蓝藻定向发酵产丁酸的条件研究

以4种有机酸(乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸)对厌氧颗粒污泥进行胁迫处理,将胁迫后的污泥接种太湖蓝藻进行发酵产丁酸的实验,考察单一有机酸及混合有机酸胁迫对提高蓝藻厌氧发酵产丁酸的影响.结果表明,采用乳酸浓度2 g/L、乙酸浓度6 g/L、丙酸浓度5 g/L和丁酸浓度12 g/L的混合有机酸胁迫污泥后产丁酸效果最佳,获得的最大丁...     

典型农业废弃物干式厌氧发酵产氢影响因素的研究

以5种典型农业废弃物(猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆、餐饮垃圾和厨余垃圾)为研究对象,采用干式厌氧发酵产氢技术,研究不同初始pH、温度对产氢潜力和代谢途径的影响。结果表明,当中温、初始pH为7.0时,餐饮垃圾产氢效果最佳,最大累积产氢量为261.96mL,最大产氢速率为15.18mL/h,氢气体积分数最大值为64.61%;当中温、初始pH为6.0时,秸秆产氢效果最好,最大累积产氢量为254.41mL,最大产氢速率为24.50mL/h,氢气体积分数最大值为65.54%。5种农业废弃物干式厌氧发酵产氢的代谢途径均以丁酸型发酵为主。     

温度和初始pH对农业固体废物暗发酵产氢的影响

以猪粪、鸡粪、玉米秸秆、餐厨垃圾和厨余垃圾等5种农业固体废物为底物,采用修正的Gompertz模型,研究了典型农业固体废物暗发酵产氢动力学和代谢产物变化规律,探讨了不同温度和初始pH条件下的主要产氢代谢途径。结果表明:温度和初始pH对农业固体废物暗发酵产氢具有显著影响;高温组累积产气量和氢气百分含量显著高于中温组。在55℃高温且pH为6.0的条件下,餐厨垃圾暗发酵产氢效果最佳,累积产气量和氢气百分含量最大,为1 100 mL和73.58%,最大产氢速率和产氢潜力分别为37.11 mL·h~(-1)和660.30 mL;厨余垃圾暗发酵产氢效果次之,鸡粪产氢潜力最差。在暗发酵产氢末期,以鸡粪为底物的代谢产物的氨氮浓度最高,过高的氨氮浓度可能抑制了产氢过程。VFA分析表明:不同底物和条件下丁酸浓度均最高,且含有少量乙醇、乙酸、丙酸等;暗发酵产氢代谢途径是以丁酸型发酵为主的混合型发酵。通过温度、初始pH等非生物性控制因素的优化调控,显著提高了农业固体废物暗发酵产氢潜力和底物利用效率,为生物制氢的技术研发与工程应用提供参考。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧干发酵产氢特性及其调控

采用干发酵技术以餐厨垃圾为底物进行产氢实验,比较不同TS(20%、22%、24%和30%)条件下的产氢情况,修正的Gompertz模型能够较好地拟合餐厨垃圾干发酵过程中的产氢情况(R20.97),获得最佳的TS为22%。反应1.5 d后,累积产氢量出现下降,发现反应体系内存在耗氢现象,微生物群落结构显示TS 22%组优势菌属为Lactobacillus。随后,在TS含量为22%的条件下,添加氯仿对耗氢进行抑制。结果表明:添加0.05%的氯仿能够显著提高产氢量,最大累积产氢量为29.66 mL·g~(-1)(TS),是对照组的1.29倍;氯仿添加量为0.05%时,碳水化合物的降解率最高,达到43.07%;氯仿不仅会对耗氢产生抑制,同时也会抑制产氢,适宜浓度的氯仿能够提高餐厨垃圾干发酵产氢,最佳添加量为0.05%;餐厨垃圾干发酵产氢过程为丁酸型发酵,主要的液相末端发酵产物为乙酸和丁酸。     

添加剂对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响

以表面活性剂与偏硅酸钠的混合物作为添加剂,考察了添加剂的投加量对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢效果的影响.实验结果表明,添加剂能抑制产甲烷菌的生长,且接种污泥无需预处理即可提高产氢量.另外,随着添加剂投加量的增大.体系中氢气的浓度增大,在5 g(干重)餐厨垃圾投加添加剂为1.75 g时,产氢量为114.5 mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计).但从经济和实用两方面考虑,选择最佳添加剂量为1.00 g.     

微量金属元素及其配合物对厨余垃圾甲烷发酵的影响

生物可利用的微量金属元素不仅能够保证污染物以最大的速率转化,而且还可以使某些特殊的转化得以发生,并提高微生物对有毒污染物质的耐受能力。在研究厨余垃圾总固体浓度(total solid, TS)、接种量和C/N比对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵影响的基础上,重点探讨微量金属元素钴及其配合物丝氨酸对厨余垃圾厌氧发酵甲烷产量及关键酶含量的影响。结果表明,当TS为0.5%、接种污泥量为100 mL/L和C/N比为20∶1时,厨余垃圾厌氧发酵的甲烷产率较高,为367 mL/g COD;添加2 μmol/L的微量金属元素钴-配合物丝氨酸时,甲烷产率则提高到432 mL/g COD,相应地,辅酶M的含量由空白实验的41.21 μmol/g VSS提高到54.64 μmol/g VSS,辅酶F₄₂₀的含量由0.31 μmol/g VSS提高到0.48 μmol/g VSS。     

垃圾渗滤液发酵产氢和产甲烷特性研究

以实际垃圾渗滤液作为厌氧发酵基质,研究了初始pH为7.0、中温(37℃)条件下的发酵产氢、产甲烷特性。结果表明,利用垃圾渗滤液作为基质发酵产氢或甲烷时,氢气的最大累积产量为24.33mL(以每克COD计,下同),甲烷的最大累积产量为91.59mL,产氢发酵在初期存在明显的迟滞期,但是产甲烷发酵不存在明显迟滞期;产氢发酵的液相末端产物中含有大量的挥发性有机酸和乙醇,乙醇、乙酸、丁酸质量浓度分别为487.23、1 175.21、1 225.78mg/L,相比产氢发酵,产甲烷发酵的液相末端产物中乙醇、乙酸、丁酸质量浓度均较低,分别为256.38、106.73、107.42mg/L;产甲烷发酵的最终pH是6.32,接近中性,而产氢发酵的最终pH为4.21,呈明显酸性;产甲烷发酵对COD的去除率(41.78%)高于产氢发酵对COD的去除率(32.14%),可能是产氢发酵液相末端产物中的乙酸能被产甲烷菌利用,而被进一步降解。     

利用有机基质厌氧生物产氢的试验研究

对利用有机基质厌氧生物产氢过程进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 ,污泥种类、基质种类、基质浓度和起始 p H对厌氧产氢反应有显著影响。当校河底泥在以 2 0 g COD/L的果糖为基质 ,起始 p H为 6.5时 ,产氢效果最佳 ,停滞期仅为 5 h,产气速率高达5 0 .1m L/g VSS·h,且可持续 12 h,累积产气量高达 60 4.9m L/g VSS,其中氢气含量约为 5 0 %。半连续试验的结果表明 ,若及时更换和补充基质 ,适当调节 p H,就可实现持续产氢 ,在 16h内平均产气速率可达 60 .0 m L /g VSS· h,氢气含量约为 45 %。     

不同来源污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果研究

在相同接种配比(接种污泥占餐厨垃圾的质量分数为30%)条件下,研究了4种不同来源污泥(压滤污泥、厌氧污泥、曝气污泥和河底淤泥)添加或不添加缓冲剂时对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果的影响.结果发现,在不添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>河底淤泥>压滤污泥>曝气污泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量最高,达10.11mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计,下同);而添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>曝气污泥>压滤污泥>河底淤泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量也最高,为33.72 mL,且体系pH得以缓冲.     

剩余活性污泥和厨余垃圾续批式混合中温消化试验研究

将加碱水解和未水解剩余活性污泥与厨余垃圾混合后进行序批式中温厌氧消化,对生化产甲烷势(BMP)进行了测定.剩余活性污泥的水解通过添加NaOH进行,合理的NaOH投量为40 mmol/L,在25 ℃和35 ℃下经过6 h的水解后SCOD水解率分别提高27.4%和31.1%.厨余垃圾、25℃和35℃下水解污泥的最终甲烷产量分别为607、284、312 mL/g(VS),两种水解污泥比未水解污泥分别高出43%、57.6%,水解污泥和厨余垃圾混合消化的可降解能力要优于未水解污泥和厨余垃圾的混合进料.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)