我国废弃磷酸铁锂电池的资源化研究

磷酸铁锂电池是国家大力推行的动力电池发展方向,其生产量和应用量逐年增加。预计到2021年,我国将有约9 400吨磷酸铁锂电池报废,但对于报废之后的电池处理处置,在回收体系、处理技术以及公民意识层面等都有待完善。主要介绍了以磷酸铁锂为正极材料的锂离子电池的基本情况,对比了磷酸铁锂的合成方法,总结了磷酸铁锂电池的回收特点,并针对其回收特点提出了一些资源化建议,以期对后续磷酸铁锂电池的资源化研究提供参考。     

船舶混合锂离子电池储能系统功率分配研究

目的提高极端海况下船舶的适航性和动力性。方法针对能量型和功率型锂离子电池不同工作特性,设计半主动式船舶混合锂离子电池储能系统拓扑结构,提出基于模糊控制理论的功率分配策略,并根据锂离子电池荷电状态(StateofCharge,SOC),限制其最大充放电电流。结果提出的控制策略可充分发挥钴酸锂电池的功率特性和磷酸铁锂电池的能量特性,直流母线电压波纹小于2%。结论在极端海况下,船舶混合锂离子电池储能系统可减少磷酸铁锂电池放电循环次数和放电深度,延长磷酸铁锂电池组的使用寿命,平抑脉冲负载扰动,提高船舶电网稳定性。     

船舶电池储能系统管理策略研究

目的 降低船舶污染排放,延长电池使用寿命,改善变工况条件下储能系统的动力性.方法 电池系统采用基于经验模态分解及模糊控制的双层管理策略,以磷酸铁锂电池组为主动力源来承担平缓功率,超级电容组为辅动力源来承担高频功率,引入样本熵对功率信号进行评估.结果 以某船舶工况进行仿真,相较于单一经验模态策略,引入模糊修正策略后的磷酸铁锂电池组放电深度由6.55％～94.35％变为14.56％～57.15％;超级电容组的放电深度由14.83％～52.11％变为12.7％～79.38％;磷酸铁锂电池组功率信号样本熵值由0.0182降为0.0177.结论 变工况条件下,上述控制策略可降低单工况下柴油机平均燃油消耗,减少储能端电池受到暂态功率的冲击,延缓电池老化速度,加长电池使用寿命,提升船舶储能系统的可靠性及环保性.     

移动通信基站蓄电池的环保应用

随着通信技术的快速发展,基站耗电量也越来越大,推进蓄电池的合理配置以及关注新型能源是通信运营商且行且探讨的话题。阐述了对通信基站蓄电池使用更新的精细化管理以及新型磷酸铁锂电池的应用推广,实践表明,促进能源的节约,加强对环境的保护,既是通信企业履行社会责任、实现可持续发展的必然选择,也是提升企业社会形象的有效途径。     

锂离子电池与镍氢电池、太阳能电池碳足迹比较

二次电池生命周期过程产生的温室气体将加重温室效应,因此必须加强二次电池碳足迹的分析。采用PAS2050研究方法,选择磷酸铁锂电池为代表,比较其与富锂材料生命周期碳足迹的差别;同时,选择相同功能单位计算锂离子电池和镍氢电池、太阳能电池的碳足迹,大小分别为12.7,124,95.8 kg CO2eq,结果表明了锂离子电池具有环境友好性。     

磷酸铁沉淀对生物除磷所需钾离子的吸附竞争

磷酸铁沉淀是化学-生物同步除磷系统的产物,其电负性对生物除磷必需的钾离子产生静电吸附。磷酸铁在纯水、污水2种介质中对K+的吸附试验结果表明:钾离子吸附率随磷酸铁含量的增加而增加,磷酸铁对钾离子的吸附程度弱,磷酸铁吸钾量占活性污泥吸钾量的21%~29%,混合污泥中磷酸铁含量升高至一定程度时,会对活性污泥吸钾产生拮抗作用,除磷效果下降。     

锂电池灭火剂研究进展

锂电池储能系统火灾具有热失控温升快、热蔓延速度快、易复燃、燃烧特性复杂等特点,因此限制了其大规模应用。为解决这一问题,概述了锂电池热失控起火机理,对比分析了各类灭火剂对锂电池火灾的抑制效果,指出了现有锂电池灭火试验研究存在试验尺度小、系统布置缺乏标准等问题,并提出了开发兼具高效灭火与快速冷却功能的新型灭火剂、统一锂电池灭火剂的试验尺度及评价标准等建议,为锂电池消防技术的发展提供理论和技术支撑。     

化学铁盐辅助除磷对生物除磷的影响研究

化学辅助除磷有助于污水厂实现磷达标,但其对生物系统存在潜在的影响。针对除磷药剂对生物除磷过程的影响展开研究,选用硫酸亚铁进行化学辅助除磷。药剂形成的化学污泥干扰生物除磷过程且成分复杂,故以磷酸铁、氢氧化铁模拟化学污泥,由钾离子、K/P摩尔比计算出同步除磷中的生物除磷,来探讨化学污泥对聚磷菌释磷/吸磷过程的影响。结果表明,连续投加硫酸亚铁使聚磷菌的释磷量、吸磷量降低;系统中磷酸铁含量0.075 mmol/L时聚磷菌的释磷和吸磷能力提高了约25%,磷酸铁含量0.15 mmol/L时对聚磷菌吸磷有抑制作用;氢氧化铁对聚磷菌释磷、好氧初期吸磷均有抑制作用。生物污泥与化学污泥存在交互作用。     

退役三元锂电池循环利用系统减碳效率评估及优化分析

随着我国新能源汽车产业的快速发展,大批动力电池进入退役期.针对退役动力电池循环利用现状,识别降本减碳协同效应并开展系统优化分析,成为重要研究课题.本文综合采用生命周期评价和生命周期成本方法,分析了当前我国退役三元锂电池循环利用系统的碳足迹和经济成本.结果表明,1GWh容量的退役三元锂电池循环利用系统碳足迹和生命周期成本分别为-2.33×10⁷kgCO₂eq和-33613.15万元.结合碳足迹和生命周期成本二维指标开展减碳效率评估和情景分析发现,相对于现实系统,汽车生产商主导的优化情景减碳效率较低,提高梯次利用比例的优化情景具有最优减碳效率.通过提高梯次利用比例和采用先进资源化技术均能够显著提升退役三元锂电池循环利用系统的减碳效率.     

动态工况下锂电池组多物理场仿真与退化分析

目的 提高锂电池组SOH评估的准确性,提出面向实际复杂动态工况的锂电池组退化仿真分析方法。方法 通过耦合多个电池单体P2D电化学–热模型和电池组串并联等效电路–热–流体模型,建立锂电池组多物理场耦合仿真模型,分析电池系统实际使用过程中电流、温度等工况的动态特性,构建锂电池组广义动态工作载荷谱。开展模型验证和典型3并5串锂电池组多物理场仿真分析,并耦合基于SEI膜生成机理的容量退化模型,分析在动态工况下内部各电池单体的容量及SOH退化情况,并给出该型电池组寿命的薄弱环节。结果 动态工况下,锂电池退化轨迹呈高度非线性,环境温度为25~60 ℃时,随着温度的升高,电池组退化较快,但电池组内部最大温差反而减小。结论 提出的方法能够很好地量化实际复杂动态工况对锂电池组退化的影响,为其可靠性设计和运行管理提供了技术支撑。     

Life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles – Critical issues

The main aim of the study was to explore how LCA can be used to optimize the design of lithium-ion batteries for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Two lithium-ion batteries, both based on lithium iron phosphate, but using different solvents during cell manufacturing, were studied by means of life cycle assessment, LCA. The general conclusions are limited to results showing robustness against variation in critical data. The study showed that it is environmentally preferable to use water as a solvent instead of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP, in the slurry for casting the cathode and anode of lithium-ion batteries. Recent years’ improvements in battery technology, especially related to cycle life, have decreased production phase environmental impacts almost to the level of use phase impacts. In the use phase, environmental impacts related to internal battery efficiency are two to six times larger than the impact from losses due to battery weight in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, assuming 90% internal battery efficiency. Thus, internal battery efficiency is a very important parameter; at least as important as battery weight. Areas, in which data is missing or inadequate and the environmental impact is or may be significant, include: production of binders, production of lithium salts, cell manufacturing and assembly, the relationship between weight of vehicle and vehicle energy consumption, information about internal battery efficiency and recycling of lithium-ion batteries based on lithium iron phosphate.     

磷酸铁锂电池不同应用场景的生命周期评价

为评估磷酸铁锂(LFP)电池梯次应用的生命周期环境影响,设定直接应用和梯次应用2个应用场景,采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对应用场景生命周期各阶段的环境影响及其贡献进行分析.功能单位设定为应用总容量1GWh的LFP电池作为通讯基站(CBS)储能电池,循环寿命为800次.结果表明,2个应用场景的环境影响热点均为储能应用...     

Influence of moderate pre-oxidation treatment on the physical, chemical and phosphate adsorption properties of iron-containing activated carbon

A novel adsorbent based on iron oxide dispersed over activated carbon(AC) were prepared, and used for phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. The influence of pre-oxidation treatment on the physical, chemical and phosphate adsorption properties of iron-containing AC were determined. Two series of ACs, non-oxidized and oxidized carbon modified by iron(denoted as AC-Fe and AC/OFe), resulted in a maximum impregnated iron of 4.03% and 7.56%, respectively. AC/O-Fe showed 34.0%–46.6% higher phosphate removal efficiency than the AC-Fe did. This was first attributed to the moderate pre-oxidation of raw AC by nitric acid, achieved by dosing Fe(II) after a pre-oxidation, to obtain higher iron loading, which is favorable for phosphate adsorption. Additionally, the in-situ formed active site on the surface of carbon, which was derived from the oxidation of Fe(II) by nitric acid dominated the remarkably high efficiency with respect to the removal of phosphate. The activation energy for adsorption was calculated to be 10.53 and 18.88 kJ/mol for AC-Fe and AC/OFe, respectively. The results showed that the surface mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion were simultaneously occurring during the process and contribute to the adsorption mechanism.     

废旧锂电池的回收与再利用研究

目前废旧电池污染对人类健康及环境造成的危害越来越受到人们的关注.结合目前国内废旧锂电池回收概况及区域废旧锂电池回收的实地调研情况,了解废旧锂电池的回收再利用现状及人们对废旧锂电池的认识,分析锂电池的再利用价值.同时,结合电池品种羔异的特性,设计出针对性强、可行性高的废弃锂池回收体系;通过分析锂电池工作的基本工作原理、使用特性及电池材料组成成分,提出一些延长锂电池使用寿命、增加使用周期的方法.     

车用钛酸锂电池生命周期评价

为评估车用钛酸锂（LTO）电池对能源、环境与资源的影响,构建了包括重制与二次使用阶段在内的车用锂电池全生命周期评价模型,以某款国产纯电动客车用钛酸锂电池包为评价对象,计算得出每kW·h钛酸锂电池全生命周期的总能量消耗（CED）、全球变暖潜值（GWP）和不可再生矿产资源耗竭潜值（ADP（e））分别为2.80×10⁴MJ、1.86×10³kg CO₂eq.以及4.77×10^-3kg Sbeq.其全生命周期CED与GWP主要与两个使用阶段中由电池充放电效率引起的能量损耗相关,生产阶段GWP主要来源于正负极材料、铝制材料和N-甲基吡咯烷酮.基于全生命周期存储-释放每MJ能量的视角,发现二次使用可显著降低电池全生命周期GWP;与已有研究中其他锂电池对比可知LTO电池生产阶段GWP最低.     

Synthesis of porous iron hydroxy phosphate from phosphate residue and its application as a Fenton-like catalyst for dye degradation

Phosphate residue is a kind of hazardous solid waste and if not properly disposed of, could cause serious environmental contaminations. The abundant iron salt available in phosphate residue can be used to prepare photo-Fenton catalytic reagent for wastewater treatment. In this study, the phosphate residue was effectively purified by a hydrothermal recrystallization method, reaching an iron phosphate purity of 94.2%. The particles of iron phosphate were further processed with ball milling with th...     

Multi-level energy analysis of emerging technologies: a case study in new materials for lithium ion batteries

A range of new nanomaterials to replace the active materials in lithium ion batteries are currently being studied and employed in an attempt to overcome various performance limitations of previous technologies. Nanomaterial production and manufacturing techniques appear to fit into a general trend towards more energy intensive production methods for high-tech goods. This does not necessarily imply an increase in lifecycle energy use; artefacts that consume or transform energy during use could possibly regain this increased initial input via increased efficiency in use. In particular, this paper highlights that larger gains could be possible if the artefact in question allows a given service to be provided via an alternative and more efficient system entirely.The lifecycle energy efficiencies of lithium ion batteries constructed from several new advanced materials are analysed with several different system boundaries. Although nanomaterials require more energy input to produce, the implications of nanomaterials for energy flows in the use phase (i.e. driving), and higher levels such as the architecture of future transport fuel production systems are much larger in magnitude than the initial lifecycle inputs for producing the materials in question.     

Phosphorus release from phosphate rock and iron phosphate by low-molecular-weight organic acids

Low-molecular-weight(LMW) organic acids widely exist in soils, particularly in the rhizosphere. A series of batch experiments were carded out to investigate the phosphorus release from rock phosphate and iron phosphate by low-molecular-weight organic acids.Results showed that citdc acid had the highest capacity to solubilize P from both rock and iron phosphate. P solubUization from rock phosphate and iron phosphate resulted in net proton consumption. P release from rock phosphate was positively correlated with the pκa values. P release from iron phosphate was positively correlated with Fe-organic acid stability constants except for aromatic acids, but was not correlated with pκa. Increase in the concentrations of organic acids enhanced P solubilization from both rock and iron phosphate almost linearly. Addition of phenolic compounds further increased the P release from iron phosphate. Initial solution pH had much more substantial effect on P release from rock phosphate than from iron phosphate.