创造、连接、面向未来——富士施乐2011年可待续发展报告(环境部分)

企业社会责任(CSR)管理 富士施乐通过深化交流促进人类社会相互理解,并以帮助各利益相关者、以及社会和地球环境实现可持续发展为目标,正在努力作出自己的贡献. CSR管理框架 富士施乐将CSR活动的评价与反馈融入管理流程中,为了让CSR更加深入人心,公司重视在"沟通"与"监控"两方面的努力,并正在构建相关的机制.     

中国、印度和世界的新秩序

中国和印度几乎同时出现在世界舞台表明国际事务的架构发生了史无前例的变化.这两个占世界人口40%的巨人,其人口相当于位居其后的20个人口最多国家的人口总和.在十九和二十世纪,这两个巨人长期在主宰国际事务的欧洲、日本和美国的阴影之下沉睡.     

会场之外——媒体吹风会

<正>位于利马气候大会会场F区附近的一片草坪上,人们常常能看到很多中国人的面孔。每天中午1点多的时候,中国代表团的团员们会陆陆续续来到这里领取盒饭,稀里哗啦地吃完之后,坐在塑料椅子上稍微休息一会儿。12月的利马炎热异常,草坪上的树荫下稍微凉快一点,比帐篷和板房搭起来的办公室要好多了。所以,大会没开始几天,中国角的媒体吹风会就改到了这片草坪上,几张拼起来的折叠桌和一圈塑料椅子就     

Decision Criteria,Scientific Uncertainty,and the Globalwarming Controversy

This paper applies several well-known decision criteria to the climate change problem. The policy process is represented by a simple game against nature with two possible choices: abate or no action. The outcome is considered a compound lottery, with one representing emissions and another representing damages. Assuming that costs exceed benefits of abatement for the participant, the paper analyzes how different decision criteria affect the decision to abate. The role of expert opinion and quality of information in climate change decisions are also considered. The complexity of global warming makes it impossible to completely overlook the consequences of alternative choices. The paper discusses the question of whether the use of less information demanding alternatives to expected utility theory is indicated. It concludes that the choice of criterion is a political question, and that those in favor of abatement policies might be using one of the alternatives as basis for their advice, and suggests that if the possibility of making irreversible mistakes is of great concern, then the minimax regret criterion might have increased relevance.     

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

巴西戈亚斯州阿拉瓜亚河中亚马孙河巨龟(Podocnemis expansa)的巢穴布局

在旱季,亚马孙河巨龟(Podocnemis expansa)将巢穴修筑在河槽边缘和内部的广阔沙洲上.这些巢穴在某些沙滩上的某些具体地点的大量聚集表明巢穴位置的选择不是随机的,而是与一些地质状况有关,如沙洲边缘的倾斜度和砂质高台的存在.通向高台顶端的通道或斜坡结构的存在是巢穴位置选择的决定性因素.被侵蚀的以及陡峭的沙滩边缘阻碍了亚马孙河龟到达最理想的筑巢位置.随着时间的推移,沙滩形态的变化会改变巢穴的分布.     

抓住学生 循循善诱 取得课堂实效

在教学中,鼓励学生使用正确的句子和好的方法解决问题,这是非常重要的。     

Carbon mitigation potential and costs of forestry options in Brazil,China, India,Indonesia, Mexico,the Philippines and Tanzania

This paper summarizes studies of carbon (C) mitigation potential and costs of about 40 forestry options in seven developing countries. Each study uses the same methodological approach – Comprehensive Mitigation Assessment Process (COMAP) – to estimate the above parameters between 2000 and 2030. The approach requires the projection of baseline and mitigation land-use scenarios. Coupled with data on a per ha basis on C sequestration or avoidance, and costs and benefits, it allows the estimation of monetary benefit per Mg C, and the total costs and carbon potential. The results show that about half (3.0 Pg C) the cumulative mitigation potential of 6.2 Petagram (Pg) C between 2000 and 2030 in the seven countries (about 200× 10⁶ Mg C yr^-1) could be achieved at a negative cost and the remainder at costs ranging up to $100 Mg C^-1. About 5 Pg C could be achieved, at a cost less than $20 per Mg C. Negative cost potential indicates that non-carbon revenue is sufficient to offset direct costs of these options. The achievable potential is likely to be smaller, however, due to market, institutional, and sociocultural barriers that can delay or prevent the implementation of the analyzed options.     

邕江南宁市区段表层沉积物典型抗生素污染特征

利用超声提取、固相萃取和HPLC-MS/MS分析方法对邕江南宁市区段沉积物典型抗生素污染进行研究,结果表明,大环内酯类、磺胺类和甲氧苄氨嘧啶10种抗生素中共检出9种,抗生素总浓度范围为1.08~30.84ng/g(均值5.84ng/g).大环内酯类抗生素检出率达100%,为邕江的主要抗生素污染物,平均含量为1.14ng/g,分布上呈现邕江下游>中游>上游的趋势;磺胺和甲氧苄氨嘧啶类抗生素检出率为43%.其中磺胺类抗生素平均含量低于0.06ng/g,甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)平均含量为1.00ng/g,分布上则为上游>下游>中游.来源分析表明生活污水及医疗废水的排放是下游沉积物大环内酯类抗生素含量较高的主要原因,而畜禽和水产养殖则是上游磺胺和甲氧苄氨嘧啶污染的主要来源.总体来说,与国内外河流相比,邕江抗生素含量尚处于较低水平,但抗生素抗性基因污染不容忽视.     

基于山水林田湖草统筹视角的矿山生态损害及生态修复指标研究

矿山开发引发了一系列生态环境问题,矿山的生态修复是生态文明建设中的重要一环。本文基于"山水林田湖草生命共同体"的理念,就山、水、林、田、湖、草6类自然要素的生态内涵、内在作用及联系进行了阐述。研究了矿山开发对生态的影响,一方面,按开采区、非采矿区与间接影响区分别探讨了矿山开发给自然要素带来的生态环境问题;另一方面,基于山地自然要素分析了矿山开发引发的链式生态损害。综合各自然要素的生态修复要点,明确了严抓源头、因地制宜、生态持续的矿山生态修复基本原则,构建了山水林田湖草统筹视角的生态修复一体化评价指标体系,包含要素层、指标层及因子层三级指标,并在对山地矿山生态损害充分认识的基础上,确立了山水林田湖草生态修复模式,构建了山地矿区生态修复评价的详细指标体系,旨在推动绿色矿山发展规划与生态修复规划工作开展。     

河北与京津地区非采暖期大气中的PAHs污染特征

对河北与京津地区42个样点非采暖期大气中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)的研究表明,该区域大气中的PAHs浓度水平较高.2～3环PAHs主要分布在气相当中,颗粒相(大气可吸入颗粒物,PM10)中PAHs以4～6环为主.PAHs的高浓度样点在石家庄、唐山和邯郸地区分布最为集中.县城样点与城市样点的PM10和PAHs污染水平相近.临近区域广泛存在的大气污染很可能对北京市的大气环境造成影响.     

The nitrate radical: Physics,chemistry, and the atmosphere

This review surveys the present state of knowledge of the nitrate (NO₃ radical. Laboratory data on the physics and chemistry of the radical and atmospheric determination of the concentrations of the radical are both considered. One aim of the review is to highlight the relationship between the laboratory and the atmospheric studies. Although the emphasis of the review is on gas-phase processes, relevant studies conducted in condensed phases are mentioned because of their potential importance in the interpretation of cloud and aerosol chemistry.The spectroscopy, structure, and photochemistry of the radical are examined. Here, the object is to establich the spectroscopic basis for detection of the radical and measurement of its concentration in the laboratory and in the atmosphere. Infrared, visible, and paramagnetic resonance spectra are considered. An important quantity discussed is the absorption cross section in the visible region, which is required for quantitative measurements. Interpretation of the spectroscopic features requires an understanding of the geometrical and electronic structure of the radical in its ground and excited states; there is still some controversy about the groundstate geometry, but the most recent experimental evidence 9eg from laser induced fluorescence) and theoretical calculations suggest that the radical has D_3h symmetry. Photodissociation of the radical is important in the atmosphere, and the product channels, quantum yields, and dissociation dynamics are discussed. A short examination of the thermodynamics (heat and entropy of formation) of the radical is presented.The main exposition of laboratory studies of the chemistry of the nitrate radical is preceded by a consideration of the techniques used for kinetic and mechanistic studies. Methods for the generation and detection of the radical and the kinetic tools employed are all presented. The exact nature of the technique used in individual studies has some relevance to the way in which data must be analysed, and to the type of mechanistic information that can be extracted. Continuous and stopped flow, flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis, molecular modulation, and static reactor techniques can all provide absolute kinetic data, while relative rate measurements have been a further rich source of information.The treatment of the chemical reactions of the nitrate radical is formally divided into the interactions with non-radical inorganic (deemed to include NO and NO₂) and organic species, and with atoms and free radicals. In general, the reactions with open-shell species are much more rapid than those with closed-shell reactants. With the closed-shell partners, addition reactions are faster than abstraction reactions. An attempt is made to consider critically the published data on most reactions of importance, and to tabulate rate constants and temperature dependences where possible. However, it is not the objective of this review to provide recommendations for rate parameters. Evidence for the products of the reactions is sought, and for the branching ratios into the various channels where more than one exists. One theme of this part of the review is the elucidation of correlations of reactivity with structure and with the reactions of other radical species such as OH.The review turns next to a consideration of the role of NO₃ in the atmosphere, of its atmospheric sources and sinks, and of field measurements of concentrations of the radical. Long-path visible-absorption spectroscopy and matrix-isolation ESR have both been used successfully in field measurements in the troposphere as well as the stratosphere. Balloon-borne instruments and ground-based remote sensing have been used to obtain stratospheric concentrations. Two of the most important implications of the measurements are that the stratospheric profiles are consistent with accepted chemistry (and, in particular, do not require the postulation of an unidentified scavenging mechanism that had, at one stage, been proposed), and that the highly variable night-time tropospheric concentrations imply that NO₃ is a reactive tropospheric constituent. The inter-relation between laboratory studies and atmospheric observations, and the problems in extrapolating laboratory data to atmospheric conditions, are both explored. Initiation of night-time chemical transformations by NO₃ and the possible production of OH are considered. The available information is then brought together to see how far NO₃ is a sensitive indicator of the state of the atmosphere, and some speculations are presented about the involvement of NO₃ (or N₂O₅) in damage to trees and plants.The final section of the review suggests some issues that remain unresolved concerning the NO₃ radical which is directly or indirectly relevant to a better knowledge of the part played by the radical in the atmosphere. Amongst the requirements noted are improved data for the heat of formation of the radical, its absorption cross section in the visible region (and, especially, the temperature dependence of the cross section), and the details of its photochemistry. There is also still a need for a definitive determination of the equilibrium constant and its temperature dependence for the association with NO₂ and the reverse dissociation of N₂O₅. A series of chemical reactions deserves further investigation, especially with regard to elucidation of product channels, and overall oxidation mechanisms also need to be defined better. Future atmospheric studies that are desirable include study of basic NO₃ chemistry in the field to understand the influence of humidity on the conversion (probably on surfaces) of N₂O₅ to HNO₃, and thus on NO₃ concentrations. In addition, a study of the chemistry of NO₃ in the presence of volatile organic compounds and at elevated concentrations of the oxides of nitrogen should help in the understanding of, for example, polluted marine coasts, forests, and urban areas.