镧改性ZnO-TiO_2光催化氧化活性染料的实验研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺杂Zn O的Ti O2复合半导体,用X射线衍射和电镜扫描对晶体结构进行表征,最优的锌掺杂量、镧掺杂量、煅烧温度分别为3%,0.3%,500℃。以活性染料配水作为目标降解物,考察了对6种不同活性染料的光催化氧化效果。0.3%镧改性Zn O-Ti O2对活性艳蓝X-BR的色度去除率可以达到97.3%,得到最佳脱色率的条件是使用紫外光作为光源,光照时间2 h,初始质量浓度100 mg/L,p H值控制在1左右,氯离子浓度控制在1 mol/L。     

镧掺杂氧化锌光催化降解染料废水研究

以醋酸锌和硝酸镧为原料,丙烯酰胺为单体,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为网络剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用高分子网络凝胶法制备得到掺镧的Zn O纳米粉体。用制备的粉体对甲基橙进行光催化降解实验,考察了掺镧量对其光催化性能的影响。用X射线衍射仪、高分辨率透射电镜、X射线能谱仪、比表面积与孔隙率分析仪等对其进行表征。结果表明,镧的掺入提高了Zn O的光催化活性,镧锌摩尔质量比为0.2%时光催化性能最好,高压汞灯下反应1 h,甲基橙的脱色率为96.5%,相比于未掺杂的Zn O提高了11.5%。     

Cu-ZnO/膨润土的制备及光催化降解甲基橙废水性能

以溶胶-凝胶法制备了Cu-Zn O/膨润土复合光催化剂,用XRD和FTIR对其结构进行了表征。以光催化降解甲基橙为探针反应,研究了焙烧温度、催化剂用量、反应时间、溶液p H值及光照条件等因素对光催化反应性能的影响。结果表明,在Cu-Zn O/膨润土中,Zn O主要为六方晶系结构,掺杂的Cu2+可能进入Zn O晶格取代了部分Zn2+,Zn O中的部分Zn2+进入了膨润土层间,置换出了部分Al3+,实现了与膨润土的复合。其中,550℃焙烧的Cu-Zn O/膨润土光催化性能最好,当催化剂投加量为1.5 g/L、紫外光照120 min、溶液p H值为6时,该催化剂对20 mg/L甲基橙的降解率高达99.25%。Cu的掺入拓宽了Zn O光谱响应范围,使得该催化剂在可见光或太阳光照下也表现出优良的光催化活性。此外,该催化剂沉降性好,易于回收,且再生回用5次后仍保持良好的光催化活性。     

水热法制备纳米TiO_2处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

以钛酸四正丁酯为原料,采用水热法制备纳米TiO_2材料,经过高温煅烧后,对其降解垃圾渗滤液的催化活性进行测定,并用XRD,TEM和UV-Vis对其晶体结构进行表征。实验结果表明,水醇比、水热温度和酯加入量对TiO_2催化效率有显著的影响,当水醇比为1∶3、煅烧温度500℃、水热时间4 h、Ti(OC_4H_9)_4加入量为10 m L条件下制备的TiO_2粉末光催化活性最好,对垃圾渗滤液的降解在180 min时均可以达到73%,COD的去除率可达76.92%。     

钐、锆共掺杂纳米ZnO的制备及其降解染料废水研究

采用高分子网络凝胶法制备Sm-Zr共掺杂纳米ZnO光催化剂,并用XRD、TEM、XPS、UV-Vis吸收光谱对制备的纳米ZnO进行表征。以甲基橙为目标降解物研究其光催化活性,通过L9(34)正交试验对纳米ZnO的制备条件进行了优化,实验结果表明,各因素对Sm-Zr/ZnO的光催化性能的影响的显著性水平依次为:Sm-Zr掺杂量→煅烧温度→n(Sm)n(Zr)→反应溶液p H值,纳米ZnO的最佳制备条件为:Sm-Zr掺杂量为4%,煅烧温度为750℃,n(Sm)n(Zr)为2 1,反应溶液p H值为5.5。在最佳条件下制备的纳米Sm-Zr/ZnO具有最优异的光催化性能,光照1 h对甲基橙的色度去除率及COD去除率分别达到94.82%和80.89%。     

Pt掺杂TiO2纳米粉体的制备及其光催化活性研究

以钛酸丁酯为前驱物,醋酸为酸催化剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺有不同质量分数Pt的纳米TiO2粉体.通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等现代分析手段对所制备的不同Pt/TiO2纳米粉体的微观结构进行了表征.并以甲基橙染料的光催化降解为模型反应,考察了不同条件下所制备的光催化剂的光催化活性,探讨了纳米粉体中Pt的掺杂量对其光催化活性的影响.实验结果表明,Pt质量分数为0.2%的纳米TiO2粉体的光催化活性最好,过低或者过高的掺Pt量无法提高TiO2的光催化活性,甚至会降低TiO2的光催化活性.     

铈、铁掺杂纳米TiO2薄膜的制备及光催化研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法分别制备掺铈、掺铁的纳米TiO2薄膜,降解偶氮染料废水,研究其光催化活性,并采用XRD、HRTEM手段进行特性表征。试验结果表明:适量的铈、铁掺杂使纳米TiO2薄膜的光催化活性提高了近20%,最佳掺铈量(摩尔比)为3%,掺铈最佳热处理温度为550℃;最佳掺铁量(摩尔比)为2.5%,掺铁最佳热处理温度为450℃。     

氧化铟的铋掺杂改性及其光催化性能

为了研究氧化铟及不同Bi~(3+)掺杂量的氧化铟改性材料的光催化性能,采用溶剂热法制备了氧化铟和掺杂不同比例Bi~(3+)的氧化铟光催化剂,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDS)、比表面积(BET)分析等方法对其结构及性质进行了表征。结果表明,当Bi~(3+)掺杂量小于或等于10%(摩尔分数)时,Bi~(3+)的掺杂对氧化铟纳米球的晶型结构和结晶度基本不产生影响;而当掺杂量大于10%时,晶体结构发生变化;Bi~(3+)的掺杂进一步增大了氧化铟纳米球的比表面积和孔容,掺杂后氧化铟纳米球的N2吸附-脱附等温线为典型的IUPAC(国际纯粹与应用化学联合会)IV型等温线。以紫外灯(波长λ=254 nm)为光源,以直接大红为目标降解物,考察了不同Bi~(3+)掺杂量的氧化铟的光催化性能。结果表明:Bi~(3+)掺杂量为8%时,氧化铟对直接大红废水去除效果最佳,去除率高达94.3%,光催化剂活性最高;光催化降解直接大红的过程完全符合一级反应动力学方程;同时,活性物种捕获试验证明了加入10 m L异丙醇,反应中光降解率只有很小的下降,表明羟基自由基(·OH)不是光催化体系中的主要活性物种,而空穴(h+)才是光催化氧化直接大红过程中的主要活性物种。研究表明,通过元素掺杂可以很好地改变氧化物的光催化性能。     

一种复合催化剂及其光催化降解煤矿瓦斯的性能研究

为提高催化剂光催化降解煤矿瓦斯效率,运用溶胶-凝胶浸渍过程将具有优异吸附性能的活性炭颗粒引入催化剂,制备了新型复合催化剂Ga2O3/AC。采用XRD、SEM、N2吸附等方法对新型复合催化剂的结构形貌及比表面积进行理化表征,验证了复合催化剂制备方法的可行性。同时以真空紫外灯为光源,进行光催化氧化降解瓦斯的模拟实验,对比考察Ga2O3、活性炭颗粒及复合催化剂的光催化活性。结果表明,相比单一Ga2O3,复合催化剂光照时间为180 min后对甲烷的降解率提高了13%,达到100%去除率。     

改性凹凸棒黏土的合成及光催化降解盐酸四环素的研究

将具有光催化潜力的金属元素Ti、Zn、Ni引入凹凸棒黏土(ATPs)结构中,采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同配比的Ti-ATPs,Zn/Ti-ATPs及Ni/Ti-ATPs光催化材料。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UVVis)等方法对改性ATPs的结构、形貌和组成进行了表征。以氙灯(250~800 nm)为光源,用制备的材料作为光催化剂,进行降解盐酸四环素的试验,考察了Ti的单一加入及双金属(Zn/Ti、Ni/Ti)加入对ATPs的光催化改性效果。结果表明,Zn/Ti物质的量比为3∶1、400℃煅烧条件下制备的Zn/Ti-ATPs具有良好的光催化性能,在可见光照射120 min时,20 mg Zn/Ti-ATPs对20 mg/L盐酸四环素的光催化降解率可达94.64%,并且性能稳定。而同样方法制备的Ni/TiATPs没有光催化性能,表明并不是所有具有光催化性能的氧化物都能通过浸渍法对ATPs进行改性。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.