The Estuarine Component of the Us E.P.A.'S Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

The US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development has initiated the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to monitor status and trends in the condition of the nation's near coastal waters, forests, wetlands, agro-ecosystems, surface waters, deserts and rangelands. the programme is also intended to evaluate the effectiveness of Agency policies at protecting ecological resources occurring in these systems. Monitoring data collected for all ecosystems will be integrated for regional and national status and trends assessments. the near coastal component of EMAP consists of estuaries, coastal waters, and the Great Lakes. Near coastal ecosystems have been regionalized and classified, and an integrated sampling strategy has been developed. EPA and NOAA have agreed to coordinate and, to the extent possible, integrate the near coastal component of EMAP with the NOAA National Status and Trends Program. A demonstration project was conducted in estuaries of the mid-Atlantic region (Chesapeake Bay to Cape Cod) in the summer of 1990. in 1991, monitoring continued in mid-Atlantic estuaries and was initiated in estuaries of a portion of the Gulf of Mexico. Preliminary results indicate: there are no insurmountable logistical problems with sampling on a regional scale; several of the selected indicators are practical and sensitive on the regional scale; and an efficient effort in future years will provide valuable information on condition of estuarine resources at regional scales.     

生物监测及其在环境监测中的应用(Biological Monitoring and Its Application in Environmental Monitoring)

生物监测是近几十年来发展起来的应用于环境监测领域的一门新兴技术,是指利用生物个体、种群或群落对环境污染或变化所产生的反应,从生物学角度对环境污染状况进行监测和评价.作为环境监测的重要组成部分,生物监测具有敏感性、长期性、连续性、经济性、非破坏性和综合性等优势,有望在生态系统环境监测、总量控制、环境风险评价、环境污染早期预警、突发事件监测和环境标准制定等领域取得突破.在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,从目前在环境监测中应用的生物监测的原理、分类、特点、方法学和实际应用等方面进行综述.尽管生物监测还有不足之处,但可以肯定,其发展和应用将会对环境监测事业产生极大的推动作用,有着非常广阔的发展前景.     

树立全局观念充分发挥环境监测中心的中心作用

本文结合天津环境监测工作实际，在改革开放强化管理的新形势下，环境监测工作面临着新的机遇和挑战。本文从转变思想，树立全局观念出发，着重论述了制定规章，明确职责，提高监测水平，加强自身建设等方面的问题，充分发挥监测中心的中心作用。     

Environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast

This paper describes the environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast, Spain. The spatial data model is based on vector and raster layers with three main modules: the biodiversity, the general biophysical and the socioeconomic. Presently, the database has a number of pressure and impact indicators that have been used to model the components and structure of the system and are suggested to build ecological resilience. Special interest has been given to the analysis of functional groups of species that are relevant to the dynamics of the coastal system, and preliminary results are presented. This system constitutes a user-oriented analytical and monitoring tool for coastal zone managers and researchers. Although, the system is under development it is expected that resulting spatial indicators of environmental condition can be used to promote more sustainable coastal strategies and actions in the Catalan coast.     

聚乙烯醇精馏残渣组分分析及其环境风险评价

为评估聚乙烯醇生产中精馏残渣组分及其环境污染风险,为此类危险废物的环境管理提供技术支持,采集华东某聚乙烯醇生产企业的精馏残渣,分析其重金属以及有机污染物含量,并评估其环境风险。研究结果表明聚乙烯醇精馏残渣主要来自生产环节中的醋酸乙烯精制工段,残渣中的有机物组分主要为醋酸及其他有机酸类,其中醋酸的相对含量达到63.47%;残渣中的重金属主要包括Zn、Ni和Cr,其含量分别为404 537 mg·kg-1,8 654 mg·kg-1和5 084 mg·kg-1。环境风险评价的结果表明残渣中有机物污染物引起的环境风险在可接受范围内,而重金属污染严重,同时有很高潜在生态风险。精馏残渣中的主要环境污染风险因子为醋酸、Zn和Ni。     

Comparison of Solid-Phase and Pore-Water Approaches for Assessing the Quality of Marine and Estuarine Sediments

As part of our continuing evaluation of the pore-water approach for assessing sediment quality, we made a series of side-by-side comparisons between the standard 10-day amphipod whole sediment test with the corophiid Grandidierella japonica and a suite of tests using pore water extracted from the same sediments. the pore-water tests evaluated were the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) sperm cell test and morphological development assay, the life-cycle test with the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus, and acute exposures of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) embryo-larval stages. Sediment and surface microlayer samples were collected from contaminated sites. Whole-sediment, pore-water, and surface microlayer toxicity tests were performed. Pore-water toxicity tests were considerably more sensitive than the whole-sediment amphipod test, which is currently the most sensitive toxicity test now recommended for determining the acceptability of dredged material for open ocean disposal.     

造林区生态环境监测信息系统的研究

根据林业部与世界银行达成的协议，在我国６０个县市设立世行贷款“国家造林项目”环境监测点，并对监测信息进行科学管理。本研究建立了基本情况库、水土流失监测库、监测结果汇总库、土壤肥力监测库、病虫害监测库等数据库，采用ｆｏｘＰｒｏ２．６ｆｏｒＷｉｎｄｏｗｓ程序设计语言编制监测信息管理系统，该系统由站点分布、数据维护、数据浏览、报表生态、统计分析等功能模块构成。在系统软件编制过程中，采用了图文交互支持的信息管理方式，充分利用通用字段（Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌ）的多媒体信息存储功能，且程序运行时可完全脱离ｆｏｘＰｒｏ的系统环境，在Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ平台下独立执行。     

计算机网络系统结构设计在环境监测中的应用

天津市环境监测中心计算机网络系统的建立,解决了天津市监测中心与下属19个县站监测信息传递的问题,也改变了以往用报表和软盘上报国家环保总局,国家环境监测总站监测数据的方式,实现了环境监测信息的快速传递和办公自动化管理。     

流域水体污染的生态学效应及监测预警

从流域生态系统的结构与功能出发,分述流域水体污染引起的生态学效应(结构与功能效应),并归纳目前国内外生物、生态监测预警的特点.生态监测经历了以敏感和耐污种类比例为主的传统简单指数、以群落结构变化为主的单一指数到以群落结构、营养结构为主要特征的复合多参数指数的发展过程.生物预警利用在线生物监测技术,主要形成了鱼类、无脊椎动物和微生物的三大类生物预警系统.目前,生物完整性指数能从群落水平较好地指示水体污染状况,生态预警则缺乏生态系统水平的研究.因此提出以群落结构为主的生态监测以及生态系统整体水平上的生态预警是未来研究方向的重点.     

天津市蓟县经济开发区环境影响评价与规划

以天津市蓟县经济开发区区域环境质量现状调查和评价为基础,依据环保法规和标准,预测了区域环境的承载能力及区域开发建设对环境的影响,提出削减各种不利影响的措施和控制对策。通过对规化方案的优化分析,提出出有利于区域社会、经济与环境协调发展的战略对策及规划总体方案。     

广州市道路绿化模式环境效益分析

在广州市各主要交通道路上选择7个有代表性的道路绿化模式,分别监测它们对NOx、CO和TSP等大气污染物质的净化效果,分析其环境效益,结果表明,绿化模式对大气污染整体净化效果与绿化模式的植物配置方式密切相关,苦植物种类多、乔-灌-草立体结构明显、绿化带宽,则对大气污染的净化效果越显著。     

对单项污染评价中污染分界线问题的讨论

根据数理统计的原理,将环境质量标准,平均值,标准偏差以及样本容量综合进行考虑,提出了污染分界线的计算公式,并以表格形式给出了不同显著性水平下,不同的相对标准偏差和样本容量所对应的污染分界线,对污染分界线与样本容量及相对标准的偏差的关系进行了讨论,指出提高监测精度和适当增加监测数据个数,可以使污染分界线接近评价标准。     

Determination of total hydrocarbon concentration in coastal waters and sediments off the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

To determine the level of total hydrocarbon concentrations (THCs) along the eastern coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia, samples of subsurface seawater (1 m) and surface sediments were collected from several sampling stations between June and August 1993. THCs in seawater and sediments as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy ranged from 1.4 to 21.8 µg L-1 (Seligi crude oil equivalents) and from 0.79 to 20.0 mg kg-1 (dry weight Seligi crude oil equivalents) respectively. In comparison to results obtained in similar surveys in Malaysian waters, the levels of THCs found in the present study were significantly lower indicating lower hydrocarbon contamination in the area studied.     

闽江流域畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其环境风险评价

从闽江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,根据作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量,估算流域各县市的畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,对各县市畜禽养殖粪便污染进行潜在的环境风险评价.结果表明:闽江流域大多数集约化养殖场集中分布于中上游,并有向下游扩散的趋势;流域农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均达22.95 t·hm-2·a-1;整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是富屯溪、沙溪流域更为突出.     

两栖动物监测方法和国外监测计划研究

两栖动物是生物多样性的重要组成部分,对环境变化非常敏感,可被用作环境监测的指示物种.介绍了两栖动物监测的指标、时间、频次以及监测的主要方法,包括目视遇测法、样线（带）法、繁殖区调查法、鸣叫调查法、围栏陷阱法、人工庇护所法、人工隐蔽物法和标志重捕法,分析了各种方法的适用性和局限性;还详细介绍了国外比较成熟的2个两栖动物监测计划——美国两栖动物监测计划和英国两栖爬行动物监测计划.     

森林改善空气环境质量功能监测与评价研究

为全面了解森林内部属性与森林改善空气环境功能之间的内在关系与规律,以及不同森林在改善空气环境质量方面的能力强弱,以中国林业科学研究院热带林业试验中心为研究对象,于2014年7─8月按照2 km×2 km网格间距进行系统抽样,设置51个样地对森林空气温度、湿度、负氧离子含量等空气环境状况指标及林分特征因子进行了监测,并对林分类型、发展阶段、郁闭度等林分因子与森林空气温度、湿度、负氧离子含量之间的关系进行了分析。采用温湿指数、安培空气质量评价系数、森林空气负氧离子评价模型对不同类型森林的空气环境质量进行了评价。结果表明：1）森林改善空气环境质量功能主要与其林分类型、发展阶段、林分郁闭度有关;2）在调节空气温湿度,改善空气环境舒适度方面,针叶混交林最强,然后依次为针阔混交林、阔叶混交林、针叶纯林、阔叶纯林、灌木林,以未成林最弱。在吸附污染物、净化空气方面,针阔混交林最强,然后依次为阔叶混交林、阔叶纯林、针叶混交林、针叶纯林、灌木林,以未成林最弱;3）不同发展阶段的林分在改善空气环境舒适度方面的差异不明显,但随着林分发展阶段的深入,森林的结构越来越复杂,森林净化空气的能力也逐渐增强;4）森林在调节空气温湿度,改善空气环境舒适度等方面的功能随郁闭度的增加而增强,当郁闭度大于0.4时,森林改善空气环境舒适度的功能显著增强。郁闭度在0.4~0.7之间的林分净化空气的功能较强,尤以郁闭度为0.5时最强,当林分郁闭度低于0.4或高于0.7以后,林分净化空气的功能均有所降低;5）总体来说混交林改善空气环境质量的功能要显著强于纯林。研究结果对于经营单位如何通过林分状态的调控来增强森林的空气环境改善功能具有重要指导意义。     

加强对化学农药环境安全的监督管理工作

针对化学农药的特点和生产使用状况，阐述了加强农药安全监督管理的必要性和紧迫性；提出了从农药生产、加工、贮运、供销到使用，实施环境安全全程监督管理的建议。     

Accumulation of Organochlorine Compounds in Oysters (Crassostrea Gasar) of an Estuarine Environment: Case of A Tropical Lagoon in the Gulf of Guinea

As part of a pollution monitoring study, oysters (Crassostrea gasar) were sampled in June 1996, in order to determine the concentrations and distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in two stations (near Boulay Island and Riviera Golf) of the Ebrie Lagoon, in the Abidjan area.

The chromatographic analysis of the oven dried samples revealed the presence of PCBs (2.13 to 86.22 ppb or ng/g dry weight), DDE (<0.48 to 169.55 ppb), DDD (<1.04 to 60.27 ppb), DDT (1.43 to 77.81 ppb, lindane (<0.22 to 91.64 ppb), aldrin (<0.30 to 154.1 ppb), endrin (<0.23 to 293.31 ppb) and dieldrin (<0.26 to 199.74 ppb). the results indicated high concentrations in oysters sampled near Boulay Island, due to industrial, agricultural and port activities going on in this area.

Compared to DDD/ΣDDT and DDT/ΣDDT, the DDE/ΣDDT ratios were high indicating old DDT inputs. the ΣDDT/PCBs ratios were higher than 1 illustrated the predominance of organochlorine inputs from agriculture activities. the presence of lindane in both stations illustrated the problem of fishing with toxic products.

Negative correlations found between dry tissue weight and organochlorine compounds concentrations showed that young oysters may concentrate more of these substances. More studies are needed in order to make any conclusions on their bioaccumulation trends.     

上海市畜牧业污染控制与黄浦江上游水源保护

以地处黄浦江上游的松江、金山、青浦３区县为例,采用畜禽粪尿排泄系数,结合当地畜禽饲养量,估计１９９６年畜牧业污染物流失量为ＢＯＤ５５．５７万ｔ,氨氮０．８４３万ｔ,已成为区域内最大的有机污染源,对黄浦江上游水源保护区构成了严重威胁。分析了区域内畜牧业规模化集中饲养与分散饲养并存的特点,探讨了控制和治理污染的对策。     

Variability of dissolved reactive phosphate and apparent oxygen utilization along the west coast of India

This work focuses on the spatial variability of dissolved reactive phosphate along the west coast of India. In this study, samples of surface and bottom water was collected from each of the 27 sites during a single pre-monsoon transect along the west coast of India to study the variation of dissolved reactive phosphate. Phosphate showed an enrichment pattern with increase in depth of the water column. In addition to this, an offshore increase in phosphate concentrations was noticed for both surface and bottom stations. Almost all the surface stations of this study area were found to be characterized by negative apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) values, and bottom stations of the deeper offshore zone (200 m depth) displayed large positive AOU values. The bottom stations of shallow near coastal waters and the deeper offshore zone are characterized by an inverse relationship between phosphate and dissolved oxygen, whereas at these depths, a direct relation was observed between phosphate and AOU. AOU is calculated as the difference between oxygen saturation value at the in situ temperature and salinity and the actual measured concentration. This oxidative re-mineralization mechanism decreases the observed dissolved oxygen well below the expected theoretical values, which is concordant with the higher concentration of phosphate and high positive AOU values.