基质浓度对ABR反应器SAD协同脱氮除碳效能影响

为改善厌氧氨氧化对总氮(TN)去除不完全和有机物对厌氧氨氧化胁迫的问题,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR),接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥与城市污水处理厂厌氧污泥,通过不同基质浓度控制,构建厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统(SAD),并考察不同进水基质(COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N)浓度对耦合系统脱氮除碳效能的影响及污染物去除规律.结果表明,在ABR反应器中可实现厌氧氨氧化与反硝化的耦合反应,并缓解了有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制效应.当进水COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度为260、185和100 mg·L-1,比例为2.6∶1.85∶1时,三者出水浓度分别低于10、1.0和0.9 mg·L-1,TN去除率达到99%,实现系统的稳定运行和C、N污染物的超低排放.不同基质浓度和比例条件下,目标污染物去除基本在第1隔室完成,去除率均在75%以上,且厌氧氨氧化反应在SAD耦合系统脱氮中占主导地位.     

UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器处理污泥脱水液的影响因素研究

研究基质质量浓度、温度、pH值、HRT和C/N比对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响.试验水样采用污泥脱水液,控制进水ρ(NH+4-N)/ρ(NO-2-N)为1∶1.32,分别考察了在不同基质质量浓度、HRT、温度、pH值和C/N比的情况下,UASBB厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.结果表明,在进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N质量浓度分别为200 mg·L-1和264 mg·L-1、HRT=24 h、温度为30～35℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、C/N比在0.5左右的条件下,厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮效果最佳,NH+4-N、NO-2-N和TN平均去除率分别达到75.72%、76.36%和70.19%,TN平均容积负荷可达0.464 kg·(m3·d)-1,COD平均去除率在30%左右.通过合理控制进水基质质量浓度和HRT能够有效地提高厌氧氨氧化反应器的脱氮性能.只有在适宜的温度和pH值范围内,厌氧氨氧化菌才能表现出较高的活性.当进水添加有机物时,厌氧氨氧化反应器中存在反硝化现象,且随着有机物质量浓度的升高,异养反硝化菌的竞争优势逐渐增强,对厌氧氨氧化产生明显的抑制作用.     

基质浓度对ABR厌氧氨氧化反硝化脱氮除碳效能影响及动力学特征

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)为研究对象,以一定COD、NH+4-N和NO-2-N比例增加进水基质浓度,以明确基质负荷提高对ABR厌氧氨氧化和反硝化协同体系脱氮除碳的影响,并通过基质去除模型获得反应器对基质的耐受程度.研究表明,ABR反应器能够实现厌氧氨氧化反硝化耦合脱氮除碳,当进水基质COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度从220、168和60 mg·L~(-1)提高至420、270和110 mg·L~(-1)时,反应器脱氮效能下降,COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N和TN去除率分别为97%、94%、30%和78%,厌氧氨氧化对TN去除的贡献率从43.08%骤降至16.49%,反硝化脱氮贡献率从53.81%增至82.07%.动力学模型拟合发现,Stover-Kincannon模型(R2=0.937,TN;R2=0.975,COD)较一级基质去除模型(R2=0.314,TN;R2=0.016,COD)更适合评价反应器对基质的承受力;Stover-Kincannon模型表明,反应器对TN和COD的最大基质利用率分别为1.43 g·L-1·d-1和3.33 g·L-1·d-1,饱和常数(KB)分别为1.2和3.79,研究认为ABR协同脱氮除碳体系理论上还有继续提升基质负荷的潜力.     

ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化处理城市污水

为推进厌氧氨氧化技术应用于城市污水处理,耦合亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统,并在其前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺进行城市污水脱氮除碳,采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,ABR除碳系统出水COD平均浓度120 mg·L~(-1),不会对后续亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统产生不利影响,控制亚硝化系统出水和ABR除碳出水比例为2∶1作为厌氧氨氧化系统进水,满足ANAMMOX所需NO_2~--N和NH_4~+-N基质比1∶1左右的要求.一体式反应器总氮去除率在86%～92%,出水COD浓度在20～40 mg·L~(-1).同时,实验后亚硝化系统中与反硝化作用密切相关的γ-Protebacteria纲有所增加,厌氧氨氧化系统中具有较高微生物生长速率和增强脱氮速率功能的Sphingobacteria纲显著增加,ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺能够有效用于处理城市污水脱氮除碳.     

ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化处理城市污水

为推进厌氧氨氧化技术应用于城市污水处理,耦合亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统,并在其前端添加ABR除碳系统,构建ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺进行城市污水脱氮除碳,采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况。结果表明,ABR除碳系统出水COD平均浓度120mg·L-1,不会对后续亚硝化系统和厌氧氨氧化系统产生不利影响,控制亚硝化系统出水和ABR除碳出水比例为2:1作为厌氧氨氧化系统进水,满足ANAMMOX所需NO2--N和NH4+-N基质比1:1左右的要求。一体式反应器总氮去除率在86%~92%,出水COD浓度在20~40mg·L-1。同时,实验后亚硝化系统中与反硝化作用密切相关的γ-Protebacteria纲有所增加,厌氧氨氧化系统中具有较高微生物生长速率和增强脱氮速率功能的Sphingobacteria纲显著增加,ABR除碳-亚硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺能够有效用于处理城市污水脱氮除碳。     

厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化工艺的启动及微生物群落变化特征

为了解厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化启动过程中脱氮除碳性能与微生物群落的关系,通过逐步提高进水COD浓度研究了SAD启动过程中脱氮除碳性能和微生物群落变化.结果表明,随着进水COD浓度增加,出水NH_4~+-N和NO_2--N的浓度保持稳定,平均去除率均在98%以上; TN去除率逐渐升高,第3阶段TN平均去除率为95. 6%,比厌氧氨氧化理论TN去除率高6. 8%;ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N明显下降,从0. 15～0. 17逐步降至0. 03～0. 07;厌氧氨氧化脱氮贡献率逐渐下降,反硝化脱氮贡献率逐渐上升,COD去除率逐步增加.污泥活性分析表明SAD启动后污泥反硝化活性明显增加,厌氧氨氧化活性略微降低.高通量测序结果表明,反应器内微生物的优势菌门为绿弯菌门、浮霉菌门、厚壁菌门、装甲菌门和变形菌门,微生物群落特征与SAD脱氮除碳性能密切相关,与脱氮除碳有关的功能微生物主要有厌氧氨氧化菌、厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌,SAD启动后反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌丰度减少,厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌丰度明显增加.     

基于ASBR反应器的厌氧氨氧化启动及特性研究

采用ASBR反应器,接种消化污泥和厌氧颗粒污泥的混合污泥,在温度(35±1)℃、HRT为24h、pH为7.3～8.5的条件下经过160d的培养,获得了砖红色的厌氧氨氧化菌菌胶团.试验结果表明:进水NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度约为180mg·L-1,平均总氮容积负荷为0.38kg·m-3·d-1时.NH4+4-N和NO-2N的去除率平均为93.2%和95.7%,TN平均去除率为86.9%.厌氧氨氧化反应过程出水pH值高于进水,稳定在7.74左右.     

FeSO_4对厌氧氨氧化微生物活性影响

研究FeSO4对厌氧氨氧化微生物活性的影响,考察不同总氮负荷下加入FeSO4的反应器与对照反应器出水NH+4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N出水浓度及反应器ΔTN,结果表明,当FeSO4浓度为0.1 mmol/L时,反应器NO-2-N出水浓度明显低于对照,反应器基质去除能力强于对照,而反应器NO-3-N出水浓度则高于对照,反应器厌氧氨氧化微生物活性及生物量高于对照。FeSO4可促进厌氧氨氧化微生物富集生长及活性提高,增强反应器基质去除能力及抗负荷冲击能力。     

同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷工艺的快速启动及其运行特征

以低COD/N生活污水(C/N为3∶1~4∶1)为进水基质,在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),通过逐步降低溶解氧(DO)浓度的方式快速实现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷.反应器运行20 d后(DO浓度为0.50~1.0mg·L-1),系统出现同步硝化反硝化耦合除磷的现象.在随后运行的40 d里,反应器对废水COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.84%、93.51%、77.06%和85.69%;出水NO-3-N和NO-2-N平均浓度分别为4.01 mg·L-1和3.17 mg·L-1.反应器启动运行后期,污泥体积指数(SVI)为55.22 m L·g-1,沉降性能良好,颗粒结构较完整.不同氮源的周期曝气阶段结果表明,对TN的去除率为NH+4-NNO-2-NNO-3-N;对TP的去除率为NO-3-NNO-2-NNH+4-N,反应器主要以同步硝化反硝化脱氮和反硝化方式除磷.     

反硝化生物膜启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的研究

反硝化菌的生长快于厌氧氨氧化菌 ,通过培育反硝化生物膜 ,利用反硝化菌的基质多样性和代谢多样性 ,可使生物膜由催化反硝化反应过渡到催化厌氧氨氧化反应 ,加速Anammox反应器的启动 .经过 3个月的运行 ,Anammox反应器的容积总氮负荷达 0 14 3kg·m-3 ·d-1,总氮去除率约 86 5 2 % ,出水NH 4 N和NO-2 N均低于 1mg·L-1.NH 4 N去除量、NO-2 N去除量和NO-3 N生成量之间比例的变化以及污泥颜色的变化 ,可以指示Anammox反应器的启动进程 .     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.