云南省锡冶炼行业SO_2产排污系数核算

云南省是我国主要的锡产地,个旧市是云南省乃至全国的锡冶炼基地,其精锡产量占全国50%以上.SO2排放是形成酸雨的主要原因,锡冶炼作为典型的＂三高一资＂行业,了解其SO2排放情况尤为重要.国家目前对SO2排放总量的核算主要根据国家环境保护总局编制的《主要污染物总量减排核算细则（试行）》（以下简称《细则》）进行,主要耗能产品的排放量按排污系数法核算.《细则》中未对锡冶炼行业排污系数给出明确的规定.国家环境保护总局于1995—1996年编写     

成渝城市群机动车污染特征及减排分析

近年来随着机动车保有量的快速增长,其排放的污染物已成为区域大气污染的重要来源之一,关系到人类身体健康和社会经济发展。基于COPERT模型构建成渝城市群多年尺度的机动车污染物CO、NMVOC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO_2、CH_4、N_2O、NH_3和SO_2排放清单,分析其时空排放特征及主要贡献车型,在此基础上设置9种污染物减排情景,评估不同减排措施下各污染物未来年的减排效果。结果表明,成渝城市群不同机动车污染物时间变化趋势存在差异,污染物CO、NMVOC、CH_4和SO_2排放量近几年下降趋势明显,而污染物NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和N_2O排放却呈相反趋势,特别是CO_2和NH_3排放量在整个研究期间增长趋势明显;轻型客车为污染物CO、NMVOC、CO_2、CH_4、N_2O和NH_3的主要贡献车型,而污染物NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和SO_2则主要来源于重型货车与重型客车的排放;污染物空间分布主要集中在成都与重庆市城市中心区域,随着路网逐渐向外延伸,排放量逐渐变小;研究期间污染物(CO、NO_x、CO_2和NH_3)排放量与GDP表现出较好的相关性;与基准情景相比,各减排情景控制下的减排效果差异明显,实施淘汰高排放车情景对污染物NO_x、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和CH_4的减排效果较好,实施激进新能源车推广情景对污染物NMVOC、CO_2、N_2O和NH_3的减排效果较好,而综合所有减排措施的激进综合情景的整体减排效果则最为显著。     

我国畜禽养殖业产排污系数研究进展

畜禽养殖业污染物排放量的核算对于环境形势判断、环境规划和环境决策制定具有重要意义,同时也是畜禽污染治理工程设计的重要基础资料。产排污系数为畜禽养殖业污染物排放量的核算提供了较为客观的方法,是环境领域重要的基础数据。笔者总结了我国近年来畜禽业产排污系数的研究状况,对我国畜禽养殖业产排污系数的发展历程、不同地区采用的测算方法和测算结果进行了系统的梳理和对比,总结了畜禽业产排污系数研究一些典型的应用和改进,并对畜禽养殖业产排污系数的研究进行展望。     

中美农药行业排污许可证政策差异性探讨

排污许可证制度是管控污染物排放的基本环境管理制度,该研究在介绍中美排污许可制度发展以及农药污染特性的基础上,分别从排污许可证管控污染物种类、发放对象、排放限值确定方法和自行监测4个方面对两国农药行业排污许可证的管理内容进行了对比梳理,发现我国现行农药行业排污许可制度可从以下几个方面进一步完善:根据农药行业的污染物排放特征,进一步扩充需要管控的污染物种类;建议区分区域环境质量达标区与未达标区,采用划分控制单元分区管理的模式进行精细化管理;建议排放限值的确定不仅考虑现行生产工艺、排放控制水平等技术要求,还需考虑与区域环境质量相联系;对于污染治理效果好的企业可以采取激励政策,实现成本-效益的双赢。     

“十一五”期间中国化学需氧量减排与水环境质量变化关联分析

化学需氧量是中国主要污染物总量控制指标之一。分析化学需氧量排放变化及减排形势对今后化学需氧量及其他污染物减排具有借鉴意义。在分析＂十一五＂期间中国化学需氧量减排趋势和水环境质量变化趋势的基础上,定量和定性地考察两者之间的关系。结果表明：＂十一五＂期间化学需氧量排放量呈下降趋势,但生活化学需氧量排放量比重有所上升,中西部地区排放量下降趋势比东部地区要小;化学需氧量减排目标顺利实现,其中,工业源是减排主体,东部地区对减排贡献最大;中国地表水环境质量逐步改善,高锰酸盐指数质量浓度累计下降31.9%,Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质断面比例累计提高14.4个百分点。无论是全国尺度还是流域尺度,随着化学需氧量排放量的减少,地表水水质均出现不同程度的改善,两者表现出一定程度的正相关关系,但是部分流域存在污染物排放总量与环境质量变化不完全协同的现象。     

太湖流域平原河网区农业污染研究——以常州市和宜兴市为例

基于全国第一次污染普查数据,结合各类污染物的产排污系数计算了农业污染物(COD、TN和TP)的产生量、排放量和入河量,对比分析了种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业的污染物排放现状。结果表明,COD、TN和TP排放量分别在种植业、畜禽养殖业及水产养殖业污染物排放总量中所占比例存在明显的差异性,COD和TN排放量占种植业污染物排放总量的比例分别为52%和45%,COD排放量占畜禽养殖业污染物排放总量的比例达91%,COD排放量占水产养殖业污染物排放总量的比例达80%;而不同产业对COD、TN和TP排放量的贡献率也明显不同,水产养殖业和畜禽养殖业对农业COD排放量的贡献率达到80%以上,种植业对农业TN排放量的贡献率接近60%,水产养殖业对农业TP排放量的贡献率接近60%。因此,若要削减有机物,应主要从水产养殖业和畜禽养殖业着手;若要削减氮类污染物,应主要从种植业着手;若要削减磷类污染物,应主要从水产养殖业着手。通过分析研究区农业污染物排放状况,可为农业污染物的削减和控制措施的制定提供一定的参考价值。     

乡镇工业排污收费最适值估算

为了使排污收费制度更有效地促进乡镇企工业健康发展,本文根据多因子迭加收费原则、等量排污等量收费原则、最小最大原则对乡镇工业排污收费最适值进行了估算,并从对乡镇企业、社会、财政收入和农村环境保护的影响以及征收等方面探讨了该值的可行性。     

英国污染减排的经验与启示

论述了英国实现污染物减排环境治理方面的成功经验和做法,其主要有健全完善的法规政策体系,强化运用环境经济手段,建立节能减排的长效机制,建立科学、成熟的战略环评体系(SEA),用最佳可行技术(BAT)防止和减少污染排放,注重公众参与促进全民减排。依据英国实现污染物减排环境治理方面的成功经验和做法,结合目前我国污染物减排工作的实际,对我国污染物减排工作提出了相应的对策与建议。     

排污申报登记中排放水污染物平均值最大值的确定

根拐我国工业污染源排污的实际情况及工作中的经验,利用数理统计的方法,给出了不同排污状况下确定排放水污染物排放量、浓度及污水流量的平均值、最大值的方法.     

农业污染减排指标体系初步构建

控制和削减农业污染物排放总量是国家环境保护"十二五"规划的重点工作之一,但现行的环境管理及产排污量削减与控制技术中还没有完整的农业污染减排的指标体系。该文阐述了构建农业污染减排指标体系的基本原则和方法,综合考虑不同农业生产类型污染物产排过程的特点,从种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业3个方面初步构建农业污染减排指标体系,以期为研究农业主要污染物减排核算体系的关键参数和制定减排核算技术方法提供基础性技术支持。基于当前农业污染减排实施中可能存在的问题,对指标体系的进一步完善提出了相关建议。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.