焦化废水外排水的TiO2光催化氧化深度处理及有机物组分分析

采用TiO₂光催化氧化法对焦化废水外排水进行深度处理,考察反应时间,TiO₂投加量及废水初始pH对TOC降解的影响,通过GC/MS技术对处理前后废水中的有机物组分进行定性分析,解析废水在TiO₂光催化氧化过程中有机物的降解规律. 结果表明:在反应时间为3 h,TiO₂投加量为4 g/L,以及不调节废水pH的条件下,焦化废水外排水经TiO₂光催化氧化深度处理后TOC的去除率为53.40%,有机物种类由66种降为23种;TiO₂光催化氧化法对除多环芳烃外的其他有机物均有较好的去除效果;不同种类有机物在TiO₂光催化氧化过程中的降解速率为石油烃>醇、酸、醛等有机物>酚>苯系物>含氮杂环有机物>多环芳烃.      

流化床光催化氧化处理印染废水中试研究

设计了1种流化床光催化氧化中试处理系统,制备了一种负载型TiO₂光催化剂.以高压汞灯为光源,选用难降解偶氮染料4BS和高分子化学浆料CMC配制的模拟印染废水为处理对象,考察了初始pH值、初始浓度以及光助催化剂H₂O₂浓度、Fe₃₊浓度对光催化降解效果的影响,并对有关的光催化反应动力学规律进行了探讨.结果表明,本工艺系统对配制的印染废水有较好的处理效果,光照74min色度去除率可超过80%,光照150min COD去除率可超过70%,BOD₅/COD可提高至0.4以上.     

TiO2薄膜降解印染废水的反应动力学研究

采用液相沉积法制备了石英砂负载纳米TiO2薄膜,对实际印染废水的光降解反应动力学进行了研究.结果表明:实际印染废水的光催化降解可用Langmuir-Hinshelwood 方程来描述,即浓度较高时,光催化降解符合零级动力学方程;浓度较低时,光催化降解在零级和一级反应之间.不同的pH值和H2O2投加量对反应的级数也有重要的影响,外加H2O2对光催化降解有极大的促进作用.     

硫酸铁混凝剂处理焦化废水A/O 工艺出水的研究

利用Fe₂(SO₄)₃ 作为混凝剂,对焦化废水生化处理出水进行深度处理,考察pH 值和投加量对混凝过程的影响,从而分析不同条件下有机物的去除机理.结果表明,在pH3~9 的条件下,混凝对生化出水中的有机物均能取得较好去除效果.弱酸性条件有利于有机物的去除,在Fe₂(SO₄)₃投加量为400mg/L、pH5 的条件下,DOC 去除率达到40.1%,出水COD<150mg/L.络合沉降、络合吸附和吸附是混凝过程中有机物的主要去除机理,但在不同pH 值条件下,三者作用程度不同.混凝过程主要去除生化出水中的中等分子量、疏水性有机物,对亲水性有机物几乎没有作用.     

改性镁铝水滑石对印染废水中锑的去除研究

锑(Sb)是印染废水中的特征污染物,常规处理工艺难以实现印染废水Sb(Ⅴ)的稳定达标排放,出水Sb(Ⅴ)浓度超标的问题亟待解决.本文选用十二烷基硫酸钠改性的镁铝水滑石(DS₄-LDH)为吸附剂,对印染废水中的Sb(Ⅴ)进行深度去除研究,系统考察不同条件下印染废水中Sb(Ⅴ)的去除效果.研究结果显示,0.05 g·L^-1投加量的DS4-LDH可使Sb(Ⅴ)浓度为500μg·L^-1的模拟印染废水的出水Sb(Ⅴ)浓度小于50μg·L^-1,满足相应排放标准.DS₄-LDH对印染废水中Sb(Ⅴ)的去除效果受到废水pH值、染料分子、共存离子等因素的影响.在酸性条件下,DS₄-LDH对Sb(Ⅴ)有更好的去除效果.染料种类对Sb(Ⅴ)的去除也有影响,酸性橙-7的影响较大.共存的磷酸根离子对Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附影响比较大.在对实际印染废水的处理中,调节池、气浮池和二沉池出水经DS₄-LDH深度吸附处理后能实现Sb(Ⅴ)的稳定达标.本文的研究成果为印染废水高...     

紫外活化过硫酸盐对甲基橙脱色处理实验研究

采用紫外活化光催化剂过硫酸盐对废水中的甲基橙进行脱色处理,研究反应pH、温度、过硫酸盐投加量、初始甲基橙浓度及投加锐钛矿TiO_2、共存阴离子(HCO_3~-、Cl~-)对甲基橙脱色速率的影响。结果表明:甲基橙氧化去除过程符合准一级动力学,反应最佳pH为9.0。在pH=9.0、过硫酸盐投加量0.5 mmol/L、甲基橙初始浓度100 mg/L、反应温度25℃时,经90 min光催化反应,甲基橙脱色效率可达87.6%,反应速率常数k为0.096 min~(-1)。甲基橙的去除速率随温度升高而增大,随甲基橙初始浓度的增加而减小;投加适量的TiO_2(200 mg/L)将抑制甲基橙氧化分解。废水中共存HCO_3~-离子时,甲基橙的去除速率下降,而Cl~-(0~200 mg/L)对甲基橙的去除速率无影响。     

糖精酯化废水生物处理的试验研究

应用好氧生物处理高含盐、难降解的糖精酯化废水.结果表明,采用生物接触氧化法可以达到较好的处理效果．经4种工况的运行结果分析,以HRT＝48h工况效果最佳,COD_Cr由3952mg/L降至566mg/L,去除率达86％.根据运行数据,求得废水中不可生物降解物质浓度S_n=296mg/L,并确定了酯化废水生物反应动力学的参数：单位面积填料最大降解速率U_max=4.75g/（m²·d）,半速度常数K5=1717mg/L.     

六氯苯污染源水的饮用水应急处理工艺研究

针对长江水源地可能发生的六氯苯(HCB)突发污染事故,开展了应急处理工艺研究.考察了混凝剂聚合硫酸铁(PFS)投加量、KMnO₄预氧化和木质粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附预处理对HCB 去除效果的影响.根据静态试验,设计了三因素三水平正交试验,进一步考察了KMnO₄氧化与PAC 吸附联用预处理-混凝沉淀工艺去除HCB 的效果.结果表明,常规处理无法有效去除HCB;单独KMnO₄ 预氧化无法明显改善混凝沉淀对HCB的去除效果;PAC联用吸附预处理可明显提高去除效率.正交试验结果表明,在PAC,PFS,KMnO4投加量分别为40,5.0,0.5mg/L的最佳条件下,HCB 去除率为98.97%,但浊度在2NTU 以上.选取PAC 吸附预处理-混凝沉淀工艺进行中试试验,结果表明,在PFS 和PAC 投加量分别为15mg/L 和40mg/L 时,HCB 的去除率在98%以上,HCB 剩余浓度和浊度分别在1µg/L 和1NTU 以下.     

三氯乙烯在薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解动力学

研究了不同初始浓度三氯乙烯(TCE)在TiO₂薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解.结果表明,TCE在主波长为254nm的低压汞灯照射下易于发生光降解反应,而TiO₂薄膜催化剂能显著提高TCE的降解.光催化降解反应的伪一级速率常数随初始浓度的增加先升后降.在Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程基础上建立的光催化降解动力学模型包含了发生在薄膜催化剂表面的光催化氧化过程和发生的溶液体相的光降解过程,该动力学模型适用于表达低浓度有机物在薄膜催化剂上的光催化降解动力学.     

Fenton氧化法对制革废水中难降解四羟甲基氯化磷的去除作用

制革废水中四羟甲基氯化磷(THPC)属于有机磷,其结构稳定、难降解、对微生物具有抑制作用,传统的生化处理技术不能有效地处理此类废水。采用Fenton氧化法处理含THPC制革废水,考察H₂O₂投加量、pH、m(Fe2+)/m(H₂O₂)、反应时间、紫外光波长等因素对TP和COD去除效果的影响,建立了TP降解的动力学模型。结果表明:在pH=4,H₂O₂投加量为6667 mg/L,m(Fe2+)/m(H₂O₂)=1,反应时间为80 min时,TP和COD去除率最高,分别达到43%和83%;紫外光助(波长185 nm)Fenton体系可提高THPC的降解效果;动力学模型研究发现,H₂O₂投加量分级数(q=1.065)高于有机物的底物分级数(a=0.858),表明Fenton体系降解TP的反应速率主要受H₂O₂投加量制约。     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.