江苏省不同营养状况湖泊底栖动物群落结构与多样性比较

为了解江苏省湖泊底栖动物群落结构和多样性并研究其对水环境质量变化的响应,于2012年春秋两季对江苏省16个湖泊51个采样点湖泊底栖动物群落结构与多样性以及湖泊综合营养状态指数进行调查,分析水质指标与底栖动物指数间Pearson相关关系。结果表明,江苏省16个湖泊营养状态指数范围为35.5~66.4,其中约81.2%的湖泊处于轻度-中度富营养状态,表明水质从好到中度污染;湖泊底栖动物优势种为寡毛类的霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri),优势度为13.0%;香浓多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener diversity index)范围为0.00~2.20,级别范围由极贫乏到较丰富状态,表明水质污染程度从重度到轻度污染。从全省尺度看,水质评价结果与生物学(香浓多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Biotic Index(BI)指数)评价结果存在一定差异。与历史数据相比,江苏省湖泊底栖动物清洁敏感物种减少甚至消失,总体群落结构趋于小型化。16个湖泊水体总氮和总磷与底栖动物密度呈显著负相关,而综合营养状态指数与底栖动物指数(香浓多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和BI指数)间关系不显著。上述研究结果表明综合营养状态指数无法完全客观反映湖泊水生态健康状况,因此需要综合水质、水文、水生生物、生境状况等因素发展新的评价指标体系。     

Phytoplanktonic Community of Organically Polluted Tropical Reservoirs in Eastern India

Plankton is a kaleidoscopic spectrum of organisms with repre-sentatives from almost all phyla of animals and thousands of non-flowering plants. Unicellular protozoans, invertebrates and bacteriato diatoms all drift around as the plankton community. The produc-tion rate of plankton is determined by a host of environmental pa-rameters like physico-chemical properties of water and soil, mete-orological characteristics of the region, and morphometric and hy-drographic features of the water body[3]…     

上海城市绿地生境中春季大型土壤动物群落结构研究

2006年春季对上海市区不同绿地生境进行采样,其中包括学校:华东师范大学校区绿化乔木类型(A),草地类型(B);居住区:师大一村草地类型(C);路旁绿地:浦东生态林乔木类型(D);公园:上海植物园乔木类型(E),草地类型(F);工业区:宝钢乔木类型 (G),草地类型(H);废弃地:南汇老港垃圾填埋场乔木类型(I),共获得大型土壤动物1 930只,分别隶属于3门8纲18目.研究结果表明:大型土壤动物群落优势类群为:中腹足目、等足目、后孔寡毛目、膜翅目,常见类群为鞘翅目、近孔寡毛目、半翅目、蜘蛛目、石蜈蚣目,其余均为稀有类群.不同城市绿地生境中土壤动物群落组成和个体数各异.群落-密度指数IDG和群落复杂性指数C比Shannon-Wiener指数H'更能体现群落的复杂性与多样性, 且能修正不同类群个体数对多样性的影响.对大型土壤动物群落进行聚类和排序的结果显示,9种城市绿地生境可以分为6大类:浦东路旁绿地、植物园及工业区乔木类型,植物园及工业区的草地类型,居住区草地类型,校园乔木类型,校园草地类型,废弃地乔木类型.     

化学-生物絮凝污水处理工艺中微生物群落结构变化分析

利用分子生物学技术，直接从化学-生物絮凝工艺的活性污泥样品中提取DNA，对16S rDNA V3区进行PCR扩增，结合DGGE（变性浓度梯度凝胶电泳），分析了活性污泥中微生物群落结构，并对Shannon多样性指数进行分析讨论，通过研究指出系统中细菌数量的增加或减少．测定了活性污泥中部分菌种的16S rDNA V3区片段序列，通过NCBI（美国国立生物技术信息中心）基因库比对，初步确定细菌的属．结果表明，PCR—DGGE结合测序技术是一种完全可行的快速进行环境样品微生物研究的分析方法．图3表4参13     

上海大莲湖水域浮游植物群落结构特征及水质评价

分别于2009年春、夏、秋、冬4季对上海大莲湖水域浮游植物和水质进行了4次采样调查,应用Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数及优势度等指标分析了不同季节大莲湖水域浮游植物的群落结构特征;并结合理化指标,对大莲湖水域的水体营养状况进行了综合评价。结果表明,大莲湖水域检出浮游植物共计7门40属64种,其中,以绿藻门种类数最多,其次是蓝藻门和硅藻门;浮游植物密度变化范围为0.35×106~10.87×106L-1;浮游植物优势种季节性变化明显,优势种种类较多,为9~14种,优势度不高,变化范围为0.02~0.60。依据浮游植物密度、优势种等群落结构特征评价得出,大莲湖水域水质介于中营养化至富营养化状态之间;由Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Margalef物种丰富度指数得出的评价结果差异较大,其中利用Pielou均匀度指数获得的评价结果与依据理化指标、浮游植物密度及优势种获得的评价结果基本一致,说明该指数适用于大莲湖水域水体营养状态的评价。     

Effect on benthic communities of a major input of organic matter and other pollutants (coast off Barcelona,Western Mediterranean)

Benthic communities on soft bottoms off Barcelona, at and around two main pollution sources, the mouth of the Besòs River and the outlet of the submarine pipeline draining wastewater and organic sludges from the wastewater treatment plant of Sant Adrià del Besòs, have been studied. Samples were obtained with a Van Veen grab from 36 stations covering a 100 km² grid, between 10 and 70 m in depth. The effect of both pollution sources is clearly seen both at the species (the following macrofauna groups have been studied: Polychaeta, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Crustacea Decapoda) and community levels. The distribution of species and individuals numbers, species diversity and a pollution index, and of some selected (indicator) polychaeta species, all clearly define the degree of environmental degradation and the extent of the areas under the influence of the organic pollution.     

鄱阳湖湿地水体与底泥重金属污染及其对沉水植物群落的影响

对鄱阳湖南矶山湿地、吴城自然保护区、白沙洲国家湿地公园及鄱阳湖龙口等典型湿地进行沉水植物群落的调查与采样,并测定各样点水样及底泥重金属含量,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对底泥重金属污染进行评价,采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数等方法对研究区沉水植物群落结构进行评价,对水体、底泥重金属含量与沉水植物的生物量、物种多样性等进行Pearson相关性分析,评价鄱阳湖湿地水土环境重金属污染现状,探讨水体与底泥重金属Cu、Pb、Cd等污染物对其水体沉水植物群落的影响。结果表明：各采样点水体与底泥中Cu、Pb、Cd等3种重金属元素中含量最高的为Pb;各样点水体（除白沙洲水体ρ(Pb)外）ρ(Cu)、ρ(Pb)和ρ(Cd)等均未超出地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准限值,水体重金属含量最高的区域为鄱阳湖东部的白沙洲（ρ(Cu)为50.826μg·L-1,ρ(Pb)为68.660μg·L-1,ρ(Cd)为0.337μg·L-1）,最低的区域为鄱阳湖西南部的南矶山湿地（ρ(Cu)为4.316μg·L-1,ρ(Pb)为7.301μg·L-1,ρ(Cd)为0.167μg·L-1）。两种重金属污染评价方法的结果均表明,受纳乐安河下游来水的龙口区域为底泥重金属污染最严重区域;但两种评价方法的结果存在一定差异,地累积指数法评价龙口区域的结果为偏中度或轻度污染,潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果为轻度污染。研究区野外调查中共发现11种沉水植物,隶属7科9属,其中南矶山湿地的沉水植物物种多样性较丰富,但其物种分布的均匀度较低,水体与底泥重金属含量与其水体中沉水植物的生物量或物种多样性间无显著相关性。     

砷尾矿污染土壤的细菌群落结构多样性及其相关环境影响因子分析

以湖南石门雄黄尾矿污染土壤为对象,研究纵向不同深度、横向不同距离土样中的重金属污染程度以及细菌群落结构变化规律,查明砷污染土壤的核心微生物组成并将其与土壤理化指标进行共存网络图分析.结果表明:该尾矿区的土壤各项重金属指标严重超标,尤以铅(626.54 mg·kg?1,Ei=105.48)、砷(1804.75 mg·kg...     

黄浦江水源地沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

为了解黄浦江上游饮用水源地沉积物中重金属的污染特征,对黄浦江干流和主要支流15个采样点的Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量进行检测,并对其生态风险进行评价.相比环境背景中位值,在15个样品中5种重金属含量都存在一定比例的超标现象,其中,Cd和Hg的污染相对明显;相比背景最大值,仅有Cu和Cd含量超标.采用潜在生态风险指数法和污染负荷指数法进行评价,所得出的生态风险等级均为无污染～中等污染水平,急水港近苏沪交界处、淀峰大桥、大蒸港沪浙交界处、大蒸港泖洋河交汇处、园泄泾以及五厍东一号河交界处区域生态风险较高,Cd和Hg是研究区域生态风险的主导因子.值得注意的是,黄浦江支流大蒸港和园泄泾的生态风险整体高于黄浦江干流.总体而言,黄浦江上游水源地表层沉积物中重金属污染仍处于中等以下水平.     

给水生物预处理反应器的细菌种群多样性和群落结构

提取一生产性规模的给水生物预处理反应器中生物膜样品的总DNA,构建细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并通过16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对生物膜中的细菌种群多样性和群落结构进行了研究.实验结果表明,给水生物膜反应器中的细菌种群多样性十分丰富;生物膜中的细菌分别属于10个主要类群,其中α-Proteobacteria是克隆文库中的最大细菌类群,占克隆子总数的32.28%,其次是β-Proteobacteria;与Rhodobacter系统关系密切的细菌是克隆文库中所占比例最大的一个菌属,占克隆子总数的12.6%;反应器中与硝化作用有关的是Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira属的细菌.研究结果表明,给水生物预处理反应器中的细菌群落结构和废水生物处理反应器中的细菌群落结构是有所差异的.图1表1参13     

短期酸化对新安江流域屯溪段水体浮游植物群落结构及多样性的影响

为了探讨酸雨引起的水体酸化对新安江流域屯溪段浮游植物群落结构、丰度以及多样性的影响,对该流域3个采样站点以及流域附近一小型人工湖泊内浮游植物(同源性不同)进行调查并模拟酸胁迫(p H值4.50、5.65)处理。经酸化处理24 h后,各采样站点浮游植物与未经模拟酸雨处理的对照组相比种类及丰度呈降低趋势;较低p H值下(4.50)金藻门、黄藻门种类消失,优势种类硅藻门和绿藻门浮游植物受到的影响较大,种属数降低范围为0%~75%和27.3%~79.2%,蓝藻门受影响较小,裸藻门、甲藻门种属数未受影响;整体上各站点辛普森多样性指数、香农-维纳指数经酸化处理后均呈降低趋势。水体酸化对浮游植物种类与丰度的抑制效应在高NH3-N和总磷水平下较小。研究结果表明,不同门类浮游植物对酸胁迫的敏感性有较大差异,群落组成不同的水体,短期酸化处理都会显著改变浮游植物群落结构、降低浮游植物丰度以及多样性。作为长期受酸雨胁迫较为严重的地区,酸雨引起的水体酸化将可能成为影响新安江流域浮游植物群落结构的重要因子。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.