Concentration of organochlorines in Ganges River dolphins from Patna,Bihar

Concentrations of DDT, HCH, aldrin and endosulfan were determined in river dolphins from the River Ganges, Patna. Among the organochlorines studied in the dolphins, DDT concentration was highest followed by HCH. This shows exposure of dolphins to these organochlorine pesticides. Presences of organochlorines to higher degree in tissues suggest that the river dolphins be at greater risk due to pesticidal contamination of the river system.     

珠江三角洲城市环境与社会经济协调发展的分异类型及调控

可持续发展的城市生态环境应当是环境和社会经济效益的高度统一，然而由于自然资源和社会、经济等因素的差异，一定区域内城市的局长必然会呈现出不均衡性，表现为不同城市的环境与社会，经济协调发展的分划分，区域分异并对其发展方向作出描述，对评价城市生态环境的质量及其演变态势，并进一步制定相应的调控措施，都是非常必要的。本文对珠江三角洲城市环境与社会，经济协调发展状况的四种分异类型，并提出了促进城市 社会经济协     

Calculation of the minimum ecological water requirement of an urban river system and its deployment: A case study in Beijing central region

The minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system and water deployment are key elements in integrated water resources planning and urban ecological construction. Based on a review of ecological water requirement calculation methods and considering the different ecological functions of an urban river system, the ecological function method was used in this paper to calculate the components of the ecological water requirements of an urban river. An envelope curve-based method was proposed for assessing the minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system. Water resources deployment strategies designed to meet the minimum ecological water requirements were described. Then, the minimum ecological water requirements of the urban river system in Beijing central region, selected as a case study, were investigated. The key parameters for assessing the minimum ecological water requirement in the Beijing urban river system were determined. Based on the ecological objectives and the current status of the different urban river systems within the Beijing central region, the minimum ecological water requirements were calculated. Different types of water sources, including rainwater, upstream water, and reclaimed water, were deployed to meet the ecological water requirements for the urban river system in the Beijing central region.     

上海地区河流健康评价方法探讨

界定了河流健康的概念,基于对国外河流健康表征指标的剖析,尝试从河流水文、河流形态、河岸带状况、水质理化参数以及河流生物5方面对河流健康进行评价,初步提出由5个1级指标、17个2级指标架构的城市河流健康评价体系.通过国际调研、标准对照、专家咨询等方法制定相关评价标准,基于简明的评价模型将河流健康状况划分为很健康、健康、亚健康、不健康和病态5个等级.以上海中心城区某河流为例,对其健康状况进行评价.     

黑河流域土地退化分类研究

黑河流域位于我国的西北内陆干旱区。人类不合理利用水资源造成的土地退化，已成为黑河流域一个非常严重的生态问题。土地荒漠化是该流域最典型和最严重的土地退化形式。对该流域土地退化的空间分布、特点、退化面积等方面还没有较为详细的研究，因此探讨这个问题就显得非常重要。文章通过最新的遥感影像资料(2000年)，在分析已有的研究成果的基础上，结合野外调查，利用遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)技术，初步分析了黑河流域土地退化的情况。研究结果表明，黑河流域土地退化主要有5种类型，即：水土流失、干旱化、植被退化、盐渍化和沙漠化。土地退化面积达29971．91km^2，占整个流域面积的23．06％；其中，水土流失主要分布在祁连山的南部山区，面积为5747．68km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的19．18％，主要是由于过度开垦和放牧造成的；由于人类活动的影响，造成水资源在时空上的重新分配而导致的干旱化土地主要分布在山前部分冲、洪积平原的河流沿岸附近，其面积为1369.96km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的4．57％；盐渍化土地是该流域土地退化的主要类型之一，面积为10591．82km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的35．34％，分布在流域的低地、冲积扇的边缘等位置，主要是由于干旱的气候条件造成的；沙化土地，包括流动沙丘(地)，是研究区土地退化面积最大的类型，为10771．97km^2，占整个流域土地退化面积的35.94％，这其中也包括历史时期形成的沙漠和现代形成的大部分沙地；植被退化土地面积为1490．48km^2，只占整个流域土地退化面积的4．97％。通过分析可知，黑河流域土地退化严重，特别是在下游地区。人类不合理的经济活动，尤其是对该流域内有限水资源的不合理利用，是导致该地区土地生态系统脆弱的主要因素。     

Copper, Lead and Zinc Mobility and Bioavailability in a River Sediment Contaminated with Paint Stripping Residue

A river embankment sediment beneath a road bridge in South Australia had been surveyed on a previous occasion to a depth of 10 cm and found to contain high levels of copper, lead and zinc deposited during previous lead and zinc-based primer paint stripping operations prior to repainting the bridge. Since the river embankment is geologically different from the surrounding non-embankment soils, and a sufficient distance from the bridge along the river embankment could not be traversed, the geological background Cu, Pb and Zn fraction was established initially using a solid phase sequential extraction (SPSE) procedure. Assessment of the degree of contamination and extent of vertical mobility was then established. Copper was a minor contaminant and present predominantly as the geological background species. Lead was partitioned evenly between the oxalate soluble fraction and residual fraction to a depth of 30 cm with a decrease in total Pb concentration from 497 to 141 mg Pb kg^–1 while Zn was predominantly in the oxalate soluble fraction to a depth of 15cm with a decrease in concentration from 1013 to 150 mg Zn kg^–1. The reduced rate of nitrification and the lower total concentration of NO₃ ^–-N together with the higher respiratory quotient, combined with the lower microbial quotient, are indicative of microbial stress due to heavy metal toxicity. In the case of Pb and Zn paint stripping residues, these changes in indicators of microbial health are possibly the result of the greater abundance and hence possible bioavailabilty of organo- and chloro-Pb compared to organo- and chloro-Zn complexes.     

天津市景观水体底泥重金属污染状况综合评价

针对天津市景观河道底泥重金属污染进行了调研,分析了各采样点Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd 5种重金属的污染情况,采用美国NOAA标准对底泥重金属污染进行生物安全性评估和模糊综合评价,以及采用地积累指数法（排除背景值的影响）对重金属的富集程度进行了评价。结果显示：除子牙河外,天津市景观河道重金属污染都比较严重;重金属Zn、Cu、Cd对河道底泥污染的贡献较大,而Pb、Cr对河道底泥污染的贡献较小;城市工业化和开发是造成河道重金属污染的一个重要原因;＂城市水环境改善与水源保护示范工程研究＂的工程示范对河道水体改善作用有明显的效果,建议政府大力推广。     

Methodological approaches for delimitating mixing zones in rivers: establishing admissibility criteria and flow regime representation

The present paper addresses defining the extent of the mixing zones of effluents discharged into rivers, which is a problem that should be analyzed based on probabilistic terms, as it is governed by several random processes. A river’s flow regime is one of the main variables, and it has a high dependence on hydrological processes. Additionally, after calculating the extent of the mixing zone, it is necessary to determine if the resulting dimensions are admissible or not. Common practice includes the admissibility criteria associated with the geometry of the river. However, this practice does not consider the environmental characteristics of the river that make it capable of absorbing the impact of the effluent (the biological and hydromorphological status of the river and the presence of structures that can change the river flow conditions, ecologically sensitive area or threatened species). This paper presents work on two important topics: on the one hand, the development of a methodology to establish the admissible extent of the mixing zone as a function of the environmental vulnerability of the river to the discharged effluent and, on the other hand, the proposal of a procedure to perform the calculations of the effluent mixing considering the variability of the river’s flow regime. The proposed methodological approaches are illustrated with an application to a real case, including a numerical simulation of the hydrodynamic and effluent evolution of the river during a year, to test the proposed methodology’s suitability and demonstrate the important savings in computational effort that can be achieved.     

河流营养物参照状态的建立方法研究进展

建立营养物参照状态是河流水污染控制的关键问题之一。系统论述了参照状态的各种内涵,重点分析了国外建立河流营养物参照状态的各种方法及优缺点,并分析了其在中国的适用性。最后,提出了河流营养物参照状态的进一步研究的重点。参照状态根据允许人类活动影响的程度可有多种含义:最小干扰状态、历史状态、最少干扰状态和最佳可达成状态。其中,最少干扰状态和最佳可达成状态在现实管理中具有一定程度的可操作性。参照河流百分比法是建立营养物参照状态的首选方法,但中国水环境污染形势严峻,参照点变得越来越少。当参照点不存在时,一般河流百分比法是参照河流百分比法的替代方法,然而一般河流百分比法和参照河流百分比法的匹配性关系并不完全保持一致。由于栖息地退化等因素对生物完整性的影响程度可能比营养物浓度更大,生物响应法在实际应用中是非常困难的。流域模型法虽然有众多优点,但是数据要求较高,并且常用流域模型的机理与中国有较大差距,在中国应用的结果具有较大的不确定性。综合考虑中国水环境污染现状和数据要求,以多元线性回归模型为代表的简易模型方法在中国应有最大的适用性。然而,环境因素与营养物质间的关系往往都是非线性的,今后应着重研究建立河流营养物参照状态的多元非线性回归模型方法。此外,还应加强季风河流营养物参照状态的季节性差异与年际差异研究,并在全国层面上根据自然因素划分适当规模的生态区,分区确定各生态区的河流营养物参照状态。     

A simulation framework for water allocation to meet the environmental requirements of urban rivers: model development and a case study for the Liming River in Daqing City,China

In this paper, we describe the development of a simulation framework for allocating water from different sources to meet the environmental flows of an urban river. The model permits the development of a rational balance in the utilization of storm water, reclaimed water from wastewater treatment plants, and freshwater from reservoirs with consideration of the limited capacities of different water resources. It is designed to permit the full utilization of unconventional water sources for the restoration of river water quality by increasing river flow and improving water quality. To demonstrate practical use of the model, a case study is presented in which the model was used to simulate the environmental water allocation for the Liming River in Daqing City, China, based on the three water sources mentioned above. The results demonstrate that the model provides an effective approach for helping managers allocate water to satisfy the river’s environmental water requirements.     

Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

River network structure shapes interannual feedbacks between adult sea lamprey migration and larval habitation

Adult sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) migrating upstream to spawn follow a pheromone released by instream larvae. The size (i.e. flow) of a tributary dilutes the concentration of this pheromone, such that the downstream propagation pattern of larval pheromone must be influenced by patterns in the relative sizes and numbers of confluent tributaries. We developed an individual-based model to explicitly test the resulting hypothesis that river network structure influences the migration decisions of adult lampreys following the larval pheromone, and in turn the distribution of larvae. First, we initialized the model using randomly generated river networks, and found a strong positive relationship between network diameter and larval aggregation. Larvae aggregated over time, and the degree and rate of this aggregation depended on network diameter. Second, we initialized the model using a river network based on the Muskegon River, Michigan, and compared model-generated larval distribution to available field survey data. We found a significant correlation between model-generated larval abundance and field-measured larval densities (r₂ = 0.54; p < 0.0001). We also found an inverse relationship between subwatershed area and the degree to which path-dependent effects influenced larval abundance in that subwatershed. Our results overall suggest that larval distribution across a watershed results from a system of context-dependent interannual feedbacks shaped by network structure and the past migratory and spawning behavior of adults.     

Linking fate model in freshwater and PBPK model to assess human internal dosimetry of B(a)P associated with drinking water

In the present study, we demonstrate an integrated modeling approach for predicting internal tissue concentrations of chemicals by coupling a multimedia environmental model and a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. A case study was designed for a region situated on the Seine river watershed, downstream of the Paris megacity, and for benzo(a)pyrene emitted from industrial zones in the region. In this case study, these two models are linked only by water intake from riverine system for the multimedia model into human body for the PBPK model. The limited monitoring data sets of B(a)P concentrations in bottom sediment and in raw river water, obtained at the downstream of Paris, were used to re-construct long-term daily concentrations of B(a)P in river water. The re-construction of long-term series of B(a)P level played a key role for the intermediate model calibration (conducted in multimedia model) and thus for improving model input to PBPK model. In order to take into account the parametric uncertainty in the model inputs, some input parameters relevant for the multimedia model were given by probability density functions (PDFs); some generic PDFs were updated with site-specific measurements by a Bayesian approach. The results of this study showed that the multimedia model fits well with actual annual measurements in sediments over one decade. No accumulation of B(a)P in the organs was observed. In conclusion, this case study demonstrated the feasibility of a full-chain assessment combining multimedia environmental predictions and PBPK modeling, including uncertainty and sensitivity analyses.     

典型城市黑臭河道水体生物毒性研究

以黑臭为特征的城市内河污染近来受到关注,检测和分析污染河流水质的生物毒性对水质标识和生态评价十分必要。本研究逐月检测了温州市九山外河(JS River)和山下河(SX River)两条典型黑臭河道水样对斑马鱼、发光细菌和热带爪蟾胚胎的毒性效应。结果显示,黑臭河道水体对斑马鱼、发光细菌(青海弧菌Vibrio Qinghaiensis Q67)和爪蟾胚胎均具有毒性效应。以斑马鱼死亡率和发光细菌相对抑光率表征的水质综合毒性较一致,且以发光细菌更为敏感。爪蟾胚胎致畸实验主要通过存活率和畸形率来表征水体的毒性。3类生物监测均显示SX水体毒性明显高于JS整体毒性,这与两条河黑臭程度相一致。通过发光细菌检测水体综合毒性的分析,显示SX和JS水体毒性在5月-8月的夏季较高,冬春季节较低,表明黑臭河道水质毒性季节性变化与水体温度(T)和溶解氧(DO)值关系密切。本研究结果可为污染水体生物毒性检测和黑臭水体综合评价及后续治理提供依据。     

Evaluation of aquatic rehabilitation technologies for polluted urban rivers and the case study of the Foshan Channel

An index system for evaluation of technologies for urban river rehabilitation was proposed and discussed. The index system includes indicators of cost, resources, environmental improvement, and social effects. The calculation method for an objective value of each index based on its attributes and weights was presented. The Foshan Channel, which is a seriously polluted, black and malodorous urban river in Foshan City, China, was selected as a case study. The values of the attributes and the weights of the indices for the Foshan Channel were determined. The technologies for the rehabilitation of the Foshan Channel were evaluated based on this index system. Finally, a rehabilitation scheme for the Foshan Channel was proposed.     

Using GIS to study the coastal geomorphology of the Acheloos river mouth in West Greece

In this paper the counteractive dynamic marine and river environments responsible for a river mouth’s and a delta’s modulation is studied. The Acheloos River (West Greece) was chosen as the case study due to the recent changes taken place in its basin. The aim of this study is to analyze the present dominant environment and the impact of human activity on this balance. A GIS database was developed and updated in order to provide access for future use and computer analysis (both spatial and chronological). The study, includes an estimation of the delta forming processes, the impact of the anthropogenic parameters on these processes, and, finally, their representation.     

利用泥鳅红细胞核的遗传损伤监测福州市内河水质

利用泥鳅红细胞核的遗传损伤监测福州市内河水质,探讨红细胞核的遗传损伤与水质常规衡量指标间的相关性.结果表明:泥鳅红细胞微核率及核异变率的高低能够反映出河水的综合污染程度,差异达到显著或极显著.在一定范围内河水受污染程度越严重,微核及核异常率越高.但当染毒时间太长时,微核率及核异常率反而有所下降.微核率与水质的几项常规衡量指标间的相关程度依次为:高锰酸盐指数 >溶解氧 >氨氮比 >pH值;总核异常率与河水的几项常规指标间的相关程度依次为:高锰酸盐指数 >氨氮比>溶解氧>pH值.核异常率与微核率达到最高值的处理时间不完全同步.核异常率显著高于微核率,微核率与核异常率相关系数为 0. 44,这反映出生物体本身具有自动修复能力,能通过各种途径修复受损的DNA.此外,还探讨了泥鳅红细胞的微核来源和利用泥鳅红细胞核的遗传损伤监测河水水质的可行性及注意问题. 图 3表 6参 16     

The Evolution of the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge System and the Doctrine of Compatibility

This paper reviews the history and evolution of the United States National Wildlife Refuge System, perhaps the largest and oldest wildlife conservation system in the world. The refuge system is guided by the doctrine of compatibility, which permits only those uses on a refuge which are "compatible with the purposes for which the refuge was established." Memoranda and documents spanning the last 100 years were examined, and key refuge personnel interviewed, to understand the historical basis for current refuge policies. Topics of particular importance were the origins of the compatibility doctrine, the origin and meaning of the sanctuary concept, and the means by which refuges were established.
Through time, the refuge system has shifted from a policy of strict protection of wildlife to a policy of integrating public uses of refuges. The doctrine of compatibility has evolved to facilitate public use of wildlife refuges. Increasingly, the needs for recreation and resource use have interfered with the purposes far which refuges were established. A legislative solution may be needed to ensure that these areas are protected and remain viable reserves for wildlife and natural communities.
The sustained conservation of reserve areas often represents a delicate balance between political constraints and biological realities. The examination of the National Wildlife Refuge System not only has ramifications for North American conservation, but illustrates many of the problems and pitfalls facing conservation and land management worldwide.     

北方城市干涸河流生态环境治理途径

以滹沱河石家庄市区段为例,针对目前我国北方城市干涸河流治理和改造存在的问题,提出"以绿代水"的生态恢复与重建模式。在对河流进行生态输水、水资源合理管理与调度的同时,选择适宜的研究尺度,恢复流域内自然植被,实现河道中心区草本滞洪补潜、缓冲区灌木束水导流、杨柳护堤造岸、过渡区林果防风固沙的"绿色滹沱",为北方城市干涸河流的生态环境治理提出新的理念和途径。     

基于3S技术的区域生态廊道模拟及优化

以北京市朝阳区为例,运用3S技术并参考现有资料,对北京市朝阳区现有生态廊道状况进行了分析研究,并运用生态服务功能价值理论和耗费距离模型,模拟建立了北京市朝阳区潜在生态廊道模型。研究结果表明,研究区内生态环境受到了一定的破坏,景观破碎化严重,斑块聚集度虽高,但连接度不够,廊道连通性较差,许多重要的生态斑块没有足够的廊道连接,没有形成良好的生态网络,廊道的规模也达不到标准,服务范围较小。为修复现有廊道来维护区域生态安全,强化生态服务功能,建议北京市朝阳区生态廊道适宜宽度阈值：河流生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少30m以上,道路生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少60m以上,绿带生态廊道植被宽度一侧至少500m以上。