中国城市污水处理厂污泥处理、处置问题探讨分析

明确了有关污泥处理、处置的术语和定义,通过对我国污水处理厂污水处理工艺与污泥处理、处置现状的调查分析,认为污水处理工艺与污泥处理和最终处置方式有关;同时对污水处理厂污泥处理、处置中土地利用问题和处理、处置费用问题进行探讨,并提出了相关建议.     

一种污泥稳定新方法--污泥微氧稳定法

污泥处理费一般占污水处理厂的20%～50%,能否经济合理地处理处置污泥,关系到整个污水处理厂的建造和运行费用.因此,介绍了一种新型的污泥稳定工艺--污泥微氧消化稳定工艺.试验结果表明污泥在溶解氧为0.5～1.2 mg/L,平均温度为33℃时,经过20 d的稳定,污泥SS去除率为18.5%,VSS去除率为27.4%,剩余活性污泥得到一定程度的稳定,工艺方法可行.     

污泥减量技术的新进展

占污水处理厂基建和运行费用４０￣６５％的污泥处理和处置,因费用高 及污泥最终处置对环境污染的潜在危害等问题,一直制约着污水处理厂的建设与运行。因此,如何减少剩余污泥的产量已成为污水自理的研究热点。概括介绍了目前在国内外正在研究和开发的新和新工艺。如：原生动物和后生动物摄食细菌的方法,能减少污泥产量６０％以上。对于固定式淹没生物膜法甚至没有剩余污泥产生;微生物强化方法,利用外投优化菌种减少污泥排放量     

华北地区典型城市污水处理厂污泥填埋处置可行性分析

通过对中国华北地区4座典型城市污水处理厂污泥(以下简称城市污泥)连续6年的泥质数据分析,探讨了城市污泥填埋处置的技术和经济可行性。结果表明,城市污泥不能直接进行填埋处置,若作为垃圾填埋场覆盖土或与城市垃圾混合填埋处置时,需要对其作进一步的无害化处理;随着华北地区城市污水处理厂进水要求的进一步提高,废水处理工艺的不断改进,在城市污泥各项污染物指标满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置混合填埋泥质》(CJ249—2007)后,可将其作为垃圾填埋场覆盖土或与城市垃圾混合填埋处置;在填埋场地条件许可、城市污泥产量大的华北地区,处置费用合理的填埋方式是较为适宜的城市污泥处置方式。     

污泥堆肥的通风及控制技术

污泥堆肥是处理和处置污水处理厂的副产物－污泥的一种有效手段，作为控制氧含量的通风系统在好氧堆肥过程中起着至关重要的作用，通风系统及其控制技术已成为堆肥工艺研究的主要内容之一     

中小型污水处理厂污泥的自动升温好氧消化工艺及其应用

城市污水处理厂的污泥需要进行减量化、稳定化、无害化处理,因此介绍了一种适合中小型污水处理厂污泥处理的自动升温好氧消化的新工艺。根据当前国内污泥处理的状况,提出的自动升温好氧消化工艺,是适合中小型污水处理厂污泥处理的,是一项具有发展前景的新技术。     

广州城市污泥中重金属的含量、排放通量及农用风险评价

分析了广州市中心城区5个主要的污水处理厂污泥的基本理化性质和7种重金属(Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn)在不同雨期的浓度变化,估算了广州市污水处理厂污泥重金属的年排放通量,并对其污泥农用做了潜在风险评价。结果表明,各污水厂污泥均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)对重金属的排放要求,污泥的基本理化性质满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》(CJ/T309-2009)标准,沥滘、猎德、京溪和大坦沙污水厂的污泥重金属满足CJ/T309-2009要求,而西朗污水处理厂2013年12月采集的污泥中Cu和Cd未达标。通过估算,广州市污水处理厂污泥中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn的年排放通量分别为16.1、18.8、90.3、5.9、7.9、0.2和48.3 t。通过Hakanson生态风险评估,污泥在农用过程中除西朗污水处理厂污泥重金属危害为中等风险,其他厂污泥属于低风险。     

层次分析法在城镇污水处理厂污泥处置方案选择中的应用

首先对污泥处置技术及其投资运行成本进行简要分析;然后建立城镇污水处理厂污泥处置评估技术指标体系;最后以天津市为例,采用层次分析法计算各评估技术指标的权重,对土地利用、填埋、焚烧及建材利用4种污泥处置方案进行了综合评价。结合天津市的实际情况,土地利用为最佳处置方案。     

中国城镇污水处理厂运行状况调查分析

根据问卷调查资料和抽样监测数据,分析了中国城镇污水处理厂的工艺水平、实际运行负荷、水质稳定性以及剩余污泥处理处置等方面的现状与问题.通过调查分析可知,近年来,中国的城镇污水处理事业得到了前所未有的发展,但城镇污水处理工作中也存在着一些明显不足,其主要表现为:(1)由于配套管网建设滞后和运行费用不足等问题,导致实际污水处理量未能与污水处理能力保持同步增长.近1/3数量的污水处理厂的运行负荷率低于70%,造成1/4以上的污水处理能力被闲置.(2)污水处理厂出水水质的稳定性普遍不高,一些传统的处理工艺则更差.(3)污泥不经脱水即随意外运、乱弃的现象已有很大改观,但绝大部分污泥都未经稳定化处理,更为严重的是仍有少部分污泥无任何处置措施.     

日本污泥处置及其资源化现状和发展趋势

一、日本污泥处置现状目前,日本全国有污水处理厂约450个,每年排出的污泥量,按含水率70％计算,约有310万立方米。这些经过浓缩、脱水、干燥或焚烧等中间处理的污泥,性能趋于比较稳定。其最后处置是,或填地填海,或投弃海洋,或有效利用。     

城市污水污泥固结体重金属浸出毒性及路用性能研究

城市污水污泥的重金属离子Pb、Zn超过国家固体废弃物排放最高允许值,属于危险废物。污水污泥的最佳出路是无害化处理,资源化利用,产业化发展。研究了以上海市污水污泥为原料,加入一定比例的固化剂和矿物掺合料使之固结,经养护满足路用强度性能,测试其固结体重金属离子浸出质量浓度亦满足国家固体废弃物排放标准,即污泥中的重金属离子得到有效的束缚和稳定固化,既解决了环境问题,又为污泥产业化发展开辟了新的途径。     

城市污水污泥处置方式的温室气体排放比较分析

针对我国现在主流的城市污水污泥处置方法:填埋,焚烧,堆肥。用IPCC中推荐的方法和缺省值,对处置过程中产生的温室气体的直接排放、间接排放和替代排放做了计算和分析。填埋过程计算排放的温室气体有CH4,焚烧过程计算排放的有温室气体CO2和N2O,堆肥过程计算的排放的有温室气体CO2和N2O,最终比较的结果都折算成CO2的排放。结果表明,污泥填埋、焚烧、堆肥所产生的CO2的净排放量分别为695.847 kg CO2/t、443.643 kg CO2/t、511.817 kgCO2/t。由于考虑了堆肥以后的有机肥利用,从减排以及污泥资源化的角度分析,得出堆肥是相对好的污泥处置方式。     

The importance of pathogenic organisms in sewage and sewage sludge.

Deficient sanitation poses a serious threat to human and animal health, involving complex relationships between environments, animals, refuse, food, pathogens, parasites, and man. However, by sanitizing and stabilizing the organic matter of sewage sludge, agriculture can utilize it to maintain soil, water, and air quality. As ingredients in soil amendments, such bioresidues are a source of nutrients for plants. Stabilization and sanitation of sewage sludge safely couple its recycling and disposal. This coupling becomes increasingly important as economic and environmental constraints make strategies for waste disposal more difficult to apply. The occurrence of viruses, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and zooparasites in sewage sludge is reviewed in this article, and consequential epidemiologic concerns that arise from sewage sludge recycling is also addressed.     

Emission Characteristics of Granulated Fuel Produced from Sewage Sludge and Coal Slime

Abstract

The neutralization of wastewater treatment residues is an issue for many countries. The European Union (EU) legal regulations have limited the use of the residues in agriculture and implemented a ban for their disposal. Therefore, urgent action should be taken to find solutions for the safe disposal of sewage sludge. The problem refers in particular to the new EU member countries, including Poland, where one can now observe an intensive development of sewage system networks and new sewage treatment plants. At the same time, these countries have few installations for thermal sewage sludge utilization (e.g., there is only one installation of that type in Poland). Simultaneously, there are many coal-fired mechanical stoker-fired boilers in some of these countries. This paper presents suggestions for the production of granulated fuel from sewage sludge and coal slime. Additionally, among others, lime was added to the fuel to decrease the sulfur compounds emission. Results are presented of research on fuel with two average grain diameters (～15 and 35 mm). The fuel with such diameters is adapted to the requirements of the combustion process taking place in a stokerfired boiler. The research was aimed at identifying the behavior of the burning fuel, with special attention paid to its emission properties (e.g., to the emissions of oxides of nitrogen [NO_x], sulfur dioxide [SO₂], and carbon mon-oxide [CO], among others). The concentration and emission values were compared with similar results obtained while burning hard coal. The combustion process was carried out in a laboratory stand where realization of the large-scale tests is possible. The laboratory stand used made simulation possible for a wide range of burning processes in mechanical stoker-fired boilers.     

Emission characteristics of granulated fuel produced from sewage sludge and coal slime

The neutralization of wastewater treatment residues is an issue for many countries. The European Union (EU) legal regulations have limited the use of the residues in agriculture and implemented a ban for their disposal. Therefore, urgent action should be taken to find solutions for the safe disposal of sewage sludge. The problem refers in particular to the new EU member countries, including Poland, where one can now observe an intensive development of sewage system networks and new sewage treatment plants. At the same time, these countries have few installations for thermal sewage sludge utilization (e.g., there is only one installation of that type in Poland). Simultaneously, there are many coal-fired mechanical stoker-fired boilers in some of these countries. This paper presents suggestions for the production of granulated fuel from sewage sludge and coal slime. Additionally, among others, lime was added to the fuel to decrease the sulfur compounds emission. Results are presented of research on fuel with two average grain diameters (approximately 15 and 35 mm). The fuel with such diameters is adapted to the requirements of the combustion process taking place in a stoker-fired boiler. The research was aimed at identifying the behavior of the burning fuel, with special attention paid to its emission properties (e.g., to the emissions of oxides of nitrogen [NO(x)], sulfur dioxide [SO2], and carbon monoxide [CO], among others). The concentration and emission values were compared with similar results obtained while burning hard coal. The combustion process was carried out in a laboratory stand where realization of the large-scale tests is possible. The laboratory stand used made simulation possible for a wide range of burning processes in mechanical stoker-fired boilers.     

污水厂污泥一体化竖式强化渗滤浓缩自然干化与消化研究

针对目前国内污泥处理处置存在的问题,为实现污泥浓缩消化一体化,开发了污泥一体化强化渗滤浓缩自然干化与消化新工艺反应器,并进行了城市水厂污泥处理试验.结果表明,在有机负荷为0.8 kg VSS/(m3·d)、平均水力停留时间为8.3 d、污泥停留时间为120 d的条件下,污泥有机物去除率可达到44.4%,排泥含水率达到79.1%,污泥消化与浓缩过程起到了相互促进的作用.渗滤液须抽回至污水处理厂处理.     

Utilization of urban sewage sludge: Chinese perspectives

Purpose

Urbanization and industrialization in China has resulted in a dramatic increase in the volume of wastewater and sewage sludge produced from wastewater treatment plants. Problems associated with sewage sludge have attracted increasing attention from the public and urban planners. How to manage sludge in an economically and environmentally acceptable manner is one of the critical issues that modern societies are facing.

Methods

Sludge treatment systems consist of thickening, dewatering, and several different alternative main treatments (anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, drying, composting, and incineration). Agricultural application, landfill, and incineration are the principal disposal methods for sewage sludge in China. However, sewage sludge disposal in the future should focus on resource recovery, reducing environmental impacts and saving economic costs.

Results

The reuse of biosolids in all scenarios can be environmentally beneficial and cost-effective. Anaerobic digestion followed by land application is the preferable options due to low economic and energy costs and material reuse.

Conclusion

It is necessary to formulate a standard suitable for the utilization of sewage sludge in China.     

Codisposal of municipal refuse, sewage sludge and marine dredgings for methane production

As marine disposal of sewage sludge and dredged sediments may impose serious adverse effects to marine ecosystems, landfilling seems to be the most feasible method for the final disposal of these wastes. A batch experiment was conducted to study waste degradation and gas production after sewage sludge and marine dredgings were mixed with municipal refuse at 13 different ratios for 36 days. The addition of sludge and dredgings to municipal refuse enhanced gas production, compared with the degradation of refuse or sludge alone. A proper mixing ratio of wastes can also shorten the time to reach the final phase of anaerobiosis. The highest gas production was obtained from the ratio of 75-20-5 (refuse-sludge-dredgings) (wet weight basis). Its average daily gas production rate was 1.42 l kg(-1) waste mixture; methane content was 68.3%. The results indicated that codisposal of the three wastes would be beneficial for energy recovery from landfill gas.     

A comparative study of anaerobically digested and undigested sewage sludges in preparation of activated carbons.

Disposal of sewage sludge is an increasingly expensive and environmentally sensitive problem throughout the world. Preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge offers an attractive re-use alternative to the traditional disposal routes. The objective of this research work was to compare anaerobically digested sewage sludge (DS) and undigested sewage sludge (US) as source materials in the preparation of activated carbons. Prior to the preparation the properties of the two types of sewage sludges were determined and compared. Subsequently the sludge samples were activated with 5 M ZnCl2 solution and thereafter pyrolysed at heating temperature of 650 degrees C for 2 h with the heating rate of 15 degrees C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere. The produced activated carbons were characterised by surface area and porosity analysis, CHN elemental composition and ash contents determination, and aqueous phase phenol adsorption tests. The results indicate that in comparison with the DS, the US had a higher carbon content and lower ash content, and accordingly yielded a better activated carbon with a higher BET surface area, pore volume, carbon content and phenol adsorption capacity.