四川省宝兴县碳汇效应评估与碳减排

利用第三次森林清查(1984-1988年)中宝兴县数据,结合2005年TM遥感影像土地利用类型图土壤类型图,采用植被类型碳密度以及土壤碳密度经验值的方法,估算了宝兴县碳库以及自然生态系统碳汇。并收集宝兴能源消耗、土地利用变更、替代能源工程等人为因素的数据估算了宝兴县2005年的人为碳排放及碳减排放效应,从而计算出宝兴县总碳增汇效应,碳汇为452.80×106kg C,并分区定量、图形表示,为地方政府提供决策支持。     

Baseline Carbon Stocks Assessment and Projection of Future Carbon Benefits of a Carbon Sequestration Project in East Timor

Climate change is one of the most pressing environmental problems humanity is facing today. Forest ecosystems serve as a source or sink of greenhouse gases, primarily CO₂. With support from the Canadian Climate Change Fund, the Community-based Natural Resource Management for Carbon Sequestration project in East Timor (CBNRM-ET) was implemented to “maintain carbon (C) stocks and increase C sequestration through the development of community-based resource management systems that will simultaneously improve livelihood security”. Project sites were in the Laclubar and Remexio Sub-districts of the Laclo watershed. The objective of this study was to quantify baseline C stocks and sequestration benefits of project components (reforestation with fast-growing species, primarily Casuarina equisetifolia, and agroforestry involving integration of Paraserianthes falcataria). Field measurements show that mature stands (≥30 years) of P. falcataria and C. equisetifolia contain up to 200 Mg C ha⁻¹ in above ground biomass, indicating the vast potential of project sites to sequester carbon. Baseline C stocks in above ground biomass were very low in both Laclubar (6.2 Mg C ha⁻¹ for reforestation sites and 5.2 Mg C ha⁻¹ for agroforestry sites and Remexio (3.0 Mg C ha⁻¹ for reforestation and 2.5 Mg C ha⁻¹ for agroforestry). Baseline soil organic C levels were much higher reaching up to 160 Mg C ha⁻¹ in Laclubar and 70 Mg C ha⁻¹ in Remexio. For the next 25 years, it is projected that 137 671 Mg C and 84 621 Mg C will be sequestered under high- and low C stock scenarios, respectively.     

C-Lock (Patent Pending): A System for Estimating and Certifying Carbon Emission Reduction Credits for the Sequestration of Soil Carbon on Agricultural Land

The C-Lock system was developed to address the need for an improved method of quantifying and certifying project-level carbon emission reduction credits (CERC). It was designed to enable individual landowners to efficiently quantify, certify, pool, market and trade CERCs generated by agricultural management practices. We provide a general overview of the C-Lock system as it has been implemented for the USA State of South Dakota. C-Lock is comprised of four linked components: a web interface, a client database, a Geographic Information System (GIS) database of soil, climate and generalized land use history parameters, and the CENTURY soil carbon model. The user-friendly interface elicits generalized land-use and crop history information from the client from 1900 through 1989, then explicit annual information from 1990 onward. A climate-zone level landuse and crop management database is used to fill in gaps in the client-provided data. These data are used to drive the CENTURY model, which estimates annual changes in soil carbon stocks. Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate uncertainty bounds, and these are applied to the CENTURY outputs in order to provide probabilistic estimates of accrued CERCs in a manner that is transparent and verifiable. In a demonstration application, CERCs are estimated for three different land-use scenarios on a representative field in eastern South Dakota: reduced tillage or conservation (no-till) management of a corn (maize)/wheat/soybean rotation, and enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program, which entails establishing permanent grass cover. The credits are based on a business-asusual scenario of conventional tillage.     

人工防护林碳储量估算——以新疆墨玉为例

通过2009年8月对新疆墨玉县人工减排林样地进行实地调查取样,获得该地区人工减排林生态系统植被生长状况各种数据,利用这些数据采用生物量与蓄积量关系为基础的植物碳储量估算方法及土壤剖面有机质百分含量推算土壤碳储量的方法分别对干旱区人工林植被、土壤碳储量进行估算。结果表明,干旱区墨玉县玉北固阻结合流沙固定技术试验示范区人工减排林现有碳储量4522.01Mg,波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区现有碳储量1840.12Mg,土壤平均碳储量相差不大,分别为25.91t/100m2和27.39t/100m2。波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区内大多是幼龄林,碳储量并未达到最大,随着树木的生长,这些林木还能够固定一定量的大气碳,波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区的生态系统碳储量能力还有很大的提升空间。新疆减排林区碳储量将进一步增加。     

Regulatory Constraints to Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Geologic Formations: A California Perspective

Carbon sequestration in terrestrialecosystems and geologic formations providesa significant opportunity for California toaddress global climate change. The physicalsize of its resources (e.g., forests,agriculture, soils, rangeland, and geologicformations) and the expertise in Californiaprovides a substantial foundation fordeveloping carbon sequestration activities.Furthermore, the co-benefits of carbonsequestration – such as improved soil andwater quality, restoration of degradedecosystems, increased plant and cropproductivity, and enhanced oil recovery – are significant. In fact, carbonsequestration often represents a `noregrets' strategy – implementing carbonsequestration provides multiple benefits,even without the advent of global climatechange.Nevertheless, researchers need to addressseveral issues to determine more accuratelythe potential, benefits, and costs ofsequestering carbon in California'sterrestrial ecosystems and geologicformations, as well as to identify the mostpromising sequestration methods and theiroptimal implementation. One key issue isthe type of regulatory constraints facingdevelopers of carbon sequestrationprojects: what permits are needed fordeveloping these projects? The permittingprocess may impede the penetration ofsequestration technologies into the marketif the costs (including transaction costs)of obtaining the permits are too burdensomeand costly. For example, at least ninefederal regulations and seven stateregulations will potentially influencecarbon sequestration projects inCalifornia. This paper also provides anexample of the types of permits needed fordeveloping a carbon sequestration project,using California as an example. It ispossible that a carbon sequestrationproject may have to obtain a total of 15permits (3 federal, 6 state, 6 local),before it even starts to operate. In theconcluding section, we offer some suggestedareas for research and activities forpolicy makers.     

区域土地利用变化对植被碳汇的生态风险影响研究

基于北部湾经济区的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料和2000年、2006年土地利用遥感解译结果,利用GIS技术,获取区域土地利用转移信息图、土地利用类型转移矩阵及植被净初级生产力时空变化图,计算植被碳汇变化量;根据区域土地利用与植被碳汇的时空变化特征,构建区域土地利用变化对植被碳汇的生态风险影响评价流程,获取区域植被碳汇的生态风险指数空间分布.     

神农架大九湖泥炭地碳储量估算及固碳能力研究

通过对神农架大九湖泥炭地进行野外调查和长期观测,采用经验公式和实验室分析方法,计算了神农架大九湖泥炭地土壤有机碳含量和有机碳储量,并对2016-2018年神农架大九湖泥炭地的固碳能力特征进行了分析.结果 表明:在0～100 cm深度范围内,神农架大九湖泥炭地土壤有机碳含量的变化范围为282.90～516.10 g/kg...     

生物质活性炭辅助微波处理氨氮废水研究

以花生壳为原料,分别使用程序控温法和微波法制备生物质活性炭.采用高分辨电子扫描电镜(SEM)和氮吸脱附曲线对花生壳活性炭进行了表征.结果表明,微波法制备的花生壳活性炭比表面积大于程序控温法制备的花生壳活性炭比表面积,且微波法制备活性炭成本远低于程序控温法.将制得的两种活性炭和商用活性炭分别辅助微波处理氨氮废水,确定了生物质活性炭辅助微波处理氨氮废水的最佳条件.初步讨论了活性炭辅助微波处理氨氮废水的机理.     

强化煤层气采收率的深部煤层封存CO2技术(CO2-ECBM)进展研究

强化煤层气采收率的深部煤层封存CO2技术(carbon dioxide sequestration in deep coal seams with en-hanced coalbed methane recovery,CO2-ECBM),既能减少主要人为温室气体CO2的排放,又能获得宝贵的煤层气(CH4)资源.作为重要的CO2地质封存技术,CO2-ECBM技术成为目前的研究热点.因此,针对CO2-ECBM技术开展评述工作具有重要的现实意义.针对CO2-ECBM主要研究结论包括:(1)CO2-ECBM技术优势及可行性;(2)煤储层条件下,煤体对CH4和CO2的吸附机理;(3)用于实施CO2-ECBM的备选煤层的选择标准;(4)CO2-ECBM后续研究展望.     

基于3S的济南湿地资源调查及碳汇功能研究

采用RS、GIS和GPS技术对2008年济南市TM卫星假彩色数字影像进行解译,并利用GPS仪进行了野外考察验证,现场调查了济南市湿地生物多样性,获取了较为全面、完整和系统的济南市湿地资源信息,建立了全市湿地资源数据库并进行了济南市不同湿地类型碳汇功能的初步研究。结果表明,济南市湿地总面积为327.6 km2,其中天然湿地面积为258.3 km2,占济南市湿地面积的78.85%,济南市湿地面积比全国、山东省湿地面积分别高出0.4%、3.1%,主要分布在济南境内的黄河两岸和商河等区县;济南市湿地总碳储量为747万t,约占济南市整个生态系统碳汇的8.9%,与全球湿地总碳储量的比例基本相当,2008年碳增量为32万t,其中沼泽湿地碳储量和碳增量均最大,分别为541万t和27万t,分别占济南市湿地资源的84.4%和72.4%。     

Potential of Co2 emission reductions by carbonizing biomass waste from industrial tree plantation in South Sumatra,Indonesia

Approximately half of the carbon in trees can be fixed to charcoal by carbonization. Porous charcoal is useful as a soil amendment for crop fields and forests, and also as a water purifying agent. Given these facts, charcoal production should be recognized as one of the most promising CO₂ sequestration methods. A project on biomass utilization and forest conservation is proposed as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, by incorporating the carbonization of biomass residue and waste from tree plantations and pulp mills, and also the utilization of carbon products in various fields. A feasibility study was conducted with the existing project of an industrial tree plantation and pulp production in Indonesia. If conventional charcoal-making methods are used, a total of 368,000 t yr^-1 of biomass residue and waste could be transformed into charcoal of77,000 t yr^-1, and the carbon emission reductions by the project reaches 62,000t-C yr^-1 (or 230,000 t-CO₂yr^-1) in consideration of the project baseline. This charcoal project could provide jobs for approximately 2,600people. The soil fertility in man-made forests could be maintained by returning charcoal to the original forests. Therefore, the project would be beneficial to the regional economy. In addition, the present charcoal project is expected to give more positive impacts than negative ones, or leakage, beyond the project boundary. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于森林碳汇经济价值中国宏观社会核算矩阵扩展

随着气候变化及温室效应等问题的广泛影响,森林的碳汇功能越来越受到人们的关注。社会核算矩阵作为可计算一般均衡模型的标准数据基础,为详细描述经济系统中各部门、各经济主体以及各市场之间的联系提供了一个理想的数据支持。本文在编制我国宏观2007年社会核算矩阵的基础上,将森林碳汇的经济价值纳入到其中,对我国宏观社会核算矩阵进行扩展,扩展后的社会核算矩阵可用于森林碳汇的经济效益分析以及为建立森林碳汇的CGE模型提供数据基础。     

腾冲北海湿地生态系统碳储存功能及价值评估初探

在对自然湿地生态系统碳储存功能分析的基础上,以腾冲北海湿地保护工程的实施为据。依据林业碳汇及湖泊湿地碳汇相关理论和方法,对腾冲北海湿地碳储存价值进行估算,得出腾冲北海湿地每年总固碳量为41957．75t／a,折合人民币413．19万元／a。由此得出腾冲北海湿地生态系统具有极高的保护价值。     

林业REDD~+机制对中国低碳经济的启示——以环境与资源保护法为视角

森林固碳不仅成本低,并且还具有多种生态效益和巨大的经济、社会效益。发展碳汇林业,加强以林业为主的生态保护和建设,充分发挥森林生态系统作为生物措施对应对气候变化的作用显得尤为重要,也更具有长远和治本的意义。REDD+机制的提出,为广大发展中国家在共同但有区别的原则下参与全球气候变化活动带来了新的活力,也为中国的低碳经济带来了政策和法律的启示。但该机制对不同的国家有不同的内涵,国家责任不同,利益不同,代价亦不同,中国需持谨慎态度制定与之相关的政策法律。     

Carbon values,reforestation, and `perverse' incentives under the Kyoto protocol: An empirical analysis

Economic incentives for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) in forests may be an effective way to meet greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (KP). But concerns have been raised that the KP may create unintended incentives to excessively harvest existing forests if regenerated forests qualify for carbon (C) credits under the reforestation provision of Article 3.3. This paper combines an analytical model of the optimal forest rotation with both timber and C as priced outputs with data on timber and C growth and yield to different forest settings in the U.S. C prices of $50 per megagram (Mg) – the highest price evaluated– can considerably lengthen forest rotations (40 years or more), raise forest land values (as much as $1,900 per hectare), and sequester more C in the long run (up to 60 percent per acre), relative to the base case of no C compensation. However, if C payments are made for the regenerated stand only, in some situations, it is optimal to immediately harvest an otherwise premature stand at C prices as low as $20/Mg. The strength of perverse incentives to accelerate harvesting of existing forest varies by forest type, region, C price level, and institutional factors relevant to the compensation system. If C compensation were extended to existing stands, as may be possible under Article 3.4 of the KP, the perverse incentives for prematurely harvesting existing stands would not exist.     

利用废茶制备活性炭及其吸附性能的研究

实验利用提取茶多酚后的废茶以微波磷酸活化法制备活性炭,研究磷酸活化剂浓度、微波功率、微波辐照时间、浸渍比等因素对制备的活性炭亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。分别通过单一因素分析及正交实验,找到制备活性炭的最佳条件：微波功率700W、辐照时间8min、磷酸浓度20％、磷酸／样品浸渍（质量）比3：1。利用该最佳条件制备的活性炭,验证实验表明：亚甲基蓝吸附值均〉75．12mg/g,活性炭平均回收率达到65．28％。     

贵州森林碳汇现状及增汇潜力分析

区域层面的森林碳收支估算研究有利于为整体层面持续固碳增汇的森林经营提供科学参考,评估森林碳汇对减少区域内碳排放的贡献。采用温室气体清单估算法,对2000、2005和2010年贵州省森林碳汇进行估算,结果表明:贵州省森林碳汇从15.380×106增长到22.447×106、24.314×106 t CO2,呈稳定增长趋势,占全省碳排放量的6.73%～10.35%。贵州省尚有161.70×104 hm2宜林地,如果能用于发展碳汇林业,每年可吸收CO2达2.379×106 t,30年内将吸收CO2达71.370×106 t。贵州省正处于碳排放增长阶段,相对于森林碳汇而言,全区域碳减排工作任重道远,森林碳汇能力有很大的提升空间。     

沸石和活性炭处理氨氮废水的实验研究

文章选用具有较强选择性和吸附性的13X沸石和活性炭作为吸附材料,以人工配置的含氨氮废水模拟实际废水,分别以溶液pH值、吸附时间、初始浓度和投加顺序等作为影响因素,通过实验来系统地考察所选材料对废水中氨氮的去除技术参数。结果表明:所选材料具有较好、较稳定的吸收效果,在其他条件一定的情况下,13X沸石在pH值为中性,吸附时间为40 min时对氨氮的去除率最大,达87.9%。且在相同实验条件下,先投放活性炭再投放沸石去除氨氮的效果较好,比先投放沸石然后投放活性炭的效果高出25%左右。     

Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: Case Studies in the Former Soviet Union,the Conterminous United States,Mexico and Brazil

This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

渗透胁迫下两种生物质能源植物的抗渗透胁迫能力及稳定碳同位素组成

本研究以麻疯树（Jatropha curcasL．）和油桐（VerniciafordiiH．）幼苗为材料,考察了麻疯树和油桐幼苗的生理指标和稳定碳同位素组成对渗透胁迫的响应情况。结果表明,麻疯树比油桐更具有抗渗透胁迫能力,主要体现在：随着渗透胁迫程度的加剧,麻疯树叶片相对含水量与叶绿素含量的下降幅度均小于油桐,脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量的增加幅度高于油桐,相对电导率的上升幅度小亍油桐;随着渗透胁迫程度的加剧,两种植物幼苗叶片的δ^13C值也都显著升高,但是在同一渗透胁迫水平下,麻疯树幼苗叶片的δ^13C值较油桐高,表明其拥有较高的水分利用效率,能够在干旱胁迫下更好地生长,暗示着植物叶片的δ^13C值在一定情况下可以表征植物的抗旱性。