海南省环境经济系统的物质流特征与演变

本文运用物质流分析( MFA)和IPAT分析方法,对海南省环境经济系统1990 -2008年间的物质输入与输出进行研究,并与同期广东省数据进行对比分析.结果表明:1990 - 2008年间,海南省环境经济系统直接物质输入呈上升趋势,1990 - 2007年间增长速度平缓,年均增长6.88％,而区域过程排放呈下降趋势,年均降低0.95％;19年间,除个别年份外,海南省物质输入强度、输出强度及物质输入效率均低于同期广东省水平,1994年以前,海南省物质输出效率明显低于同期广东省水平,1995年开始逐渐接近同期广东省水平.对以上结果进行分析,可揭示我国唯一的热带岛屿省份——海南省的物质流特征与演变规律,能够为区域循环经济与可持续发展提供科学决策,促进海南生态省、新型工业省和国际旅游岛的建设.     

循环经济研究现状与展望

文章分析并综合了循环经济现有的多种视角.认为循环经济是以"减量化、再利用、再循环"为原则,运用制度和技术手段,实现一定环境资源约束条件下经济增长为目的的新的经济增长方式.其本体是生产生活系统.落实循环经济需经由主体的行为调整,提高资源使用率,降低废物直接排放量,逐步实现生产、生活与生态共赢的和谐发展.阐述并讨论了循环经济的目标与实现路径、评价指标(体系)、制度建设以及经济学等方面的研究.文章提出应加快完善循环经济的法律体系,修订现有相关法律、法规,进一步提高其可操作性.在给予循环经济企业适当财政补贴和税收减免政策的同时,要注意培育多数循环经济企业的自生能力.并指出循环经济的基础理论、物质流方法与其它方法结合、区域循环经济的制度建设与评价、循环经济与经济增长的关系、国际经验的综合性分析等方面是重要的深入研究方向.     

城市消费结构变动的环境效应及作用机理探析

城市生态经济系统是一个由“环境-资源-生产-消费-环境”组成的物质循环系统．在这一物质循环系统中消费通过前后相关联，从生产到资源利用和直接向环境排放废弃物两个方向影响着城市环境。据此．以河谷型大城市兰州市为例．以能源、交通、水资源和家庭消费等四项指标代表消费结构构成．利用灰色关联度模型等计量模型来定量研究1990-2002年13年尺度下消费构成变动对环境的影响．探讨城市消费结构变动的环境效应及其作用机理。     

工业固废生态链的构建对区域物质流的影响

2008年,我国工业固废产生量达1.9亿t,比上年增长8.31%。大量工业固废排放不但占用土地、污染环境,还是对资源的一种浪费。我国工业固废以尾矿、冶炼渣、化工废物、原液及母液为主,其中还蕴藏着可用资源。近年来,工业固废的综合利用力度逐渐加大,综合利用率达到64.33%,但与国外相比还存在一定差距。本文在分析我国工业固废综合利用现状的基础上,提出工业固废链构建原则,并采取物质流分析方法,通过定量研究工业固废生态链(简称固废链)建立前后区域经济系统物质流总量及效率的变化,揭示了工业产业与区域经济和环境的相互影响机制。并以北京钢铁工业为例,在综合分析北京钢铁工业固废利用现状的基础上,通过构建北京钢铁工业固废链,定量地给出了工业固废链构建对于区域物质流的影响。结果表明:北京地区通过构建钢铁固废链,可减少区域物质总需求3 581.21万t,减少区域物质输出616.65万t,并提高区域物质生产力3.56个百分点,有利于促进区域循环经济的发展。     

重读稳态经济:循环经济热的冷思考

稳态经济观从物质与能量平衡的角度出发，主张在自然和社会经济两系统中均保持低流通率以实现可持续发展；由于稳态经济观潜在的反消费主义与反技术万能倾向。它一直没有成为主流理论．在发展循环经济的过程中，有必要反思并从稳态经济理论中汲取营养。对于自然资源和环境资源并不富裕的中国．在发展循环经济的过程中，不仅要算物质的回收利用账。更要算能量账和低熵物质的成本账。     

循环经济学:学科特征与趋势展望

在比较分析有关循环经济学研究内容相关论述的基础上．从“自然-人类社会-空间”三维系统的角度，提出循环经济学的内涵．认为循环经济学是以缓解资源、环境、生态问题为目标，运用经济学方法研究物质流、能源流的运行机理、方式、技术、效率、机制的一门应用经济学科．并且从人地关系系统分解角度．分别界定了生态经济学、资源经济学、环境经济学与循环经济学的研究范畴．认为循环经济学是以人类系统与自然系统的相互关系及其所引起的人与人之间的相互关系为研究对象的．而生态经济学、资源经济学、环境经济学所涉及的只是人地关系中的子系统。据此，还进一步分析了当前我国循环经济学研究的主要方向、发展趋势。研究视角主要包括技术流程分析、深层生态分析和模式分析；今后的研究趋势则主要在于寻求理论创新、加强对循环经济模式的经济学分析，加强对于区域循环经济发展的长期分析、加强对于循环经济运行的多角度分析和加强循环经济学与相关学科的对比与借鉴研究。在此基础上构建包括理论体系、内容体系和方法体系在内的循环经济学研究的内容体系：     

中国资源型城市经济转型问题与战略探索

资源型城市经济性转型正面临着重大的经济、社会和资源环境问题：①城市产业结构属于资源型、粗放型的传统初级产业结构。技术水平与效益低下；②就业和社会保障压力巨大；③资源濒临枯竭。环境污染和生态问题严重；④机制体制问题突出。创新能力不足。资源型城市的经济成功转型需要战略创新。具体战略包括：发展目标创新——社会福利均等化、经济持续发展、生态环境整治与社会经济协调发展的三大效益目标；循环经济发展战略一多元化产业结构优化。构建生态产业体系。转变传统增长方式；资源替代与产业替代战略；科技创新战略——依靠高新技术的后发优势战略；生态城市战略；机制体制创新战略等。     

城市绿色全要素生产率演变机制研究——基于城市能源与土地要素约束的视角

在探索城市经济高质量发展与资源环境保护"双赢"的实现路径中,本文从城市能源与土地要素配置结构约束下的视角出发,以2004—2017年中国的280个微观城市为样本,基于SBM-Luenberger生产函数的方法重新测度和分析城市绿色全要素生产率(GTFP)的增长指数,并对GTFP增长的来源、时空动态特征、内部驱动因素进行分析,研究显示:①城市绿色全要素生产率(GTFP)在2004—2017年总体变化分为三个阶段,依次为正向增长阶段(2004—2008)→负向增长阶段(2009—2015)→正向增长阶段(2016年以后),GTFP增长主要来源于其规模效率的增长。②在空间动态变化中,初始阶段绿色全要素生产率增长的空间集聚HH区域(高增长水平)集中在西部,LL区域(低增长水平)则集中在福建、江苏、浙江、黑龙江等东部。随着时间的推移,HH区域在西部基础上不断扩大到中部和京津冀地区,且东岸沿海区域的LL区域范围在缩小。③在增长驱动因素中,城市能源结构的直接负效应与城市新能源电力供给占比较低有关;土地资源供应结构的负向效应说明城市发展存在"底线竞争"效应;产业结构的高级进程有利于地区整体GTFP增长但对产业属地环境存在负向效应。除此之外,资源倾斜与资源集聚效应越强,其地区GTFP增长能力越强。因此,应充分发挥城市集聚的规模效应,提高城市能源与土地资源的集约效率,依靠经济效率、资源效率和环境效率的提升实现城市经济高质量发展。     

试论以物质流分析方法为基础建立我国循环经济指标体系

为了更好地推动我国循环经济建设的发展。本文介绍了当前国际上用来分析资源问题的物质流分析（MFA．Material Flow Analysis）方法：描述了日本以MFA方法表述国家资源投入、废弃物产生和废弃物再生利用．并在此基础上提出国家循环经济社会发展目标的经验：指出MFA方法将是我国分析评价社会经济活动中资源使用状况的重要方法；并以此为依据．结合我国国情进一步提出我国的循环经济指标体系应包括的主要指标。这些指标将为我国制定循环经济发展目标、推进循环经济发展提供理论依据。也会成为循环经济社会建设中我国与国际比较，找出差距，调整战略的重要技术指标。     

广义物质循环模型及对循环经济的政策内涵

在传统经济增长模式下。我国资源开采、生产、消费及消费末端各个环节的环境问题都十分突出。然而传统的物质循环并不能从根本上解决我国经济增长与生态环境之间的矛盾。在总结传统物质循环的特点与局限性的基础之上。提出了旨在提高经济系统全过程资源效率与环境绩效的广义物质循环的概念及理论模型；剖析了广义物质循环的资源与环境政策内涵，并据此提出我国资源环境的生命周期政策途径；最后以广义物质循环的内涵及基本原则为指导。深入探讨了我国循环经济发展的资源政策与环境政策。本文认为。建立与发展以广义物质循环为核心的循环经济增长模式。是我国实现经济与环境持续协调发展的根本途径。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA†

ABSTRACT

Formula 1 motor sport and the Men's World Cup of association football, two major sporting events on our calendars, are indirectly and directly responsible for environmental despoliation. They serve as advertisements for heavy industry, are designed for elite as much as mass consumption, and provide sponsors with dubious social licenses to operate. This occurs through the very mechanisms of the events themselves (engines in Formula 1, tourism in the World Cup) as well as their promotional externalities. I look at greenwashing claims made about these two sporting events and examine counter-discourses, then investigate economic and ecological citizenship. I suggest that a progressive agenda can be forwarded if Greenpeace, which runs campaigns related to these sports, works with its fellow elites, in the case of Formula 1, and with fans in the case of football. Doing so may be more effective than business-as-usual direct action.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。