。     

Waste minimisation in small and medium-sized enterprises—do environmental management systems help?

The main research question of our study was as follows: What opportunities for upgrading material efficiency and waste minimisation can be found in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)? The empirical material consisted of 41 theme interviews in Finnish industrial SMEs. In the article, the SMEs are assigned to four different categories according to their attitudes towards environmental protection. This analysis also explains why SMEs build up environmental management systems (EMSs). The EMSs do not appear to provide much impetus for SMEs to implement waste minimisation. The reduction of wastes in SMEs is driven more by the costs of raw materials than by waste costs. From the standpoint of environmental authorities, it is therefore crucial to find procedures to support SMEs in increasing their efficient use of materials.     

Evidence for improvements in containment of fluorinated hydrocarbons during use: an analysis of reported European emissions

As part of their commitment under the Rio Convention,¹ nations are required to report annual calculated emissions of greenhouse gases. The fluorine containing members of this group, which are generally potent greenhouse gases with high Global Warming Potentials, are mainly used in refrigeration and air conditioning. They are emitted only slowly from such systems; hence long term containment is an important engineering and environmental issue. European legislation is designed to effect improvements in containment and a simple way to monitor this would be desirable.The reports submitted by European countries have been examined to determine the extent to which containment (expressed as the rate of emission from the bank remaining in equipment) has changed with time. Although there is a wide variation between countries, the annual emission rates of most of the gases used in refrigeration have improved significantly over the past 10 years and now represent between 5 and 10% of the bank still contained in equipment. This implies that it would take between 10 and 20 years for the original mass of refrigerant charged into a system to be released into the atmosphere.     

地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法研究

随着工业生产的飞速发展,我国地下水污染问题日益突出,亟需大量高效的修复技术以提高对地下水污染的治理效果.然而,现有的专家评估体系难以客观、科学地反映技术的真实性能,也很难促进其推广应用,因此亟需加快ETV（environmental technology verification,环境技术验证评价）研究,创建客观、公正和科学的地下水污染修复技术验证评价体系.基于此,采用层次分析法建立了由目标污染物去除效果、副产物情况、固体废物、废水、废气、噪音、自动化水平、故障情况、适用场地类型、基建费用、药剂投加量、能源消耗和资源回收利用共13个指标组成的地下水污染修复技术验证评价指标体系.依据相关技术规范和专家咨询意见,制定了指标评价标准和方法;基于聚类分析方法,以25个地下水污染修复技术为研究对象,对分类评价和综合评价进行评价结果分级.按照由优到差的级别,分类评价结果分为优秀、合格、不合格3个等级,综合评价结果分为优秀、良好、合格、基本合格和不合格5个等级,由此构成了地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法.为了验证该评价方法的科学性和可行性,利用该方法对某项地下水污染修复技术进行了案例分析.研究显示,所构建的地下水污染修复技术验证评价方法可客观有效地评价地下水修复技术的先进性和适用性,并能够提供改进技术性能的进一步建议.      

Strategy development in small and medium sized enterprises for sustainability and increased value creation

Sustainability strategies create many synergistic effects for SMEs working collaboratively, as well as systemic benefits for the commons. After setting forth the business case for sustainable SMEs, and considering SME sustainability advantages in contrast to MNEs, this paper discusses several different incentives for SMEs to optimize sustainability: (1) becoming valuable sustainable investment targets for larger firms; (2) creating highly competitive networks of sustainable SMEs in market spaces where large enterprises are less successful; (3) becoming highly efficient suppliers in global supply chains through sustainable practices.While several successful models of the sustainable SME are evolving, it may be that networks of SMEs will become essential for addressing the systemic problems that underlie industrial ecology, enterprise resilience, and global supply chain sustainability. SMEs represent the majority of all enterprises, and rapidly evolving communication technologies allow for various routes of network formation.     

Environmental impact evaluation using a cooperative model for implementing EMS (ISO 14001) in small and medium-sized enterprises

Certification of an ISO 14001 Environmental Management System (EMS) is currently an important requirement for those enterprises wishing to sell their products in the context of a global market. The system's structure is based on environmental impact evaluation (EIE). However, if an erroneous or inadequate methodology is applied, the entire process may be jeopardized. Many methodologies have been developed for making of EIEs, some of them are fairly complex and unsuitable for EMS implementation in an organizational context, principally when small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) are involved.The proposed methodology for EIE is part of a model for implementing EMS. The methodological approach used was a qualitative exploratory research method based upon sources of evidence such as document analyses, semi-structured interviews and participant observations.By adopting a cooperative implementation model based on the theory of system engineering, difficulties relating to implementation of the sub-system were overcome thus encouraging SMEs to implement EMS.     

中国省级环境信息系统设计

介绍覆盖２７个省的中国省级环境信息系统的总体设计、基本结构、主要内容,开发过程和特点,在环境信息资源管理战略规划和规范化研究的指导下,采用结构化生命周期思想同快速原型开发方法相结合的方式,开发了若干基础数据库,环境管理模块和决策支持模块,建成的系统基本达到技术先进、功能实用、设计规范、管理方便的要求,为进一步建设我国的环境信息网络打下了基础。     

Rural energy transitions in developing countries: a case of the Uttam Urja initiative in India

In most developing countries, at the household level, traditional burning of biomass or use of inefficient technologies for domestic applications like lighting is common, triggering concerns related to fuel or technology switching. The paper focuses on opportunities to promote cleaner energy options through development of value chains delivering improved energy efficiency and access in developing countries. We discuss the example of Uttam Urja, a field project involving the dissemination of photovoltaic lighting technologies in rural areas of India. We focus on the challenges of introducing radical innovations into the residential energy sector in developing countries. For the purpose of this paper the Uttam Urja project is conceptualized as an ‘experiment’ and analysed using the Strategic Niche Management (SNM) framework. The paper emphasizes that to effect socio-technical transitions to clean energy options on the ground, it is desirable to focus on technology customization and innovative financing to cater to the needs and concerns of end users.     

钢铁行业循环经济与清洁生产技术评价方法研究

在分析钢铁行业循环经济与清洁生产技术范围与特点的基础上,通过循环经济3R原则、清洁生产技术评价的方法调研并结合生命周期理论,建立了钢铁行业循环经济与清洁生产技术的分析评价方法模型,并采用德尔菲方法进行专家多轮讨论修正,完善了模型的评价体系,为我国钢铁行业推行循环经济与清洁生产技术提供理论和技术支持。     

造纸污泥太阳能干化处理工艺设计

太阳能作为一种清洁能源,将其应用在造纸污泥干化中,与传统干化工艺相比具有能耗低、无污染、运行费用低廉、操作简单、运行安全稳定、干化后的污泥仍保留原有的价值等特点。以某造纸污泥的干化为例,介绍了该工艺的工作原理及流程、工艺单元设计等。     

A database for integrated assessment of European agricultural systems

A major bottleneck for data-based policy making is that data sources are collected, managed, and distributed by different institutions, residing in different locations, resulting in conceptual and practical problems. The use of dispersed data for agricultural systems research requires the integration of data sources, which means to ensure consistency in data interpretations, units, spatial and temporal scales, to respect legal regulations of privacy, ownership and copyright, and to enable easy dissemination of data. This paper describes the SEAMLESS integrated database on European agricultural systems. It contains data on cropping patterns, production, farm structural data, soil and climate conditions, current agricultural management and policy information. To arrive at one integrated database, a shared ontology was developed according to a collaborative process, which facilitates interdisciplinary research. The paper details this process, which can be re-used in other research projects for integrating data sources.     

信息技术在环境保护中的应用研究

对信息技术在环境保护硬件、软件方面的发展现状及其在环境数据采集、处理、应用方面的发展进行了详细的介绍,并介绍了在环境领域中常用的数据库、数据仓库、空间信息技术及信息系统等信息技术.