汉江上游前坊村黄土剖面化学风化程度及其环境意义

通过对郧县前坊村黄土剖面常量元素及相关参数分析,采用Al为标准的变化率参数计算。结果表明：(1)古土壤S0形成时期,土壤磁化率、粘粒成分、CIA值较典型黄土L1高,Na/K值低于典型黄土L1。这表明古土壤形成时期,气候温暖湿润,土壤风化淋溶较强,反映了较强的成壤过程,在黄土堆积时期气候相对干冷,沙尘暴频繁出现,土壤的成壤作用较弱;(2)碳酸盐含量的剧烈变化是影响黄土元素分布特征很重要的因素,其中,一些元素如Mn和Fe在剖面中的含量较高,主要是碳酸盐被强烈淋溶造成的相对富集;(3)前坊村剖面中,常量元素风化成土过程中,Na、Ca、Mg、K、Si和Ti在古土壤S0为主要迁移元素,其迁移顺序为：Na>Ca>Mg>K>Si>Ti;Mn和Fe表现的轻微富集;常量元素的迁移特征指示了汉江上游谷地黄土已经完成初级的脱Ca、Na阶段,应进入了早期去K的中等风化阶段     

汉江上游风成谷地黄土的重矿物组成特征及意义

汉江流域位于黄土高原南侧,属中国南北气候的过渡区域,其重矿物组成对区域沉积物物质来源与演化研究具有重要意义。运用强磁选、重液分离法等技术手段将汉江上游谷地黄土沉积物中的重矿物提取出来,在双目显微镜和偏光显微镜下测定其含量和特征。结果表明:(1)汉江黄土重矿物有22种,其中角闪石、磁铁矿、钛铁矿等矿物为优势矿物,占重矿物总量的60%以上;稳定矿物约占重矿物总量的47.95%,是汉江黄土最主要的矿物组合。(2)典型黄土和古土壤中重矿物种类相同,但含量有一定差异,马兰黄土(L1)相较古土壤(S0)不稳定矿物含量较高,稳定矿物含量较低;(3)汉江黄土与北侧黄土高原黄土相比重矿物种类相似,稳定性组合分布一致,但汉江黄土稳定性矿物含量较高,不稳定性矿物含量较低。这些特征说明:(1)汉江上游地区古土壤和黄土物质来源一致,古土壤S0在物质组成上继承了黄土,是黄土高度风化的产物;(2)汉江谷地黄土和黄土高原风成黄土两者的物源区一致,但汉江地区黄土受到较黄土高原地区强的风化成壤作用。     

Distribution of 90Sr and 137Cs in Arctic soil profiles polluted by heavy metals

Effects of industrial pollution on the behaviour of radionuclides in spruce forest ecosystems were studied along a gradient from of a copper-nickel smelter in Monchegorsk, NW Russia. A reference site was situated in Lapland, Finland, 152 km west of Monchegorsk. Most of the total 137Cs activity in soil was in mineral (E and B) horizons, except at the reference site where the major part was still in the organic surface layer. Most of the total 90Sr activity still remaining in the soil profile was found in the surface layer, but the relative amount decreased with increasing level of industrial pollution. Pollutants from the smelter clearly affected the chemical speciation of radionuclides. Smaller amounts of exchangeable radionuclides were present in the organic surface layer at the most polluted sites. The decline of 137Cs with decreasing distance from the smelter correlated strongly with a similar depletion in exchangeable K and Mg. Total concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr showed high correlations with exchangeable cations, particularly in the E and upper B horizon. A sudden change in behaviour of 137Cs in the lower B horizon may be associated with changes in clay mineralogy along the soil profile caused by weathering.     

汉江辽瓦店全新世黄土-古土壤序列风化过程及古洪水事件记录

对汉江上游谷地包含古洪水滞流沉积层的辽瓦店(LWD)全新世黄土-古土壤剖面的常量元素含量、粘粒含量、磁化率和Rb/Sr比值等指标进行了对比分析。结果发现:在LWD剖面的风化成壤过程中,元素Na、Mg和Al表现为较强烈的迁移淋失,虽然元素K、Fe和Ca有一定程度的迁移淋失,但比较微弱,呈现NaMgAlKFeCaSi的迁移序列;磁化率、Rb/Sr、CIA值、钾纳比(K2O/N2O)和淋溶系数的分布随地层的变化而同步变化。上述变化指示古土壤S0形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用强烈,马兰黄土L1堆积时期气候寒冷干旱,风化成壤作用最弱,黄土L0堆积时期气候有所好转,风化成壤作用强于马兰黄土堆积时期,但弱于古土壤形成时期。古土壤S0形成的全新世中期可能出现过一次较为暖湿的次级环境变化,在剖面中上部夹有一层古洪水滞流沉积层(SWD),呈灰白色(10YR6/1),为十分均匀的细粉砂,与上下相邻地层呈突变接触关系且界线清晰,向垂直河岸方向快速尖灭,是一次剧烈的气候突变事件的产物。     

Preliminary evaluation of PAH sorptive changes in soil by Soxhlet extraction

This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of sorbent modification by synthetic, chemical/thermal weathering on the sorptive behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A clean sandy-clay-loam soil was subjected to Soxhlet extraction and PAH sorptive phenomena were evaluated based on quantity and quality changes in soil organic matter (SOM) and clay minerals. Critical changes in sorption capacity were found to depend on the initial PAH concentrations. Above 7 mg/l, weathering increased the PAH in comparison to that of unmodified soil, whereas it decreased when applied below this concentration. Similarly, less PAH was desorbed from the altered soil when PAH was applied above 7 mg/l. Therefore, when PAH was applied below 7 mg/l, quantitative reduction of sorbent amount (i.e., SOM and clay minerals) by soil weathering governed PAH sorptive behavior. However, when the PAH was applied above the critical limit, qualitative modifications in the sorbents facilitated an opposite trend. Sorbent swelling, removal of competing compounds, and possible changes in surface characteristics by Soxhlet extraction, together with increased concentration gradient effects were factors that resulted in dissimilar PAH sorptive phenomena, pivoting at the critical concentration.     

汉江上游古洪水与现代洪水滞流沉积物地球化学特征对比分析

对汉江上游古洪水和现代洪水滞流沉积物(SWD)地球化学元素对比分析，并与上陆地壳UCC含量比较。结果表明：与现代洪水SWD对比，古洪水SWD处于脱钙去钠的初级阶段，而其他常量元素含量没有明显变化。两者的常量元素UCC标准曲线相近，表明洪水SWD物源都是汉江流域内地表松散碎屑物。古洪水SWD的化学风化指数(CIA)平均值为64，现代洪水SWD是60。古洪水SWD化学风化程度略大于现代洪水SWD。但是现代洪水SWD的重金属元素Zn、Co、Cr、V和Ba含量都明显高于古洪水SWD，其UCC标准曲线累积最明显，这些表明汉江上游受现代人类活动影响明显。这些成果有助于更好理解汉江上游环境变化与人类活动之间的关系，同时为汉江上游流域内洪水期间水土保持和生态环境保护等方面提供重要的科学依据     

湖北郧西县庹家湾剖面粒度组成特征及其环境意义

对湖北省郧西县庹家湾(TJW)剖面的地层序列、年代、磁化率及粒度组成进行研究。结果表明:TJW剖面具有表土(MS)→全新世黄土(L0)→古土壤(S0)→过渡层(Lt)→马兰黄土(L1)→黄土与砂互层(T1-al2)→砾石层(T1-al1)的地层序列;在马兰黄土层上部的黏粒含量、黏粒/粉砂值以及磁化率值明显高于典型马兰黄土,而接近古土壤(S0),其成壤作用明显,属于较典型的弱古土壤层(L1-S1和L1-S2),其年龄在27.3~21.6 ka B.P.之间。此现象反映了在汉江上游地区,晚更新世时期的冰期气候并不是持续稳定的,在27.3~21.6 ka B.P.期间存在相对短暂的温暖湿润阶段,这次气候事件可与黄土高原地区进行良好对比。     

赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土元素地球化学特征研究

对长江中下游彭泽定山-太平地区黄土进行元素分析,并将结果与黄土高原黄土、长江下游等地典型风成堆积进行对比。结果表明：（1）赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土元素P、Na、Ca亏损明显,Ti、Fe等为残留富集;断面上黄土脱Ca、Na过程明显,正朝着脱K去Si富Al趋势发展;元素变化率特征,赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土主要元素的迁移顺序如下：Ca>P>Na>Mg>Mn>K>Si>Al>Fe3+>Ti。（2）赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土风化强度属于中等风化强度,与其他地区风成沉积在风化强度由弱到强上构成如下序列：〖JP2〗洛川黄土<镇江黄土<赣北鄱阳湖地区黄土<宣城风成红土。研究区黄土风化强度略强于镇江黄土,主要是由二者地形条件决定的排水条件造成。（3）研究区稳定元素组成明显区别于其他地区风成沉积,指示定山-太平地区沙山砂、黄土可能来自统一的物源区即其上风向的长江河漫滩平原     

Mechanisms of enrichment of natural radioactivity along the beaches of the Camargue, France

A field study was carried out along the Golfe du Lion, that focussed on the beaches of the Camargue, to locate the main areas where enriched U and Th are found, and to better understand the processes that concentrate radioactivity on beaches. Indeed enriched areas are observed on some Camargue beaches, where high-dose rates are recorded due to excess U and Th activity (>1000 Bq kg(-1)). The coastline was mapped by means of an aerial gamma survey and the results indicated that the main actinides deposits occurred in the Camargue area. This concentrating effect is possibly due to a greater sedimentary contribution from the River Rhone relative to other minor Mediterranean rivers. Across the along-shore profile, the variability in actinides observed at the eastern part of Beauduc spit is mainly explained by variations in heavy and light mineral contents. Such variability can be accounted for by redistribution of the sand caused by erosion/deposition processes occurring in the eastern part of the spit. Further parameters such as grain size and heavy minerals content were studied in connection with the distribution of U, Th and (40)K in the field at a more localised level (i.e. across-shore beach profile). The <200-micro m fraction contains more than 50% of the radioactivity and heavy minerals (especially zircon) are the main contributors to the high levels of external radiation. Therefore the enriched areas, where U and Th exceed 1000 Bq kg(-1), presumably result from the sorting of sand grains according to their size and density.     

Element mobility during metasomatism of granitic rocks in the Saint-Chély d'Apcher area (Lozère,France)

This paper summarises the behaviour of major and trace elements during hydrothermal alteration processes in the Vareilles albite deposit, Saint-Chély d' Apcher area (Lozère, France). Sampling focused mainly on fine- to medium-grained two-mica granite facies surrounding albitite veins in two open pits. The primary chemical variability inherent in sampling parent rock and analytical uncertainties can seriously affect element mobility calculations. Here we present a simple model that allows to discriminate between magmatic and alteration effects and to make a proper evaluation of the chemical changes that have caused the alteration. For this reason, a range of unaltered granites and albitites were sampled to evaluate the degree of parent rock heterogeneity. Duplicate measurements were performed by epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA) to obtain a reliable mean concentration for trace elements and to evaluate results reproducibility. ENAA measurements are completed by analysis of major elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The enrichment or depletion of an element during alteration, relative to its concentration in fresh parent rock, can be calculated on the basis of the assumed immobility of some elements during the process. In this study, we have assumed Ta as immobile element on the basis for his inert behaviour. The distinct differences in chemical change between altered and unaltered granite suggest the need to consider alteration event as an important parameter in evaluating granitic rocks for nuclear waste disposal.     

荔波板寨小流域水化学和溶解无机碳的稳定同位素特征

通过采集贵州荔波自然保护区内的板寨地上河小流域的地表和地下水样品,测试了阴阳离子含量及其HCO_3~-中的δ~(13)C同位素值,分析不同季节该流域水体的水化学特征,并结合δ~(13)C同位素值探讨水体溶质的来源和水化学过程。结果表明:小流域水体的主要阴离子为HCO_3~-和SO_4~(2-),二者分别占了水体总阴离子当量的86.2%和10.4%,主要阳离子Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)则分别占总阳离子当量的76.9%和20.5%。河水较多的Mg~(2+)表明其可能受白云岩风化的影响。小流域水体DIC的δ~(13)C值在-16.87‰至-10.80‰之间,夏季相对于冬季偏负,并且HCO_3~-含量与其δ~(13)C值之间存在负相关关系,这可能是不同季节温度和降水强度共同作用的结果。水体的SO_4~(2-)含量与DIC的δ~(13)C同位素值之间存在明显正相关性,这说明H_2SO_4可能参与了小流域内碳酸盐岩的风化过程。     

Ra–Po–Pb isotope systematics in waters of Sambhar Salt Lake,Rajasthan (India): geochemical characterization and particulate reactivity

The Sambhar Salt Lake hydrological system, including river waters, groundwaters, evaporating pans and sub-surface brines, has been analyzed for the salt content (TDS) and naturally occurring radionuclides (²¹⁰Po, ²¹⁰Pb and ^226,228Ra). The abundance of these radionuclides and their activity ratios show a wide variation in different hydrological regimes, which helps to geochemically characterize the lake system. A significantly lower Ra to total dissolved solids (TDS) ratio in the brines (by two to three orders of magnitude), when compared to the groundwaters and river waters, suggests removal of dissolved Ra by co-precipitation with Ca–Mg minerals at an early stage of the brine evolution. The concentration of Ra in evaporating lake/pan waters saturates at a value of about 35 Bq L⁻¹ over the salinity range of 100–370 g L⁻¹; attributable to its equilibration with the clay minerals. The two distinct regimes, saline lake system (lake water, evaporating pans and sub-surface brines) and groundwaters have been identified based on their differences in the distribution of ^226,228Ra isotopes. This observation points to the conclusion that the groundwaters and the lake brines are not intimately coupled in terms of their origin and evolution. The abundances of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb along with their activity ratios (²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb) are markedly different among the surface lake waters/evaporating pans, sub-surface lake brines and groundwaters. These differences are explained in terms of different geochemical behaviour of these nuclides in presence of algae and organic matter present in these water regimes.     

2013年长江丰水期河水化学特征及控制因素

为掌握长江河水化学组成特征及其控制因素,笔者运用Gibbs图、多种离子比例系数法和主成分分析法综合分析了长江流域丰水期河水化学及氢氧同位素特征。结果表明,长江丰水期河水主要来源为大气降水,河水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型,化学成分主要受流域内广泛分布的碳酸盐岩等岩石风化作用控制;河水pH值、HCO₃^-浓度沿长江径流方向降低,SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺浓度沿长江径流方向升高。2013年丰水期,长江河水化学组成特征变化的主要影响因子,是易溶盐岩溶解和人类活动(贡献率40%),其次为川贵及长江三角洲地区的酸雨沉降以及人为酸性废水排放促进了流域内石灰岩和富含碳酸盐的三叠系砂页岩溶解(贡献率20%),最后为硅酸盐矿物及其风化产物的溶解(贡献率19%)。为了解长江河水水质状况及其演变趋势,合理评价长江流域水资源提供很好的科学依据。     

乌江流域石灰土中铀等元素形态与铀活性

以中国西南乌江流域石灰土为例，运用逐级提取(Sequential Extraction，SEE)技术，并结合化学成分和相关参数数据，研究了石灰土中铀(U)等元素的形态，并在此基础上探讨了石灰土中U的活动性及释放潜力，旨在增进对U等元素生物地球化学循环的了解，同时也为流域U污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明：①石灰土中Mn主要存在于锰(氢)氧化物中，Ca主要存在于碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物中，P主要存在于硅酸盐矿物和有机质中，U主要赋存于硅酸盐等残留部分中，其次赋存于有机质结合部分和碳酸盐矿物中；②石灰土剖面中活动态U所占的比例为10%~30%，平均17%，说明石灰土中的部分U在酸性和氧化-还原界面等条件下具有一定的迁移活性，即在上述条件下，石灰土中的部分U可释放进入周围水体或植物中；③石灰土中U的潜在释放量为036~150 g/t，平均U潜在释放量为076 g/t，因此，在酸雨和侵蚀等作用下，石灰土U释放可显著提高乌江河水U通量。     

大坝拦截对河流水溶解组分化学组成的影响分析——以夏季乌江渡水库为例

以乌江渡水库为主要研究对象，揭示了大坝拦截条件下的夏季水化学特征：阴离子以HCO-3,SO2-4为主，阳离子以Ca2+,Mg2+为主，其余离子含量低于10%，说明了碳酸盐岩的风化对水体化学组成起到了主要控制作用，蒸发盐岩石的风化对水体化学组成影响较小。水库水体存在温度分层现象，形成了不同层位的水体有着不同的水化学组成，即水化学分层。水化学的分层形成了溶解组分在水库垂直深度上的规律分布，比如受藻类的影响，Si和叶绿素随深度成相反的变化特征；HCO-3受光合作用和有机质降解的影响，30 m 以上随着水深的增加而递增，30 m 以下呈现相反趋势；水库泄水方式明显改变了水化学各种参数和离子在水体中的分配。乌江水库两主要支流（息烽河和偏岩河）分别对乌江渡坝前水体中的Ca2+,SO2-4,HCO-3,Mg2+和K+,Na+,Cl-有贡献。网箱养鱼、生活污水、农业施肥、酸性矿山废水以及酸雨沉降都会对水体造成不同程度的污染。     

Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and 137Cs on reference minerals, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings

The adsorption properties of reference minerals may be considerably modified by the presence of the inorganic and organic coatings that are ubiquitous in soils. It is therefore important to assess the effect of such coatings to evaluate the relevance of adsorption studies on pure minerals. The adsorption of trace amounts of (85)Sr and (137)Cs has been studied in dilute suspensions for various minerals that are common components of soils: quartz, calcium carbonate, kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite. We studied the effect of coatings with either Fe or Al oxide with varying additions of soil-extracted humic or fulvic acid. Both adsorption and desorption were measured and data presented as distribution coefficients, Kd. No adsorption was detected on quartz and it was not possible to coat this surface. Adsorption on calcium carbonate was small and not influenced by coatings. Adsorption of Sr on the three clay minerals was very similar, enhanced by the Al-coating, but not affected by Fe and organic coatings. The presence of organic coatings decreased Cs adsorption on illite. Similar but smaller effects were seen on montmorillonite and kaolinite. Aluminum coating enhanced Cs adsorption on illite, whereas both inorganic coatings caused decreases in adsorption on montmorillonite, and there was no effect on kaolinite. Effects were not additive with mixed, organic-inorganic coatings. Adsorption of both Cs and Sr on all minerals was strongly irreversible, with Kd (desorption) being up to four-times greater than adsorption Kd. The ratio of desorption and adsorption Cs Kd values (an assessment of irreversibility) was inversely related to adsorption Kd. This is consistent with a decreasing contribution of high-affinity adsorption as adsorption increases, but may also reflect the partial loss of organic coatings during desorption.     

Soil organic horizons as a major source for radiocesium biorecycling in forest ecosystems

Here we review some of the main processes and key parameters affecting the mobility of radiocesium in soils of semi-natural areas. We further illustrate them in a collection of soil surface horizons which largely differ in their organic matter contents. In soils, specific retention of radiocesium occurs in a very small number of sorbing sites, which are the frayed edge sites (FES) born out of weathered micaceous minerals. The FES abundance directly governs the mobility of trace Cs in the rhizosphere and thus its transfer from soil to plant. Here, we show that the accumulation of organic matter in topsoils can exert a dilution of FES-bearing minerals in the thick humus of some forest soils. Consequently, such accumulation significantly contributes to increasing 137Cs soil-to-plant transfer. Potassium depletion and extensive exploration of the organic horizons by plant roots can further enhance the contamination hazard. As humus thickness depends on both ecological conditions and forest management. our observations support the following ideas: (1) forest ecosystems can be classified according to their sensitivity to radiocesium bio-recycling, (2) specific forest management could be searched to decrease such bio-recycling.     

Bioremediation of PAHs and VOCs: Advances in clay mineral–microbial interaction

Bioremediation is an effective strategy for cleaning up organic contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Advanced bioremediation implies that biotic agents are more efficient in degrading the contaminants completely. Bioremediation by microbial degradation is often employed and to make this process efficient, natural and cost-effective materials can serve as supportive matrices. Clay/modified clay minerals are effective adsorbents of PAHs/VOCs, and readily available substrate and habitat for microorganisms in the natural soil and sediment. However, the mechanism underpinning clay-mediated biodegradation of organic compounds is often unclear, and this requires critical investigation. This review describes the role of clay/modified clay minerals in hydrocarbon bioremediation through interaction with microbial agents in specific scenarios. The vision is on a faster, more efficient and cost-effective bioremediation technique using clay-based products. This review also proposes future research directions in the field of clay modulated microbial degradation of hydrocarbons.     

Particulate and dissolved elemental loads in the Kuji River related to discharge rate

In order to investigate influences of discharge rates on fluvial transport behavior of elements in the Kuji River, Japan, suspended and dissolved phase concentrations in the river water were measured together with the water flow rates. The concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) increased by two or three orders of magnitude with the water discharge, and also had seasonal variations. Adsorptive elements or heavy metal elements, which tend to form insoluble compounds, were present generally as suspended forms in the river waters, and their dissolved form concentrations tended to increase with the water discharge. On the other hand, non-adsorptive elements such as alkali and alkaline-earth elements were present as dissolved forms under a normal flow rate condition, but equivalent quantity of suspended species also occurred under a high flow condition. In this case, the dissolved form concentrations decreased with the water discharge. Characterization of SPM with analyses of chemical compositions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) indicated that clay mineral such as montmorillonite would be the main carrier material of trace and major elements during the fluvial transport in the Kuji River. Variations of contents of selected elements in SPM with the water discharge indicated that river bottom sediments, which are probably potential sources of SPM added due to high water flow rates, would be different in chemical compositions from SPM floating under a normal flow condition. Variations of chemical compositions of SPM as well as of suspended or dissolved form concentrations of elements in the river waters were formulated as a function of the water discharge rates.     

长江港口岸线资源利用及其空间效应

港口岸线资源的科学有序利用是支撑长江经济带高质量发展的重要抓手。以长江干流港口岸线为对象,基于高分遥感影像数据和沿江化工企业数据,借助GIS空间分析等技术方法,探究长江港口岸线资源开发利用及其空间效应。研究发现,港口岸线是长江岸线开发利用的主要类型,上下游港口岸线的利用强度、利用效率存在较大差异。江苏港口岸线的利用强度最高,重庆、四川的利用强度相对较低;苏州港口岸线利用效率始终保持最高水平,荆州始终处于最低水平,个别港口岸线的利用效率波动下降。总体上,沿江5 km范围内的化工企业受到港口岸线开发空间效应的影响最为显著,但其影响范围和强度在上中下游不同地区存在明显分异。