小风和静风状态下TSP大气扩散模式的理论推导

以移动烟团积分模式为基础,采用数学模型分析法,从理论上导出了小风和静风状态下的TSP大气扩散模式。该模式描述了重力沉降和地面不完全反射对颗粒物大气扩散过程的影响;与现有的大气扩散模式体系完全相容,可以方便地应用于小风和静风状态下TSP地面浓度的预测计算     

内陆丘陵河谷地区小风条件下的大气扩散模拟研究

针对湖南中部丘陵河谷地区的气象特点,开展了小风条件下大气扩散的数值模拟研究,并与示踪实验结果进行比较.模拟采用美国EPA推荐的非稳态拉格朗日高斯烟团模式CALPUFF,以加密的地面气象观测资料、边界层垂直廓线观测资料和铁塔多层湍流观测资料作为模拟气象场的输入.中等风速和小风条件下的模拟结果表明:模式对地表类型及资料的分...     

环境气象学、环境空气动力学

X16 9702624小风和静风状态下TSP大气扩散模式的理论推导/张仁泉(苏州市环境科学研究所)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1997,17(1)一34~36环信X一58 以移动烟团积分模式为基础,采用数学模型分析法,从理论上导出了小风和静风状态下的TSP大气扩散模式。该模式描述了重力沉降和地面不完全反射对颗粒物大气扩散过程的影响;与现有的大气扩散模式体系完全相容,可以方便地应用于小风和静风状态下TSP地面浓度的预测计算。参5X16 9702625模拟气候变化对水资源的影响二Modelling theimpaets of elimatie ehange on water resourees[刊,英3/R…     

基于CALPUFF模型的漳州市大气环境容量研究

研究表明：CALPUFF模式是运用于广域的大气扩散模型,在区域范围较大的复杂地形条件下的应用具有突出的优势.利用CALPUFF大气扩散模型模拟漳州市2009年气象场和污染物浓度场,采用监测值对模拟结果进行验证表明模型的适用性;基于现状污染源,建立大气污染物传递系数矩阵,结合线性优化法测算了不同环境空气质量标准下漳州市大气环境容量.     

中国法规大气扩散模式及其与其他模式的比较

介绍了中国法规性大气扩散模式(CRADM),分析了CRADM和西方一些模式(如HPDM,AMS)的差别。采用同样条件作为输入,比较并讨论了CRADM,HPDM和AMS在各方面的性能差异。分析了中国大气扩散模式在环境影响评价应用中出现的一些问题,提出了改进建议。特别地,研究表明中性条件下Briggs烟气抬升公式对实际抬升有过高估计,原因是没有考虑环境湍流对烟羽的累积作用      

局地大气扩散试验研究

本文主要介绍昆明附近某地的一次扩散试验.结果表明,水平扩散参数对不同稳定度分辨得较好.导出的垂直扩散参数能反映出地面不同粗糙度的差别,所得最大落地点浓度点距离及稀释因子比采用P-G参数提级办法算出的结果更符合实测值,并指明平均气流的上升或下沉对落地浓度的影响不可忽视.在有风条件下,导出了扩散参数随取样时间变化的指数q值.在小风条件下,对稀释效果起主要作用的是水平风方位变化的范围及垂直气流的方向和强弱,而垂直稳定度所起的作用往往是间接的.在模式选用上,小风和静风应加以区别.静风时可忽略模式中各速度分量,小风和静风的界线约在0.6m/s左右.     

复杂地形大气扩散模式在环境影响评价中的应用

基于HJ2.2-2008《环境影响评价技术导则-大气环境》对复杂地形大气扩散模式的规定,对比研究AERMOD、CALPUFF、ADMS模式在流场模拟、地形处理思路和浓度预测方法等方面的异同,系统地提出了复杂地形条件下大气环境影响评价的技术要点,结合案例分析三模式预测的区域最大落地浓度及分布的差异,进一步探讨复杂地形大气环境影响评价存在的问题及解决方案,对做好大气环境影响评价工作具有重要的指导意义。     

能源重工业区大气环境容量与大气环境整治研究

利用不同风速出现频率条件下的箱式扩散模型对龙门能源重工业区的大气环境容量进行计算,SO2的环境容量为21097.72ta,TSP的环境容量为63293.15ta。运用资料收集法和成果参照法分别统计有组织排放的污染物量和计算无组织排放的污染物量,SO2为13728.79ta,TSP为68555.97ta。小风及静风条件下SO2的大气环境容量利用率为71.2%,TSP的大气环境容量利用率为108.1%;大风条件下SO2的大气环境容量利用率为30.1%,TSP的大气环境容量利用率为109.6%。研究结果表明,在不同的风速条件下,污染情况有所不同。SO2主要是有组织排放,其容量相对剩余量为7368.93ta。TSP已经超容量,大风条件下,煤堆起尘、裸露地面扬尘是主要的污染源;小风条件下,大气污染由无组织扬尘和有组织排放共同作用。针对园区存在的环境问题,提出相应的大气环境整治措施。     

我国现行大气环境影响评价预测模型的若干问题及其改进

我国现行大气环境影响预测评价模型存在以下几个问题:大气混合层高度求算偏低;稳定条件下大气扩散计算结果不合理;模型未考虑非扩散因素影响(干湿沉积、化学转化);非正常排放模型在小风、静风条件下计算结果偏大;熏烟模型计算的不可操作性等。本文针对这些问题提出相应的改进方法,并进行了实例计算。     

MATLAB在大气扩散模拟中的应用研究

采用MATLAB语言 ,将常用大气扩散模式编制成大气扩散函数 ,组成大气扩散专业工具箱 ,及通用条件下的大气扩散模式DEMOS图形 ;可实现快速求取扩散浓度值 ,并将其可视化的功能。不但提高了计算速度及计算精度 ,而且也为大气环境评价工作提供了便利的工具。     

A three-dimensional steady-state atmospheric dispersion-deposition model for emissions from a ground-level area source

An analytical solution to the steady-state three-dimensional atmospheric dispersion equation has been developed for the transport of non-buoyant emissions from a continuous ground-level area source. The model incorporates power law profiles for the variation of wind speed and vertical eddy diffusivity with height, represents the lateral eddy diffusivity as a function of wind speed and the crosswind dispersion coefficient, and includes dry deposition as a removal mechanism. The model is well suited for accurate prediction of emission concentration levels in the vicinity of an area source, as well as farther downwind, under neutral or stable atmospheric conditions. The impact of the important model parameters on contaminant dispersion is examined. The results from several simulations, compared with point and line sources of equivalent source strength, indicate that at short downwind distances, predictions of contaminant concentrations emitted from area sources may be unacceptably inaccurate unless the structure of the source is properly taken into account.     

液氨泄漏事故的大气环境危害性模拟预测研究

以液氨储罐泄漏事故对大气环境的影响为研究对象,分析了典型化学品泄漏的大气扩散特征,简要介绍了高斯烟团模型,并使用基于该模型的RiskSystem1.2软件对某假定一次液氨储罐发生灾害性事故状态下的泄漏进行模拟。预测出在一定稳定度、不同风速不同时刻下液氨的半致死浓度、重度及轻度伤害范围等的下风向距离和不同风速条件下液氨的最大落地浓度,以期为使用RiskSystem1.2进行大气环境风险评价提供一定帮助,并在此基础上提出具体的防范措施及应急预案,为该类事故的应急救援工作提供一定参考。     

Particle model simulation of diffusion in low wind speed stable conditions

A Lagrangian particle model (LAMDA), previously developed and applied to the simulation of atmospheric dispersion in neutral and convective windy conditions, was modified to deal with stable low wind speed conditions. These last are among the most difficult to be treated. In fact, on the one hand, nearly calm situations, associated to strong stability and air stagnation, make the lower layers of the atmosphere poorly diffusive, and, on the other hand, the large fluctuations in the wind direction (meandering), spread the airborne pollutants over wide angular sectors. An ad hoc algorithm to simulate the effect of meadering on the dispersion is proposed. The model is validated by comparing its simulation results to three tracer experiments held in stable low wind speed conditions by the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (U.S.A.) in 1974. These experiments present plume spread of different width (48, 138 and 360°, respectively, at an arc located 200 m downwind from the source) and are comprehensive of a wide set of conditions, ranging from strong to weak stability and from low wind speed to calm. The results of the comparison are discussed. The ability of the model to simulate the g.l.c. distributions with a good degree of confidence is illustrated.     

The MRBT model: an analytical dispersion model in a finite mixing layer. Sensitivity analysis and validation against tracer measurements

This paper describes the characteristics of the MRBT model for studying the dispersion of a pollutant in the lower atmosphere under conditions of spatial homogeneity. The MRBT is shown to be a simple and efficient model based upon a non-stationary analytical solution of the atmospheric dispersion equation in a finite mixing layer. The results of the sensitivity analysis and of validation testing, made with field measurements of tracers carried out at the Nuclear Research Centre in Karlsruhe (Germany), demonstrate the superiority of MRBT with respect to traditional Gaussian models. The model is currently implemented in FORTRAN 77 for the personal computer and is suitable for an initial assessment of short-term atmospheric dispersion with limited computing resources.     

GIS aided prediction of CO2 emission dispersion from geothermal electricity production

CO₂ is the dominant constituent of non-condensable gases in the steam phase of most geothermal fluids. This paper attempts to present the results of a study conducted to develop prediction modeling of CO₂ dispersion in the surrounding atmosphere from a planned 50 MWe geothermal power plant prior to its production. Dispersion models are widely used for predicting future concentrations of environmental emissions on a range of geographic scales. The dispersion type for gases and their average removal rate depends on the meteorological conditions such as wind direction, wind speed, precipitation, atmospheric stability, and surface roughness and topography. Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities were used for quality visualization of the model outputs and presenting an accurate numerical copy of the study area. The results by the prediction model show that the natural transfer of CO₂ will be from the power plant toward east and northeast and CO₂ concentration trends after the power plant utilization will be similar to the background conditions with minor changes. This dispersion test was carried out to validate and field test the GIS aided dispersion modeling approach described in the paper and the procedure may be applicable for other studies assessing the emission dispersion of pollutants from a point source.     

城郊道路交通污染个例分析

为建立和研究适合地面道路的宽路幅、高等级、支路多等特点的大城市城郊道路交通大气污染扩散模式,选取了受环境外来源影响较小的上海市沪青平公路的徐泾段,作交通大气污染实测和相关气象因子项目的观测。在获得详细实测结果的基础上,以NOx为例分析了大气稳定度、风向、风速、交通量对城郊地面道路交通污染扩散的影响。     

An intercomparison of semiempirical diffusion models under low wind speed,stable conditions

The performances of some diffusion models are analysed using concentration data measured at ground level up to 400 m from the emission point, in a series of diffusion tests conducted by U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under inversion conditions with light winds. All tested models are simple semiempirical formulae based on the Gaussian formulation, with different assumptions concerning dispersion parameters; each model utilizes a minimum set of information, i.e. vertical stability category, mean wind speed and standard deviation of the horizontal wind direction over the considered averaging time, σ_θ.Results show that for cases with very low wind speed and large plume spread, explicit consideration of diffusion along the mean wind direction, which is neglected in the standard plume model, significantly improves model results; moreover, when σ_θ is very large (greater than 50–60°), the analysis suggests that standard deviations of the horizontal wind speed may significantly differ from the estimates commonly found in the literature.     

对熏烟扩散模式应用的探讨

工程上应用的大气污染物扩散模式中 ,熏烟模式由于其非定常性而与其他扩散模式有很大的区别。正确处理模式中各参数及变量的相互关系才能客观地反映污染物对环境影响的结果。本研究通过对熏烟模式的非定常性和各参数、变量相互关系的分析 ,提出了正确使用该模式的方法     

建筑扰动条件下大气流动与扩散的CFD模拟

用FLUENT模式对中性大气、单个建筑的气流扰动情况进行模拟,并以风洞试验数据检验模拟效果;将模拟方法应用于类似城市建筑阵列条件的大气污染扩散问题,并且与现场示踪试验比较. 结果表明:FLUENT对建筑扰动条件的平均风场模拟效果良好,FAC2(模拟值与试验值之比在0.5~2之间的比例)在水平与垂直风速下分别达到77.9%与61.0%;对湍流特征量的模拟偏差稍大,K(湍流动能)虽总体偏小,但FAC2仍达到了54.6%. 选择湍流闭合的标准K-ε(ε为湍流动能耗散率)方案、重整化群K-ε方案和雷诺应力模型方案对结果的影响均不大. 采用FLUENT模拟了类似城市街区建筑阵列条件的大气扩散个例, 模拟结果反映了建筑扰动导致的扩散烟流轴线相对于平均风向的非常规偏移,并且扩散浓度与示踪试验结果相符较好,下风向32与63m处的侧向模拟浓度峰值的相对误差分别为72.5%与36.9%. 相比于高斯模式ISC3,FLUENT对复杂建筑阵列条件的扩散模拟结果更符合实际,如污染物向上风向扩散以及在建筑物周围堆积与绕流的现象. FLUENT扩散模拟还显示:近源处相邻建筑街道峡谷中的最大浓度沿下风向“阶跃”式减小,排放源所在街道峡谷中的最大浓度可比相邻街谷中的高几倍甚至1个数量级以上.      

CCSM4/WRF-CMAQ动力降尺度预估RCP8.5情景下京津冀地区空气质量的潜在变化

目前,针对气候变化对区域空气质量影响的研究相对较少,并且多采用统计降尺度方法对全球气候模式结果进行处理.采用WRF中尺度气象模式对CCSM4气候模式的CMIP5 RCP8.5情景预估结果进行动力降尺度处理,并为CMAQ空气质量模式提供气象场;在2012年清华大学MEIC大气污染物排放清单的基础上,选取2005年作为气候现状代表年、2049-2051年作为未来气候代表年,对京津冀地区典型月份（1月、4月、7月、10月）的气象及空气质量数值模拟结果进行对比,以此预估气候变化背景下京津冀地区空气质量潜在变化.结果表明,在排放情况不变及RCP8.5情景下,未来代表年与现状代表年相比,京津冀地区以典型月份为代表的年均气象因素整体呈现温度升高,风速、相对湿度及大气边界层高度均降低的趋势;年均大气污染物浓度整体呈现升高的趋势,其中,温度升高约0.8℃,风速降低约0.11 m/s,相对湿度降低约2%,大气边界层高度降低约8 m,ρ（PM_2.5）升高约2.4 μg/m3,ρ（SO₂）升高约1.8 μg/m3,ρ（NO_x）升高约1.0 μg/m3;此外,主要的气象条件（温度、风速、相对湿度、大气边界层高度）中,风速及大气边界层高度的降低可能是造成这些大气污染物浓度变化的主要气象因素,并且风速及大气边界层高度的降低与ρ（PM_2.5）降低的相关系数分别约为-0.44和-0.26.研究显示,气候变化会对京津冀地区造成污染物浓度升高的潜在风险,同时由于现阶段缺乏可用于空气质量模式的未来排放情景数据、在线耦合模式日臻完善,在我国气候-空气质量的研究领域亟待进行更深层次的研究.