Distribution of bacterial communities across plateau freshwater lake and upslope soils

Microorganisms are involved in a variety of biogeochemical processes in natural environments. The differences between bacterial communities in freshwaters and upslope soils remain unclear. The present study investigated the bacterial distribution in a plateau freshwater lake, Erhai Lake (southwestern China), and its upslope soils. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated high bacterial diversity in lake sediments and soils. Sediment and soil bacterial communities were mainly composed of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes. However, a distinctive difference in bacterial community structure was found between soil and sediment ecosystems. Water content, nitrogen and pH affected the distribution of the bacterial community across Erhai Lake and its upslope soils. Moreover, the soil bacterial community might also be shaped by plant types. This work could provide some new insights into plateau aquatic and terrestrial microbial ecology.     

Genotypic, size and morphological diversity of virioplankton in a deep oligomesotrophic freshwater lake (Lac Pavin, France)

We examined changes in morphological and genomic diversities of viruses by means of transmission electronic microscopy and pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) over a nine-month period(April–December 2005) at four different depths in the oligomesotrophic Lac Pavin. We found that the majority of viruses in this lake belonged to the family of Siphoviridae or were untailed, with capsid sizes ranging from 30 to 60 nm, and exhibited genome sizes ranging from 15 to 45 kb. On average, 12 different genotypes dominated each of the PFGE fingerprints. The highest genomic viral richness was recorded in summer(mean = 14 bands per PFGE fingerprint) and in the epilimnion(mean = 13 bands per PFGE fingerprint). Among the physico-chemical and biological variables considered, the availability of the hosts appeared to be the main factor regulating the variations in the viral diversity.     

职业性苯接触者终末呼出气中的苯含量

苯在工业生产中被广泛应用,因其毒性极大,给职业性苯接触工人的健康造成严重危害.如何评价苯作业工人健康所受到的危害程度,以利于工人的安全防护,本文就职业性苯接触的呼出气监测来评价环境空气浓度与人体吸收水平的关系进行探讨,为健康监护提供依据.     

Nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ) and N2O reduction along the littoral gradient of a eutrophic freshwater lake

Lake littoral zones are characterized by heterogeneity in the biogeochemistry of nutrient elements. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ)-encoding denitrifier community composition/abundance and N2O reduction. Five samples (deep sediment, near-transition sediment, transition site, near-transition land and land soil) were collected along a littoral gradient of eutrophic Baiyangdian Lake, North China. To investigate the relationship between the nosZ-encoding denitrifier community structure and N2O reduction, the nosZ-encoding denitrifier community composition/abundance, potential denitrification rate (DNR) and potential N2O production rate (pN2O) were investigated using molecular biological technologies and laboratory incubation experiments. The results showed that the average DNR of sediments was about 25 times higher than that of land soils, reaching 282.5 nmol N/(g dry weight (dw)·hr) and that the average pN2O of sediments was about 3.5 times higher than that of land soils, reaching 15.7 nmol N/(g dw·hr). In the land area, the nosZ gene abundance showed a negative correlation with the N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio, indicating that nosZ gene abundance dominated N2O reduction both in the surface soils of the land area and in the soil core of the transition site.Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the nosZ sequences recovered from sediment clustered closely with the isolates Azospirillum largimobile and Azospirillum irakense affiliated to Rhodospirillaceae in alpha-Proteobacteria, while about 92.3% (12/13) of the nosZ sequences recovered from land soil affiliated to Rhizobiaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae in α-Proteobacteria. The community composition of nosZ gene-encoding denitrifiers appeared to be coupled with N2O reduction along the littoral gradient.     

膜-生物反应器污泥缺氧反硝化过程中SMP的形成

在不同C/N比下,研究了膜-生物反应器在缺氧状态下溶解性微生物产物(SMP)的形成规律.结果表明,不同C/N比的反硝化过程,随着底物的降解,SMP都呈现不同程度的累积,且高C/N比下的合成量(9~10mgCOD/gVSS)高于低C/N比下的合成量(3~4mgCOD/gVSS).从SMP的组分来看,不同C/N比下糖类的代谢规律相似,蛋白质则随着C/N比的升高其含量占SMP总量的比例增加,成为膜污染潜在的主要贡献者.随着反硝化过程的进行,体系中亚硝酸盐的累积对SMP的形成没有影响.     

Evaluating the biotoxicity of surface water in a grassy lake in North China

The biological toxicity of aquatic ecosystems should be considered when assessing the effects of toxicity on the water environment. The aim of this study was to identify the main pollutants in the Baiyangdian (BYD) and the factors that contribute to biological toxicity. We determined various physical and chemical indicators in the surface water of the BYD, including nutrients and heavy metals, and the biological toxicity. We also explored the sources of the main pollutants and how the pollutants contributed to toxicity in the lake, using correlation analysis and an index of the biological toxicity. The results showed that total nitrogen (TN), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) were the main pollutants in the BYD surface water. The average concentration of Cr was 2.3 times greater than the Class V threshold, and the concentrations at about 65% of the sampling points, mainly those in the southern part of the BYD, exceeded the threshold standard. The average concentration of Zn was 1.25 times higher than the Class V threshold, with the concentrations of about 35% of the samples greater than the threshold concentration. The integrated toxicity of the surface water to luminescent bacteria ranged from 0.51% to 58%, and averaged 24.07%, which was within the range of moderate toxicity. The inhibition rates were high near Diantou (59%) and Duan (51.6%). The pollutant levels in the BYD tend to be related to the population density, with pollution mainly caused by sewage and domestic garbage, with little influence from local industries. Cr and TN were strongly correlated, but the biological toxicity was not correlated with any of the individual environmental indicators, which suggests that the toxicity in the surface water of the BYD reflected the combined effects of the environmental factors, rather than a single factor. The information from this study, about the main pollutants and the relationships between the physical and chemical properties of the surface water in the BYD, can be used to support plans for restoring the BYD.     

工作场所空气中苯的检测与评价

以某污水处理车间为例,采用溶剂解吸--气相色谱法对工作场所空气中的苯进行检测,探讨工作场所空气中苯的检测与评价模式.     

YJT塔及其在三苯废气治理中的应用

介绍了一种自行研制的ＹＪＴ塔组合净化装置及其工艺，并简要阐述了有关注体力学参数，通过某制鞋厂的三苯废气治理表明，用零号柴油作吸收剂，其净化效率较高，经治理排放的废气浓度和排放速率均符合行业标准中的一级标准。     

某化工厂苯塔泄漏事故的定量风险评估

应用ALOHA软件对苯塔泄漏事故后果进行了预测分析,参考ERPG、IDLH浓度阈值,对企业制定应急救援预案提出建议。     

滇池、洱海、泸沽湖浮游植物研究综述

综述了近年来研究者们对云南滇池、洱海、泸沽湖三大高原湖泊的浮游植物调查研究成果,揭示了湖泊水质类型、富营养化程度与浮游植物的种类、优势种、数量之间的关系。     

Metabolomic modulations in a freshwater microbial community exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin

An effective broad-spectrum fungicide, azoxystrobin(AZ), has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic alga Monoraphidium sp. and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. were exposed to AZ for 7 days. Our results showed that 0.2–0.5 mg/L concentrations of AZ slightly inhibited the growth of Monoraphidium sp. but stimulated Pseudanabaena sp. growth. Meanwhile, AZ treatment effectively increased the sec...     

人工湖草型清水态生态系统构建技术研究与实践—以西北某新建人工湖为例

基于湖泊生态修复理论和已有工程案例成果,提出了新建人工湖草型清水态生态系统构建的方法,即通过生境条件优化,水生动物、水生植物、微生物系统构建,同时定期观测调试和维护管理,形成以沉水植物为核心,具有较强抵抗能力和自我恢复能力的草型清水态生态系统。以西北某新建人工湖为例,采用提出的方法构建了水生态系统,该人工湖运行1年后主要水质指标（除TN外）基本达到GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准;湖内广泛分布有光叶眼子菜、黑藻等5种沉水植物,沉水植物对污染物具有较好的净化效果,形成了较稳定的草型清水态生态系统。

     

Characteristics of anoxic phosphors removal in sequence batch reactor

The characteristics of anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake were investigated in sequencing batch reactors using denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria （DPB） sludge. The lab-scale experiments were accomplished under conditions of various nitrite concentrations （5.5, 9.5, and 15 mg/L） and mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） （1844, 3231, and 6730 mg/L）. The results obtained confirmed that nitrite, MLSS, and pH were key factors, which had a significant impact on anaerobic phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake in the biological phosphorous removal process. The nitrites were able to successfully act as electron acceptors for phosphorous uptake at a limited concentration between 5.5 and 9.5 mg/L. The denitrification and dephosphorous were inhibited when the nitrite concentration reached 15 mg/L. This observation indicated that the nitrite would not inhibit phosphorus uptake before it exceeded a threshold concentration. It was assumed that an increase of MLSS concentration from 1844 mg/L to 6730 mg/L led to the increase of denitrification and anoxic P-uptake rate. On the contrary, the average P-uptake/N denitrifying reduced from 2.10 to 1.57 mg PO4^3--P/mg NO3^--N. Therefore, it could be concluded that increasing MLSS of the DEPHANOX system might shorten the reaction time of phosphorus release and anoxic phosphorus uptake. However, excessive MLSS might reduce the specific denitrifying rate. Meanwhile, a rapid pH increase occurred at the beginning of the anoxic conditions as a result of denitrification and anoxic phosphate uptake. Anaerobic P release rate increased with an increase in pH. Moreover, when pH exceeded a relatively high value of 8.0, the dissolved P concentration decreased in the liquid phase, because of chemical precipitation. This observation suggested that pH should be strictly controlled below 8.0 to avoid chemical precipitation if the biological denitrifying phosphorus removal capability is to be studied accurately.     

固体吸附热脱附-气相色谱法测定环境空气中苯系物的不确定度研究

对固体吸附/热脱附-气相色谱法测定环境空气中的苯系物的结果从标准溶液引入、各种量器引入、重复测定样品引入、标准工作曲线拟合引入、加标回收率引入、采样过程中引入、试剂纯度引入7方面进行了不确定度评定,得出样品重复测定、采样过程和各种量器引入的不确定度占比最大.因此,在实验测定中,要提高操作人员的技能,尽量减少配制标准溶液时各种量器引入的误差,严格控制实验室温湿度条件;规范采样流程,在采样前要对大气采样器的流量进行校准,才能降低固体吸附热脱附-气相色谱法测定苯系物的合成不确定度.     

含苯废气冷凝回收系统中板式蒸发器的开发

含苯废气的净化处理一直是国内外的研究热点。冷凝法可用于含苯废气的回收处理。含苯废气冷凝回收系统制冷系统的设计内容主要包括冷凝过程中冷凝温度的确定和水蒸汽的结霜问题。基于Aspen Plus中的灵敏度分析工具,文章提出了一种优化的三段式冷凝回收工艺,即设定预冷段、中冷段和深冷段温度分别为1,-60和-110℃。通过Aspen HTFS对含苯废气冷凝回收系统中的板式蒸发器进行了优化设计。结果表明:在20℃及常压下,当进入冷凝回收系统的含苯废气-空气混合气的流量为100 m3/h时,该冷凝系统的预冷段、中冷段和深冷段的板式蒸发器的换热面积分别为1.4、1.4、1.5 m2,换热板片数分别为11、13、11。     

城市污水处理厂缺氧池短程反硝化现象及影响因素研究

调研了北方某城市污水处理厂缺氧池亚硝态氮积累的现象.该污水处理厂采用传统厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)工艺,在缺氧池中存在稳定的短程反硝化过程,且缺氧池中亚硝态氮积累率最高可达88.4％.16S rRNA高通量测序分析表明Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis和Thaaera可能是...     

寒旱区湖泊沉积物中固氮微生物群落特征——以包头南海湖为例

为了探究寒旱区湖泊中固氮菌的地区差异性,利用固氮菌特异性功能基因nif H对南海湖沉积物中的固氮菌进行测定并分析其与环境因子之间的相互作用关系.结果表明：不同湖区优势固氮菌群落组成存在差异,整体上由3门（蓝藻门、厚壁菌门、变形菌门）10属（蓝藻菌属、着色菌属、梭菌属、鱼腥藻属、红螺菌属、厌氧粘细菌属、荚硫菌属、柱孢藻属、根瘤菌属、假单胞菌属）组成;寒旱区特有的冰封期长、紫外线照射强等环境条件导致沉积物中的主导固氮菌为蓝藻门下的微生物.冗余分析结果表明：较高的C/N和TP是固氮菌生存的必要营养条件,可以促进固氮反应的顺利进行,较高的TN和NH₃-N含量及较低的pH值会抑制表层沉积物部分固氮微生物的生长,较高的pH值尤其会抑制鱼腥藻属、荚硫菌属、蓝藻菌属、红螺菌属的生长.本研究通过探讨寒旱区固氮微生物在沉积物中的分布来研究固氮作用的潜在功能,进一步补充其在氮循环中的重要作用.     

缺氧/好氧比对连续流半亚硝化稳定性的影响

为研究不同缺氧好氧比对半亚硝化稳定性的影响,采用连续流反应器,在常温(22~25 ℃),DO(0.3~0.5mg/L)和FA协同作用下实现了全亚硝化后,转变进水为AO除磷二级出水,并逐步向半亚硝化过渡.在此过程中考察了不同缺氧好氧比(0:1、1:1、2:1和3:1)对半亚硝化稳定性的影响.结果表明,缺氧好氧比为0:1时,很难维持低NH₄⁺-N(40~70mg/L)亚硝化的稳定,缺氧好氧比为1:1、2:1、3:1时均能维持稳定的半亚硝化效果,相比之下缺氧好氧比为3:1时更加节能;在缺氧好氧比0:1,1:1,2:1,和3:1的过程中,氨利用速率分别提高了29.57%、44.27%、45.23%、49.63%.在整个过程中污泥沉降性能良好,SVI在65~130mL/g.     

气相色谱法分析废气中的挥发性苯系物

建立活性炭吸附二硫化碳解析,气相色谱法分析废气中的苯系物方法.以8种苯系物为研究对象,从基本参数着手,探求分析的最佳条件.该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,能够符合日常工作的要求.