陕西省雷电灾害易损性分析、评估及易损度区划

根据2002～2007年陕西省10个市的雷暴日和雷电灾害统计资料,结合陕西各市的经济和人口密度特征,提出了雷暴日数、雷电灾害频度、生命易损模数及经济易损模数作为各市雷电灾害易损性评估指标,并在此基础上,给出了陕西各市雷电灾害易损度评估结构.采用四级分区法对上述雷电灾害易损性评估指标进行了分级,并赋予各等级如下定值:极高级为1.0、高级为0.8、中级为0.5、低级为0.2.将陕西省10市按照四个雷电灾害易损性评估指标的所属等级获取相应等级值,将各市四个评估指标的等级值累加得到平均值作为雷电灾害易损性评估的评价指数,并利用上述四级分区法形成陕西省雷电灾害易损度区划.     

四川省泥石流灾害保险的风险分析与区划

泥石流灾害保险的风险评估和区划，是分区分类防灾和损失评估的重要依据，也是泥石流灾害保险费率厘定的基础。采用综合评判的数学方法，选取对泥石流灾害保险起主导作用的灾害损失、孕灾环境和风险区价值为评判因子，对泥石流灾害保险的风险进行了评估。以四川省为例，介绍了进行风险区划的方法和步骤，将四川全省按地、市、州级行政区划分为19个风险评判区，对各区进行泥石流灾害保险风险评估，在此基础上完成了四川省泥石流灾害保险风险评估区划图。     

中国山洪灾害系统的整体特征及其危险度区划的初步研究

我国山洪灾害系统的整体特征是影响范围广、发生频繁和危害巨大。根据其发生特征，通过综合分析将我国划分为六个山洪灾害特征一致性区域，即西北区、内蒙区、青藏区、中部区、东部平原区和东南区。山洪灾害危险度以中部区最高，东南区次之，西北区和青藏区较低，东部平原区和内蒙区最低。     

基于聚类与统计分级的河北省气象灾害综合区划研究

传统的气象灾害区划方法过于依赖专家经验。因此，该文探索基于聚类与统计分级方法，由计算机独立完成区划的技术。以河北省暴雨洪涝、冰雹、大风等9种气象灾害为例，通过K均值聚类的方法实现了全自动的区域划分，将河北省气象灾害综合区划分为6个区，并对比了不同单灾种危险性分级对最终区划的影响，基于分位数法得到的区划方案最优，其各个区域的分布与历史灾情分布较为一致。     

自然灾害区划若干理论问题的探讨

自然灾害区划是对灾害的区域差异性的认识和分类评估并按一定标准在空间上进行划分的过程,是进行灾害宏观研究和预报的重要方法之一。本文阐述了灾害区划的理论基础、原则、指标、方法与程序,并论述了灾害区划的主要类型。     

高速铁路气象灾害风险分析与区划方法探讨

借鉴已有气象灾害风险区划相关研究成果,初步探讨高速铁路气象灾害风险分析与区划方法。从气象灾害对高速铁路的影响机理入手,分析筛选出大风、水灾、雷电、低温雨雪冰冻等气象灾害的风险评价因子,构建区划评价指标体系,建立评价模型,分析制定可体现高速铁路沿线气象灾害风险发生时间、空间、强度可能性的风险区划方案,为科学制定沿线气象灾害风险区划提供参考依据。     

基于综合灾害风险评估的高原山区乡村聚落空间优化——以青海省海东市乐都区为例

自然灾害评价是衡量资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性的本底要素。以青海省海东市乐都区为研究区,采取频数统计和优化AHP法确定研究区灾种和孕灾因子体系双层权重,利用GIS技术分析评价灾害易发风险区划和几何拓扑特征。结果表明:①乐都区综合灾害极高和高风险易发区总面积为1 694.8 km2,占比55.5%,在浅山区、川水区和脑山区各自区域占比分别为87.11%、60.73%和7.59%;②乐都区综合灾害易发风险等级与人口规模、人均收入分布具有显著负相关性和正向耦合性,严重失调区分别占17.58%和15.52%,对区内乡村聚落居民生命财产及生活生计造成较大威胁;③乐都区乡村聚落空间优化可分为32个搬迁撤并型、117个优先整治型、163个防治拓展型和42个集聚提升型,具体优化建议可为西部高原山区国土空间安全提升和助力乡村振兴提供依据和参考路径。     

灾害区划研究的现状,存在问题与发展趋势

着重分析了灾害区划的现状、存在问题和发展趋势，对灾害区划的目标、原理、方法、类型及指标体系进行了深入探讨。     

区域自然灾害风险综合区划——以广东台风灾害人口与经济风险区划为例

针对广东台风灾害人口与经济风险,基于区域灾害系统、地域分异和自然灾害区划相关理论,从“多尺度-多要素-多情景”的角度系统性开展了区域台风灾害风险区划,构建了基于自下而上思想的G-BU-BZ定量综合区划工具,结合先验知识和广东台风风险分析结果,使用5个重现期情景(5年、10年、20年、50年、100年一遇)的分区图,以5个重现期情景下的分区方案图谱形式形成系统的综合区划方案：一级区表达宏观上台风灾害风险形成的环境分异,所有重现期情景均划分为6个区域,包括沿海平原区、粤西平原区、粤西-中部平原丘陵区、粤北-粤东山地丘陵区、粤东平原区、珠三角平原区;二级区表达台风综合致灾因子强度分异,5个重现期情景下分别划分出13、16、18、14、12个二级分区;三级分区表达综合风险分异,5个重现期情景下分别划分出55、67、68、64、51个三级分区。     

自然灾害综合区划的基本类别及定量方法

依据区域灾害系统论原理,提出了以灾害强度、灾害势、抗灾力和灾度４个状态参量描述的区域自然灾害系统状态,建议以之为基础,将自然灾害综合区划分为灾害强度区划、灾害势区划、抗灾力区划和灾度我划４个基本类别、并结合自然灾害综合区划定量方法的讨论,以实例说明了上述基本类别类别划分的可行性。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.