黔东南州森林分类经营的探讨

在回顾森林分类经营发展历程的基础上，结合黔东南州实际指出了黔东南集体林区森林分类区划中应注意的问题，并对不同森林类型的经营管理提出对策。     

柽柳属植物的生物量研究

对中科院吐鲁番沙漠植物园4种柽柳的生物量进行了测定和研究。按“标准木法”分别调查高度，基径和冠幅，按“收割法’测定其各器官的生物量及凋落物。调查数据，应用“相对生长法’健立了估测柽柳整株和各器生物量的回归模型，相关系数均达到显著水平。结果表明：柽柳地上部分生物量分别为；甘蒙柽柳25．85t/hm2，刚毛任柳27.17/hm2，白花柽柳35．46t/hm2，长穗柽柳52．29t/hm2。生物量回归模型分别为W(甘)=0．3643(D2H)1.0001，w(刚)=O．3156（D2H）1.0000，w(白)。0．5839（D2H）0.9999，w（长）。0.5035（D2H）0.9987     

贵州首创绿皮书拱护苗山侗水

2014年7月8日，贵州省黔东南自治州中级法院向社会发布《黔东南州环境资源司法保护绿皮书》，从司法角度盘点全州生态文明建设的成效和缺憾，披露破坏森林案件的数据．剖析典型案例，汇报司法护航的打算，就生态文明建设提出建议，此举为贵州各中级法院首创。     

流沙河流域不同生态恢复程度下植物群落特征研究

根据野外调查的数据分析，对流沙河流域干旱河谷不同生态恢复程度下的群落特征进行了研究。调查样方中分布的植物共33科61属66种。在林地中，共有植物24科41属45种。但是不同恢复程度中的物种组成有显著差异：Ⅰ级恢复程度中有11科17属17种，Ⅱ级恢复程度中有13科21属21种，Ⅲ级恢复程度中有18科27属31种；主要物种为松科、蔷薇科、马桑科、禾本科、菊科植物；物种丰富度依次为Ⅲ级〉Ⅱ级〉Ⅰ级；生物量的变化特点为对照（0．31t／hm^2）〈Ⅰ级（5．66t／hm^2）〈Ⅱ级（200．29t／hm^2）〈Ⅲ组（307．06t／hm^2）。在园地中，共有植物19科37属37种；物种丰富度变化不明显，梨树始终在样方中占主导；生物量的变化：Ⅲ级（217．67t／hm^2）〉Ⅱ级（72．60t／hm^2）〉Ⅰ级（39．71t／hm^2）〉对照（0．21t／hm^2）;果树产量变化Ⅰ组（31t／hm^2）〈Ⅱ组（54t／hm^2）〈Ⅲ级（195t／hm^2）。     

民族地区森林资源资产化战略研究——以贵州省黔东南州为例

民族地区经济发展是当今社会共同关注的问题。民族地区的经济建设应根据当地的资源优势、社会经济条件进行优化组合，有序开发。森林资源是民族地区的重要资源，只有将森林资源转化为森林资产，才能实现其变现的可能。以贵州省黔东南州为例，通过SWOT工具分析了森林资源资产化的优势与劣势、机会与威胁，从而选择发展战略。     

川西山地人工柳杉－杉木混交林碳聚积效应研究

本文以四川彭州为典型案例,采用材积源生物量法和土壤剖面分析方法,对栽植17年的人工柳杉纯林、杉木纯林以及柳杉-杉木混交林的碳聚积效应进行了比较研究。结果表明：柳杉-杉木混交林的生物量和林分碳贮量显著高于相对应的纯林,每公顷混交林的生物量为204t,比柳杉纯林和杉木纯林增加16．0％和39．3％;每公顷混交林林分碳贮量为102t,比柳杉纯林和杉木纯林增加16．1％和39．2％,碳聚积效应显著;柳杉-杉木混交林的土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙和非毛管孔隙均高于柳杉纯林和杉木纯林,这将有利于扩大土壤大水库,增加土壤保水抗旱的能力。     

中国环保第一村——文斗

文斗苗寨位于贵州黔东南州锦屏县城西南部30公里处，坐落于海拔600至650米的半山腰中，前有宽阔的湖面，左右分别有风光旖旎、清澈见底的乌榜溪、乌斗溪环绕，全寨40余户2000余人，总面积约11.5平方公里，森林覆盖率95%以上。整个村寨被600多棵参天古树环抱，300多幢木质吊脚楼掩映在翠竹和灌木丛中，     

加快黔东南州森林资源的开发

加快黔东南州森林资源的开发丁建红（黔东南州农业区划办公室，凯里５５６０００）开发利用林区自然资源，发展多种经营，是林业建设的重要组成部分。从众多改革成功的经验来看，要启动贫困山区的商品经济，必须充分开发利用本地丰富的自然资源，变资源优势为产品和商品优...     

森林碳汇计量方法综述——基于黑龙江省的选择

准确有效的森林碳汇计量方法成为碳汇研究工作的关键.综合近年来的研究成果,据黑龙江省大兴安岭林区特点,选取现实可行的计量方法,即以森林蓄积(树干材积)为计算基础,结合蓄积扩大系数计算树木(包括枝枒、树根)生物量,具体通过容积密度(干重系数)计算生物量干重,进而通过含碳率计算其固碳量.     

森林“世界之最”

森林“世界之最”森林面积最多的洲是拉丁美洲，森林面积占全世界总面积的２４％，覆盖率达４４％；森林面积最少的洲是大洋洲，森林总面积只占全世界总面积的２％，覆盖率只有１１％；森林面积最多的国家是俄罗斯，有森林面积４．８亿公顷；森林覆盖率最高的国家是圭亚拉...     

An Application of Remote Sensing Data in Mapping Landscape-Level Forest Biomass for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Forest Policies in Northeastern China

Monitoring the dynamics of forest biomass at various spatial scales is important for better understanding the terrestrial carbon cycle as well as improving the effectiveness of forest policies and forest management activities. In this article, field data and Landsat image data acquired in 1999 and 2007 were utilized to quantify spatiotemporal changes of forest biomass for Dongsheng Forestry Farm in Changbai Mountain region of northeastern China. We found that Landsat TM band 4 and Difference Vegetation Index with a 3 × 3 window size were the best predictors associated with forest biomass estimations in the study area. The inverse regression model with Landsat TM band 4 predictor was found to be the best model. The total forest biomass in the study area decreased slightly from 2.77 × 10⁶ Mg in 1999 to 2.73 × 10⁶ Mg in 2007, which agreed closely with field-based model estimates. The area of forested land increased from 17.9 × 10³ ha in 1999 to 18.1 × 10³ ha in 2007. The stabilization of forest biomass and the slight increase of forested land occurred in the period following implementations of national forest policies in China in 1999. The pattern of changes in both forest biomass and biomass density was altered due to different management regimes adopted in light of those policies. This study reveals the usefulness of the remote sensing-based approach for detecting and monitoring quantitative changes in forest biomass at a landscape scale.     

Water resources and land use and cover in a humid region: the southeastern United States

It is widely recognized that forest and water resources are intricately linked. Globally, changes in forest cover to accommodate agriculture and urban development introduce additional challenges for water management. The U.S. Southeast typifies this global trend as predictions of land-use change and population growth suggest increased pressure on water resources in coming years. Close attention has long been paid to interactions between people and water in arid regions; however, based on information from regions such as the Southeast, it is evident that much greater focus is required to sustain a high-quality water supply in humid areas as well. To that end, we review hydrological, physicochemical, biological, and human and environmental health responses to conversion of forests to agriculture and urban land uses in the Southeast. Commonly, forest removal leads to increased stream sediment and nutrients, more variable flow, altered habitat and stream and riparian communities, and increased risk of human health effects. Although indicators such as the percentage of impervious cover signify overall watershed alteration, the threshold to disturbance, or the point at which effects can been observed in stream and riparian parameters, can be quite low and often varies with physiographic conditions. In addition to current land use, historical practices can greatly influence current water quality. General inferences of this study may extend to many humid regions concerning climate, environmental thresholds, and the causes and nature of effects.     

Nitrogen recovery in an integrated system for wastewater treatment and tilapia production

An integrated system, consisting of Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)-duckweed-tilapia ponds was used for recovery of sewage nutrients and water recycling. A UASB reactor with 40 liter working volume was used as pre-treatment unit followed by a series of three duckweed ponds for nitrogen recovery. The treated effluent and duckweed biomass was used to feed fishponds stocked with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The UASB reactor was fed with raw, domestic sewage at 6 h hydraulic retention time. The three duckweed ponds were stocked with Lemna gibba and fed with UASB effluent at 15 days hydraulic retention time. Nitrogen recovery from UASB effluent via duckweed biomass represented 81% of total nitrogen removal and 46.5% from the total nitrogen input to the system. In subsequent fishponds the nitrogen recovery from duckweed as fish feed was in the range of 13.4–20%. This nitrogen in fish biomass represented 10.6–11.5 g N from the total nitrogen in the raw sewage fed to the UASB reactor. The growth performance of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) showed specific growth rates (SGR) in the range of 0.53–0.97. The range of feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were 1.2–2.2 and 2.1–2.28, respectively. The results of the experiments showed total fish yield and net fish yield in the range of 17–22.8 ton/ha/y and 11.8–15.7 ton/ha/y respectively. In conclusion UASB-duckweed-tilapia ponds provide marketable by-products in the form of duckweed and fish protein, which represent a cost recovery for sewage treatment.     

Macroinvertebrate communities in agriculturally impacted southern Illinois streams: patterns with riparian vegetation, water quality, and in-stream habitat quality

Relationships between riparian land cover, in-stream habitat, water chemistry, and macroinvertebrates were examined in headwater streams draining an agricultural region of Illinois. Macroinvertebrates and organic matter were collected monthly for one year from three intensively monitored streams with a gradient of riparian forest cover (6, 22, and 31% of riparian area). Bioassessments and physical habitat analyses were also performed in these three streams and 12 other nearby headwater streams. The intensively monitored site with the least riparian forest cover had significantly greater percent silt substrates than the sites with medium and high forest cover, and significantly higher very fine organics in substrates than the medium and high forested sites. Macroinvertebrates were abundant in all streams, but communities reflected degraded conditions; noninsect groups, mostly oligochaetes and copepods, dominated density and oligochaetes and mollusks, mostly Sphaerium and Physella, dominated biomass. Of insects, dipterans, mostly Chironomidae, dominated density and dipterans and coleopterans were important contributors to biomass. Collector-gatherers dominated functional structure in all three intensively monitored sites, indicating that functional structure metrics may not be appropriate for assessing these systems. The intensively monitored site with lowest riparian forest cover had significantly greater macroinvertebrate density and biomass, but lowest insect density and biomass. Density and biomass of active collector-filterers (mostly Sphaerium) decreased with increasing riparian forest. Hilsenhoff scores from all 15 sites were significantly correlated with in-stream habitat scores, percent riparian forest, and orthophosphate concentrations, and multiple regression indicated that in-stream habitat was the primary factor influencing biotic integrity. Our results show that these "drainage ditches" harbor abundant macroinvertebrates that are typical of degraded conditions, but that they can reflect gradients of conditions in and around these streams.     

Financial viability of reforesting reclaimed surface mined lands, the burden of site conversion costs, and carbon payments as reforestation incentives

US Federal law mandates that mined land be returned by mine operators to a condition capable of supporting its pre-mining use or a higher use. Previously forested lands have commonly been reclaimed to hayland/pasture or wildlife habitat, and most of these lands have been abandoned from management and rendered non-productive. This situation has left landowners in the position of converting these reclaimed mined lands to forests at a later date, if they choose to make them economically productive. Such land-use conversion, however, comes with a substantial up-front cost to the landowner, which makes the financial viability of such a conversion questionable. We examine the financial viability of reforestation of these previously reclaimed mine lands by calculating land expectation value (LEV) under a range of conditions that include forest type, site quality, and reforestation intensity. We find that conversion to white pine is viable on higher quality sites under low to moderate interest rates with low or high timber prices, but conversion to mixed hardwoods is only profitable under the high price scenario with low interest rates, and only on higher quality sites. We also consider the implications of a shift in reforestation burden from the landowner to the mine operator, and results suggest that including costs of reforestation as part of the mining operation creates a financially viable forest enterprise for landowners under all scenarios for both white pine and mixed hardwoods. Two forms of carbon payments that could encourage reforestation of previously reclaimed mined lands also are examined: an annual payment based upon the total accumulated carbon found on-site in a given year, and an annual payment based on only the increment of carbon storage each year. Our carbon payment results indicate that annual values of up to $5.17 per ton of carbon stored in hardwoods and $9.39 per ton of carbon stored in pines would be required to make reforestation profitable under the poorest conditions (high interest rates, low prices, and poor quality site) when the payment is based on accumulated on-site carbon, although lower values are required under more favorable scenarios. Payments that are based upon the annual increment of carbon must fall in the range of $8.66–$71.88 per ton of carbon stored in hardwoods and $0–$83.29 per ton of carbon stored in pines to make reforestation financially viable.     

The role of stand history in assessing forest impacts

Air pollution, harvesting practices, and natural disturbances can affect the growth of trees and forest development. To make predictions about anthropogenic impacts on forests, we need to understand how these factors affect tree growth. In this study the effect of disturbance history on tree growth and stand structure was examined by using a computer model of forest development. The model was run under the climatic conditions of east Tennessee, USA, and the results compared to stand structure and tree growth data from a yellow poplar-white oak forest. Basal area growth and forest biomass were more accurately projected when rough approximations of the thinning and fire history typical of the measured plots were included in the simulation model. Stand history can influence tree growth rates and forest structure and should be included in any attempt to assess forest impacts.     

Predicted effects of prescribed burning and harvesting on forest recovery and sustainability in southwest Georgia, USA

A model-based analysis of the effect of prescribed burning and forest thinning or clear-cutting on stand recovery and sustainability was conducted at Fort Benning, GA, in the southeastern USA. Two experiments were performed with the model. In the first experiment, forest recovery from degraded soils was predicted for 100 years with or without prescribed burning. In the second experiment simulations began with 100 years of predicted stand growth, then forest sustainability was predicted for an additional 100 years under different combinations of prescribed burning and forest harvesting. Three levels of fire intensity (low, medium, and high), that corresponded to 17%, 33%, and 50% consumption of the forest floor C stock by fire, were evaluated at 1-, 2-, and 3-year fire return intervals. Relative to the control (no fire), prescribed burning with a 2- or 3-year return interval caused only a small reduction in predicted steady state soil C stocks (< or =25%) and had no effect on steady state tree wood biomass, regardless of fire intensity. Annual high intensity burns did adversely impact forest recovery and sustainability (after harvesting) on less sandy soils, but not on more sandy soils that had greater N availability. Higher intensity and frequency of ground fires increased the chance that tree biomass would not return to pre-harvest levels. Soil N limitation was indicated as the cause of unsustainable forests when prescribed burns were too frequent or too intense to permit stand recovery.     

Achieving Conservation Goals in Managed Forests of the Southeastern Coastal Plain

Managed forests are a primary land use within the Coastal Plain of the southern United States. These forests are generally managed under standards, guidelines, or regulations to conserve ecosystem functions and services. Economic value of commercial forests provides incentives for landowners to maintain forests rather than convert them to other uses that have substantially reduced environmental benefits. In this review, we describe the historical context of commercial forest management in the southern United States Coastal Plain, describe how working forests are managed today, and examine relationships between commercial forest management and maintenance of functional aquatic and wetland systems and conservation of biological diversity. Significant challenges for the region include increasing human population and urbanization and concomitant changes in forest area and structure, invasive species, and increased interest in forest biomass as an energy feedstock. Research needs include better information about management of rare species and communities and quantification of relationships between ecosystem attributes and forest management, including biomass production and harvest. Incentives and better information may help commercial forest managers in the Coastal Plain more efficiently contribute to landscape-scale conservation goals.     

Hybrid input-output analysis to evaluate economic impacts of biomass energy

ABSTRACT

The introduction of the new biomass industry exerts influences that change the interactions among economic sectors by drawing the resources for generating electricity, pricing alterations from the existing market and competitively selling electricity to the power grid. These influences should be described and identified to ensure the benefits to the local economy. In this article, we deem to test the potential of hybrid I-O analysis to analyze the economic impacts and address the change in characteristics of the economic impacts of the biomass power plant. The resource utilization data from the existing biomass power plant located in Kochi Prefecture (Japan) is collected and then analyzed by a hybrid input-output (I-O) analysis. We found that (1) the use of cutoff function could determine the new economy’s structure included the biomass power plant where the allocation of resource in the economy is changed according to the consumption and production of the biomass power plant, (2) The power plant increases the total production of Kochi prefecture’s economy, and this benefit overthrows the negative effect of the loss of resource demand of the existing economic sectors. The use of the hybrid I-O to forecast the economic impacts on the local economy could enhance the decision made by the policymaker.