化学品泄漏致大气环境损害的量化评估初探

以某化学品泄漏造成大气污染为例,采用虚拟治理成本法,通过对污染物单位治理成本的调查,污染物危害系数的确定等步骤量化生态环境损害的数额。针对生态环境损害价值量化过程中主要污染物的选择、单位治理成本的确定、危害类别的判断等技术关键点,提出,应结合环境质量标准限值,污染物危害系数等综合因素选择主要污染物;采用成本函数法来确定某一地区单位治理成本更容易被采纳;利用标签制度（GHS）危险性类别的结论能够快速确定污染物危害系数,以期为大气环境损害鉴定评估技术方法的完善提供参考和借鉴。     

我国新污染物污染现状、问题及治理对策

新污染物具有生物毒性、环境持久性和生物累积性,威胁人体健康和生态环境。随着综合国力的提升和人民对美好生活的向往,新污染物治理是“十四五”及今后的重点任务。简述了新污染物的定义、分类及危害,分析了我国新污染物的分布特征,针对新污染物风险防范过程中存在的新污染物底数不清、管理水平缺乏、环保意识不强等问题。提出,开展摸底调查,提高管理水平,科普宣传等措施建议,以期为实现新污染物的风险管控和保障人民生命健康安全提供参考。     

广东省“十二五”生态环境时空变化趋势及影响因素

基于2011—2015年Landsat7、Landsat8等卫星遥感影像,结合土壤侵蚀面积、水资源量、降雨量、污染物排放量等统计数据,按照《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ 192—2015),研究评价广东省"十二五"期间生态环境状况及其时空变化趋势,并对其影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明,广东省的生态环境状况总体为优,各市生态环境状况均属优、良,粤北生态环境状况整体最好;广东省及各市生态环境状况稳中趋好,但呈现温和地波动变化;主要污染物排放量下降和水资源总量提高是促进生态环境状况改善的主要原因。     

基于有机物指纹图谱技术的长江南京段水中有机磷溯源研究

长江水环境污染物识别和溯源分析是保护长江水生态环境的前提。于2021年11月26—27日对长江南京段有机磷进行溯源调查,采用有机物指纹图谱识别技术对9个干流监测点位和7个临近入河排口监测点位之间以有机磷为代表的有机污染物的耦合关联性进行研究,筛查重点潜在污染水域及可能来源。研究结果表明,应用指纹图谱技术共识别出25类有机污染物,其中干流XC-02点位有机磷等有机污染物输入明显,主要受临近陆域污水处理厂、制药企业、石化企业及表面加工企业等的工业废水排放影响;干流XC-07点位有机磷离子峰强度升高,受上游传输与陆域入河排口XA-07点位共同影响。研究为河流有机污染物溯源提出了指纹图谱解析方法思路并得以应用,为水环境有机污染物管控提供技术支撑和决策依据。     

制定地方污水综合排放标准与实行水污染物排放许可证制度的实践

介绍结合新疆的特殊干旱区生态环境和社会经济,各种污染物因素,试行制定出了本地区地方污水综合排放标准,实行水污染物排放许可证制度的实践体会。     

安徽省环境监测中心站开展全省大气和水环境中持久性有机污染物的污染调查

近日，安徽省环境监测中心站开展了“2005年安徽省大气和水环境中的杀虫剂类持久性有机污染物的污染调查”工作。此次调查针对合肥、蚌埠、淮南、马鞍山、芜湖、铜陵、池州、安庆、巢湖9个地市的持久性有机污染物的排放源及其污染现状进行定量筛查，对仍在生产的持久性有机污染物进行补充调查和典型排放源筛查，调查的有机污染物主要有滴滴涕类、六氯苯、氯丹和二恶英类。此次调查，     

徐州市区空气中有机污染现状与变化规律

通过建立和完善空气中有机污染物的分析方法,对徐州市区空气中的有机污染物开展了全面详细的探查,弄清了市区空气中有机污染物的污染现状及时空变化规律,填补了徐州市空气监测数据中的有机污染物的空白,为开展空气有机污染物的调查和监测奠定了一定的基础。     

新疆持久性有机污染物调查工作将在3月底完成

持久性有机污染物调查是我国履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德歌尔摩公约》,开展持久性有机污染物控制工作的一项重要举措。为做好此项工作,新疆维吾尔自治区环保局按照国家环保总局环发[2006]207号文《关于开展全国持久性有机污染物调查的通知》的要求,在2007年下半年进行了详细的工作布署,     

千岛湖旅游生态环境现状及保护措施

调查了千岛湖景区的旅游生态环境现状,分析了旅游开发对生态环境的影响,提出了旅游生态环境的保护措施。     

应用污染源普查成果探索大气污染防治

第二次全国污染源普查数据通过验收后,普查数据可以作为污染物分析及相应成果应用。作为第一次、第二次全国污染源普查工作的主要参与者,以玛纳斯县工业污染源废气污染物为例,对工业污染源废气排放情况进行分析,提出重点污染行业的整治措施,为下阶段生态环境治理提供重要的数据支持。     

Seasonal Variation of Toxic Benzene Emissions in Petroleum Refinery

Petroleum refineries are largest chemical industries that are responsible for the emission of several pollutants into the atmosphere. Benzene is among the most important air pollutants that are emitted by petroleum refineries, since they are involved in almost every refinery process. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a major group of air pollutants, which play a critical role in atmospheric chemistry. These contribute to toxic oxidants, which are harmful to ecosystem, human health and atmosphere. The variability of pollutants is an important factor in determining human exposure to these chemicals. The ambient air concentrations of benzene were measured in several sites around the Digboi petroleum refinery, near the city of Gowahati in northeast India, during winter and summer 2004. The seasonal and spatial variations of the ambient air concentrations of this benzene were investigated and analyzed. An estimation of the contribution of the refinery to the measured atmospheric levels of benzene was also performed. The ambient air mixing ratios of benzene in a large area outside the refinery was generally low, in ppbv range, much lower than the ambient air quality standards. This article presents the temporal and spatial variation of air pollution in and around petroleum refinery and showed that no health risk due to benzene is present in the areas adjacent to the refinery.     

Optimal Design of a Multi-Pollutant Air Quality Monitoring Network in a Metropolitan Region Using Kaohsiung, Taiwan as an Example

An air quality monitoring network (AQMN) usually performs the basic function of assessment of regional air quality and demonstration of compliance with ambient air quality standards in an urban area. Different pollutants, however, may present different characteristic variabilities due to their specific emission patterns, rates of diffusion, and transport and transformation behaviors. But the costs of siting in a pollutant-specific monitoring network would be higher than that for a common network with respect to several pollutants monitored simultaneously. This paper presents a survey of multi-pollutant design principles and optimal searches for siting patterns of an AQMN using both simulation and optimization models as a combined tool. While conservative, quasi-stable, and reactive pollutants are considered in the design principles, cost, coverage effectiveness, and spatial correlation characteristics are included in the multi-criteria decision making process. For illustrative purpose, a series of technical settings and two types of objectives were examined in the case study for the city of Kaohsiung in Taiwan.     

我国城市空气中有毒有害污染物暴露分析

我国目前正处于大气常规污染物治理与有毒有害污染物治理相互叠加的阶段,挥发性有机物等有毒有害大气污染物排放显著增加,大多城市环境赋存严重,而污染形势有待摸清。基于美国33种城市有毒有害大气污染物和日本23种大气优先控制污染物以及其他国家相关管控,根据我国企业化学品生产排放数据,综述了22种在我国东部经济带普遍存在的有毒有害大气污染物的环境赋存情况,对其在我国的环境检出、生产排放、污染物控制技术等进行了分析,发现苯、重金属等污染物检出浓度较高,多数污染物的最大检出浓度高于国外;国家管控有所不足,建议联合多种管理制度协同加强其风险管理,深度改善空气质量。     

Assessment of the Status of Urban Air pollution And Its Impact on Human Health in the City of Kolkata

Air pollution has significant effects on exacerbation of asthma, allergy and other respiratory diseases. Like many other magacities in the world the ambient air quality of Kolkata is also being deteriorated day by day. Automobile exhausts and certain industrial pollutants produce O₃ by photochemical reactions. The particulate matter, particularly less than 10 μ in size, can pass through the natural protective mechanism of human respiratory system and plays an important role in genesis and augmentation of allergic disorders. Sources of air pollution in the area and the unique problem arising out of the emission from the vehicles, industries, etc. have been described. Ambient air quality was monitored along with micrometeorological data and the results are discussed. The status of air pollution in the area has been evaluated and a questionnaire survey was conducted to estimate the allergic symptoms and exposure to assess the respiratory disorders. The data are analysed to evaluate the critical situation arising out of the emission of air pollutants and the impact on human health due to respirable diseases (RDs) to middle class sub-population (activity-wise) in the area are assessed. A strategic air quality management plan has been proposed. For the mitigation of air pollution problems in the city, the different measures to be adopted to maintain the balance between sustainable development and environmental management have been discussed.     

基于环境监测数据的APEC会议空气质量保障环境改善效果评估

在简要回顾APEC期间的空气质量情况的基础上,从多方面较系统的分析了APEC期间北京市空气质量的变化特征,包括各项污染物浓度水平的同比分析、不同区域不同类别站点小时浓度的百分数分布及变化情况分析、污染物日变化规律变化特征分析、空气质量改善效果的空间分布特征分析、颗粒物组分变化特征分析、污染来源解析模型、数值污染模型等方法,力求从多个方面深入了解APEC控制措施对北京市污染水平、污染特征造成的影响,并利用组分、模型等方法定性定量的评估主要空气质量影响因素、不同的污染控制措施对APEC期间空气质量改善的作用及贡献。结果表明,APEC期间,北京市空气质量得到明显改善,空气质量基本处于优良级别,各项污染物浓度大幅下降,APEC污染控制期各项污染物的百分位数浓度与无控制期出现明显分离特征,污染物的日变化低浓度持续时间更长且增长更缓慢。     

曲线拟合在环境空气污染物浓度预测中的应用

从分析环境空气污染物月均值的时间变化规律入手 ,找出与污染物变化特征相对应的数学函数 ,应用曲线拟合的方法 ,结合统计回归分析 ,建立曲线拟合方程。该方程可应用于污染物浓度的中长期预测     

郑州市大气环境中醛酮类化合物污染状况初探

在郑州市交通密集区、工业区、居民文化区等不同功能区设置监测点位,分春季、夏季、冬季不同季节对郑州市大气环境中15种醛酮类的污染状况进行初步研究。结果表明,郑州市大气环境中醛酮类主要污染物为甲醛、乙醛和丙酮;醛酮类污染物含量在不同季节的变化趋势是夏季春季冬季;功能区的变化趋势是交通密集区居民区;污染物主要来源于大气中有机物的光化学反应,甲醛与乙醛、甲醛与丙酮有较好的相关性。     

川东北中心城市南充大气污染态势及其主要成因

基于南充市主城区6项大气污染物浓度数据,研究了2014-2020年南充市的空气质量指数、空气质量指数等级和首要污染物的时序分布。结果表明:随着大气污染防治的开展,南充市大气污染物浓度逐渐下降,出现首要污染物的天数逐年减少,空气质量逐步提高。受污染物节律性影响,空气质量呈现明显的季节差异,冬季空气质量最差,春季次之,夏季污染相对较轻,秋季最轻。首要污染物类型的季节分布特征表现为冬季出现首要污染物天数最多,春季和夏季次之,秋季最少。春、秋、冬季以PM_2.5污染为主,夏季以O₃污染为主。从全年来看,与O₃相比,PM_2.5对空气质量的影响更为突出。在持续控制大气污染物排放总量的同时,精细化协同管控细颗粒物、氮氧化物、挥发性有机物和二氧化硫排放将有助于现阶段的大气污染防治。     

基于神经网络方法的城市空气质量日报技术

运用神经网络方法,将城市空气质量状况与大气污染物对空气质量的损害程度相关联,采用了"基于大气污染损害率的API法"评价概念,模拟发布长春市空气质量日报,同时公布次要污染物,并与API法进行同时段比对实验与综合分析。     

Associations between self-reported odour annoyance and volatile organic compounds in ‘Chemical Valley’, Sarnia, Ontario

Annoyance produced by air pollution has been suggested as a useful proxy for determining ambient air pollution exposure. However, most of the studies, to date, have focused on nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, with no work done on volatile organic compounds (VOC). This study is aimed at examining the associations between odour annoyance and VOC in ‘Chemical Valley’, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. Annoyance scores were extracted from a community health survey (N?=?774), and exposures to VOC were estimated from respondents’ six-digit alphanumeric postal codes using land use regression models. Univariate analyses were used to explore the relationships between odour annoyance and modelled pollutants, whilst multivariate ordinal logistic regression was utilized to examine the determinants of odour annoyance. The results indicate that odour annoyance is significantly associated with modelled benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and (m?+?p)?xylene (BTEX) pollutants. The findings also show that the determinants of odour annoyance in the context of VOC include gender, number of relatives in the community, perception of air pollution, community satisfaction, medical checkups, ability to cope with daily life demands and general symptoms. When compared, the analysis indicates that Sarnia residents respond to considerably lower BTEX concentrations than the allowable ‘safe’ levels in the province of Ontario. In general, the results exhibit a dose–response gradient with annoyance score increasing with rising modelled pollutant concentrations. The observed relationships suggest that odour annoyance might be a function of true exposure and may serve as a proxy for air quality and ambient air pollution monitoring. However, questionnaire-based odour annoyance scores need to be longitudinally validated across different geographical scales and pollutants if they are to be adopted at the national level.