人类活动对长江河口硝酸盐输入通量的影响

利用长江口枯季潮区界大通站近 4 0年来的水文化学观测资料 ,求得长江径流来源的硝酸盐通量 ,并以此作为长江河口硝酸盐的输入通量。结合历年长江流域的社会经济统计资料和降水量资料等分析 ,发现长江河口硝酸盐的输入通量与流域的人口密度、农业氮肥施用量、灌溉面积以及降水量等显著正相关。随着人口的增长 ,流域内的人类活动不断加剧 ,直接或间接地对长江河口硝酸盐的输入通量产生影响。而降水及灌溉等活动促进了土壤中氮素向河流流失的过程 ,并经长江径流向河口、海洋输送。 90年代后期 ,由人类因素造成的硝酸盐通量的增加占长江河口硝酸盐输入通量的95 %以上。降水引起的水土流失和大气氮氧化物的沉降是硝酸盐通量增加的直接原因 ,而农业活动、燃料燃烧和污水排放等人类活动是该通量变化的主要控制因素     

The seasonal distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorous in the lagoon of Venice: a numerical analysis

This paper investigates the seasonal evolution of the spatial distributions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, in relation to the estimation of the N and P loads, which were obtained in the framework of the DRAIN project. Such investigation is carried out by using a 3D reaction-diffusion model which has been calibrated against salinity data and then used for obtaining the most likely scenario of the spatial and seasonal distribution of DIN and DIP. The consequences of different management policies are also discussed, in relation to the current Italian legislation, which sets quality standards for both DIN and DIP in the lagoon of Venice.     

长江口潮间带湿地涨退潮期N2O的排放通量研究

随着河口区接收上游人为氮排放量的增加,为这一区域氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放增加了很大不确定性。选择长江河口潮间带湿地为研究对象,分别采用原位静态箱法和静态顶空法,从2011年1月至12月对长江口沉积物 大气界面以及涨潮水 大气界面的N2O排放通量进行了为期一年的现场观测和研究。研究结果表明,沉积物 大气界面N2O通量有着显著的时空差异。N2O排放通量在日变化以及季节变化上都表现出明显的源汇转变,就年平均排放通量,光滩带沉积物 大气界面达到了599 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h),而海三棱藨草盐沼带与大气间N2O交换则十分微弱,为060 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h)。对长江口涨退潮期光滩和草滩上覆水体 大气界面N2O排放通量的研究表明,长江口涨退潮期在夏季和秋季,无论是光滩还是草滩均表现为大气N2O的稳定排放源,其中夏季平均253 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h),秋季平均排放通量为207 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h)。作为河口区上游排放氮素的直接接收者,和沉积物 大气界面N2O排放相比,长江口涨潮水 大气界面N2O排放稳定而又显著,是长江口N2O排放的主要贡献者,应成为这一区域N2O排放的关注热点     

长江中下游滨岸带水体温室气体释放的时空分布特征

内陆河流生态系统作为大气中温室气体通量交换的热点区域,对全球的碳循环有重要影响。分别于平水期(2017年5月)和丰水期(2018年7月)对长江中下游滨岸带水体两种温室气体(CH_4和CO_2)释放通量进行了调查研究。结果表明:平水期时,CH_4和CO_2的释放通量分别为0.39～9 668.83 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.25～3 229.41μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均值为298.24±1 308.65 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和290.75±645.99μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1);丰水期时,二者的释放通量为-22.80～329.76 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-110.21～16.39μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均值为21.51±49.56 nmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-3.63±13.25μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。水体温度、pH、溶解性总磷浓度、溶解性有机碳和溶解性有机氮比值是影响CH_4和CO_2通量的重要因素。CH_4和CO_2释放通量还受到通江湖泊的缓冲和入江河流输入的影响,表现为河口水系高,湖口水系低的特点。由于外源污染和滨岸带土地利用的差异,城市岸带的CH_4和CO_2排放量最高,其次为自然岸带,湿地岸带和河口较低,通量最低的为化工园岸带。估算表明,长江全年碳排放以CO_2为主,年释放量约为1.93×10~7 t(C),CH_4年释放量约为2.28×10~(4 )t(C),低于世界上一些其他大型河流。     

Nutrient export by rivers to the coastal waters of China: management strategies and future trends

We analyzed past and future trends in river export of dissolved nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to the coastal waters of China, for a selection of rivers, as calculated by the Global NEWS models (Nutrient Export from WaterSheds). Over the period 1970–2000, river export of dissolved nutrients increased considerably, especially of dissolved inorganic N and P. Anthropogenic sources of N and P in rivers have become increasingly important, in particular N and P losses from agriculture. We tested the sensitivity of calculated nutrient export by rivers to changes in selected controlling factors. The calculated export of dissolved N and P is sensitive to changes in hydrology, synthetic fertilizer use and manure excretion in river basins. Changes in sewage inputs have large effects on dissolved inorganic P export. We analyzed future trends up to 2050 for several scenarios to illustrate the combined effects of selected management options. In the Base Scenario, the N and P export by the selected rivers increases considerably between 2000 and 2030. The increase continues from 2030 to 2050 except for DIP. Strategies to reduce N and P export by rivers include changes in agriculture, sewage and energy use. Changes in agriculture have the largest impact on future dissolved N and P river export to the coastal waters of China. The effectiveness of reduction strategies differs between nutrient forms and basins.     

Radium isotopes in the Ulsan Bay

In order to estimate the fluxes of Ra isotopes, we measured 224Ra, 226Ra, and 228Ra activities in the Ulsan Bay mixing zone. The convex upwards curvature of the plot of Ra isotope activities versus salinity for the mixing zone suggests that Ra isotopes are supplied from particles entering the mixing zone from both the river and bottom sediments. This addition increases the estuarine flux of 226Ra and 228Ra to the outer sea by factors of 15 and 95 over the flux attributable to Ra dissolved in the riverine water alone. In order to estimate the residence time of the water in Ulsan Bay, we applied a mass balance model to the distribution of 224Ra and 226Ra activities in the Ulsan Bay mixing zone with the inflow from the Taehwa River. The obtained residence times of the waters in the Ulsan Bay were estimated to be 6.8-11.4 d. The waters in the upper part of the estuary have long residence times whereas those in the lower part, in contact with the open sea, have shorter residence times. The mean residence time of the water in the Ulsan Bay was estimated to be 9.1 d.     

基于Hydrus-1D模型的太湖流域农田系统水分渗漏和氮磷淋失特征分析

在土壤水分长期定位观测基础上,应用Hydrus-1D模型对太湖流域典型稻麦轮作农田土壤水分渗漏进行动态模拟,并结合深层土壤溶液取样及氮磷浓度测定,分析了当前耕作方式下农田水分渗漏和氮磷淋失特征。结果表明,土壤水渗漏与降雨、灌溉及前期土壤含水率有关;麦季深层渗漏量小但持续时间长,而稻季单次渗漏量大却持续时间短。模拟时段内铵态氮和可溶解性总磷的淋失主要发生在稻季,淋失量分别为2.62、0.49 kg/hm²,分别占稻麦轮作期总淋失量的96.0%、96.0%,而硝态氮淋失主要发生在麦季,淋失量为57.97 kg/hm²,占总淋失量的80.2%;无机氮淋失的主要形态为硝态氮,其淋失量占总淋失量的96.4%。综合看来,硝态氮应作为主要阻控对象,以减少农田面源污染对地下水及太湖水体的污染风险。此外,氮磷淋失在6、7月份即休耕期和水稻生长早期容易达到峰值,应得到重视。     

四川省畜禽粪便排放时空分布及污染防控

掌握畜禽粪便的时空分布,有利于高效防控其污染环境的可能。采用排污系数法,估算出2000～2015年间四川省畜禽粪便、COD及氮磷产生量,在此基础上,分析了2015年四川省畜禽粪便的排放时空分布特征与畜禽粪便、氮、磷污染情况。结果表明：（1）2000～2015年,四川省畜禽粪便平均产生量约2.10亿t猪粪当量,其中猪、牛、家禽是当地环境威胁的主要畜禽种类;（2）2015年四川省产沼气潜力可观,但大部分地区受到畜禽粪便污染,其中德阳市、雅安市两地预警级别达Ⅵ级,对环境影响严重;（3）2015年四川省氮、磷耕地负荷的平均值分别为78.45 kg/hm2和13.57 kg/hm2,均低于欧盟的限量标准（氮170 kg/hm2、磷35 kg/hm2）,但大部分地区面临氮、磷污染风险。其中成都市、德阳市、雅安市氮、磷污染风险均较高,自贡市、泸州市等氮、磷污染风险整体不高,但畜禽养殖量近50%环境容量,这些地区应做好畜禽养殖总量控制及污染物消减措施。 关键词： 畜禽养殖;粪便污染;时空分布;污染防控;四川     

溪洛渡水电工程拦沙对三峡水库富营养化潜在影响的初步研究

从泥沙吸附的角度，探讨金沙江溪洛渡水电站拦沙对三峡水库溶解性磷负荷的影响。2006年11月在金沙江、长江干流和支流岷江、沱江采集了淤积泥沙和水样，测定了泥沙的全磷、有效磷和磷固定量及水的溶解性磷等指标。岷江和沱江泥沙的有效磷含量远高于金沙江和长江干流，反映了四川盆地支流的磷污染较干流严重；干流泥沙的有效磷含量向下游呈增加和磷固定量向下游呈减少的趋势，反映了干流泥沙沿途不断吸附四川盆地支流汇入干流中的溶解性磷，磷固定能力有所降低。根据金沙江宜宾与长江朱沱泥沙的有效磷含量和磷固定量，金沙江来沙年吸附溶解性磷分别为382和6 885 t，分别相当于朱沱站的26%和468％。溪洛渡水库拦蓄泥沙，金沙江来沙吸附长江干流溶解性磷的量将有所减少。水库投入运行后的前50年，以有效磷含量计，金沙江来沙的磷吸附量占朱沱年溶解性磷总量的比例从26%降至10%；以磷固定量计，从468％降至174%。长江干流进入三峡水库的年溶解性磷总量有可能增加16%～294%。金沙江来沙降低三峡入库磷负荷的实际功能，可能介于有效磷含量和磷固定量的计算值之间，具体值还需开展进一步的试验研究。     

三峡库区万州段不同类型消落带土壤磷形态贮存特征

三峡水库成库以来,消落带土壤磷流失已成为水体富营养化的重要来源。通过对三峡水库消落带万州段长江干流及回水区苎溪河和密溪沟土壤磷形态分析,研究了不同水力特征和人类活动对消落带土壤理化性质及土壤磷形态分布的影响。结果表明：万州段消落带土壤pH值、有效磷(A P)含量分布特征为长江干流>苎溪河>密溪沟,阳离子交换量(CEC)分布特征为苎溪河>长江干流>密溪沟,有机质(SOM)含量分布特征为密溪沟>苎溪河>长江干流,总氮(TN)含量分布特征为苎溪河>密溪沟>长江干流,总磷（TP）分布特征为密溪沟>长江干流>苎溪河。土壤水溶态磷（H2O P）、盐酸提取态磷（HCl P）、氢氧化钠提取态磷（NaOH P）、碳酸氢钠提取态磷（NaHCO3 P）、残渣态磷（Residual P）分布特征为：Residual P(65514 mg/kg)> H2O P（5177 mg/kg)>HCl P(3999 mg/kg)> NaOH P(2588 mg/kg)> NaHCO3 P(2224 mg/kg),以Residual P和H2O P为主,在干湿交替的条件下H2O P将继续向水体迁移。人类农业及旅游开发活动或将影响土壤理化性质进而影响保肥性能,土壤氢氧化钠提取态有机磷（NaOH Po）和碳酸氢钠提取态有机磷（NaHCO3 Po）所占比例大小顺序为长江干流>苎溪河>密溪沟。消落带土壤磷各形态中氢氧化钠提取态无机磷（NaOH Pi）、碳酸氢钠提取态无机磷（NaHCO3 Pi）、NaHCO3 Po、H2O P均与有A P存在极显著相关性,其来源具有同源性。密溪沟氮磷污染不同源,密溪沟有农村居民且开发旅游,人类生活废水是磷素的主要来源,而氮素主要来源于农业施肥的流失。     

Spatio-temporal variation of dissolved inorganic nutrients related to hydrodynamics and land use in the mangrove-fringed Segara Anakan Lagoon, Java, Indonesia

Segara Anakan is a mangrove-fringed lagoon in Java, Indonesia, which is affected by human activities in the lagoon and its hinterland. Nutrient and sediment input from the Citanduy River which drains an agriculture-dominated hinterland is thought to be an important factor for ecosystem degradation. From dry and rainy season investigations of dissolved inorganic nutrients between May 2004 and August 2006 we infer that the nutrient inventory of Segara Anakan is controlled by a complex mixture of anthropogenic and natural sources and processes. Maximum inputs into the western lagoon were supplied by the Citanduy during the rainy season while tidal exchange with the Indian Ocean dominated in the eastern lagoon with little freshwater input. During the dry season recycling in mangroves appeared to be an additional source of nutrients to the lagoon. Despite an extremely high population density and intensive agriculture in the hinterland nutrient pollution and eutrophication in the lagoon were low to moderate on a global scale. It is probably due to the short residence time of water in the shallow lagoon which indicates that major part of the land-derived nutrient input is rapidly exported to the sea. Although Segara Anakan is a highly perturbed system for decades, it appears that still natural processes exert major control on the nutrient inventory of the lagoon.     

云南高原典型湖泊水样氮磷含量随低温储存时间的变化

总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)是评价湖泊水体富营养化的主要指标,而实验分析中的总氮、总磷含量的测定结果受诸多因素(如水样储存方式、储存时间和氮磷赋存状态等)的影响,易造成分析数据的不稳定性。对于云南典型喀斯特地区湖泊水体氮磷含量分析而言,特别是在采样点距实验室距离远、样品数量多的情况下,不能按实验分析标准要求时间完成分析。该研究针对云南九大高原典型湖泊的特殊性和在大批量样品采集、远距离搬运、实验分析需要一定时间的实际情况,选择3个氮磷含量差异较大的抚仙湖、阳宗海和滇池为研究对象,对采样后样品在低温储存条件下随测定时间而发生变化进行分析,探讨样品TN、TP和溶解态氮(DN)、溶解态磷(DP)含量的变化特征,以确定最佳的实验分析时间。研究结果表明:(1)采样后即进行氮磷含量分析结果显示:3个湖泊水样氮磷含量差别明显,同时存在状态不相一致,滇池样品中氮磷含量最高,其TN含量为2.44 mg/L,DN含量为1.47 mg/L,占总氮的60%,TP含量为0.13 mg/L,DP含量为0.02 mg/L,占总磷的15%;阳宗海次之,其中TN含量为0.73 mg/L,DN含量为0.60 mg/L,占总氮的82%,TP含量为0.04 mg/L,DP含量为0.03 mg/L,占总磷的75%;抚仙湖最低,其中TN含量为0.32 mg/L,DN含量为0.28 mg/L,占总氮的90%,TP含量为0.02 mg/L,DP含量为0.01 mg/L,占总磷的50%;(2)样品在低温室(3℃～4℃)随着静置时间的增长,TN、TP含量均呈现降低趋势,说明静置时间对其有影响;其中滇池和阳宗海水样总氮总磷含量降低幅度较大,而抚仙湖较小;(3)样品经过滤后,滇池阳和宗海的水样氮磷含量呈现降低趋势,而抚仙湖则无明显变化。样品储存时间、过滤处理对氮磷含量低的湖泊水样影响较小,对氮磷含量大的湖泊影响较大,尤其是颗粒态氮磷含量较高的样品。由于水样中氮磷存在多种形态,湖泊营养程度不同,在对水样进行氮磷含量测定时,应当考虑水样储存时间和氮磷赋存状态等因素。     

长江中下游地区畜禽承载力评估与预警分析

为评估长江中下游地区畜禽养殖的环境风险和承载潜力,以《畜禽养殖业产污系数与排污系数手册》和《畜禽粪污土地承载力测算技术指南》中的相关参数为基础,采用2016年的统计数据,测算了长江中下游地区的畜禽粪便总量、耕地畜禽粪污氮磷负荷和耕地畜禽养殖环境容量。结果表明：（1）2015年长江中下游地区畜禽粪便总量为44 784.09万t,单位耕地畜禽粪污氮、磷负荷分别为71.18、12.71 kg/hm2,畜禽养殖环境容量76 561.60万头猪当量（N）、106 208.50万头猪当量（P）,环境风险指数为0.68（N）、0.84（P）,养殖风险中等,具有一定发展潜力,增量规模分别为实际养殖总量的47%（N）、19%（P）;（2）分省域来看,畜禽粪便资源丰富程度由高到低依次为湖南、湖北、安徽、江西、江苏、浙江和上海;耕地氮负荷由大到小依次为湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、上海和浙江;耕地磷负荷由大到小依次为湖南、湖北、江西、江苏、安徽、上海和浙江;上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、湖北和湖南畜禽养殖环境风险中等,具有发展潜力,可适当增加养殖数量;江西畜禽养殖环境风险较严重,不具有发展潜力,需要进行总量控制;（3）分市域来看,约59%的市畜禽养殖环境风险中等,约28%的市畜禽养殖环境风险较严重,约10%的市畜禽养殖环境风险较小,仅3%的市畜禽养殖环境风险严重。需按照重点调控区、约束发展区、适度发展区、潜力增长区和重点发展区进行优化,并根据区域种植业结构进行动态调整。     

Distribution of U-Th nuclides in the riverine and coastal environments of the tropical southwest coast of India

A reconnaissance study has been made on the distribution of 238U, 234U, 232Th and 230Th in soils, water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and bottom sediments in the Kali river basin around Kaiga, its estuarine region and the adjacent Arabian Sea to obtain the baseline data of U-Th series nuclides in view of the commissioning of nuclear power reactors at Kaiga, near Karwar, on the southwest coast of India. Drainage basin soils developed over greywackes (the dominant litho-unit upstream) are lower in 238U/Al and 232Th/Al ratios by factors of 3-5 in comparison with those developed over tonalitic gneisses (the dominant litho-unit downstream). The dominance of the former type of soils is reflected in the composition of river-bottom sediments derived from the upstream drainage basin during the monsoon. The 232Th in bottom sediments tends to increase towards the estuarine and coastal areas, presumably due to deposition of heavy minerals and onshore transport of coastal sediments into the estuary. The dissolved U in the Kali river is low (0.001-0.02 microg/l) when compared to the major Indian rivers as the Kali river flows through U-poor greywackes. Thus, the input of dissolved U to the Kali estuary is dominated by sea water. Although there is some evidence for the removal of dissolved U at low salinity during estuarine mixing, its behaviour is conservative in the lower estuary (at higher salinities). The removal rate of dissolved U from the Kali river basin is similar to that reported from other tropical river basins. The U flux from all the west-flowing rivers of Peninsular India is estimated at 26.3 x 10(6) g/yr to the Arabian Sea which is about 2% of the flux from the Himalayan rivers to the Bay of Bengal.     

九龙江流域河水溶解态碳的时空变化

为了研究九龙江流域河流中溶解碳变化规律,分别于2017年7月与2018年1月对九龙江河水溶解无机碳（DIC）与溶解有机碳（DOC）进行了分析。丰水季河水DIC浓度为7.50~49.04 mg/L,平均值为22.12 mg/L,枯水季DIC浓度为8.84~84.91 mg/L,平均浓度41.17 mg/L,丰水季河水中的DOC浓度为0.54~2.89 mg/L,平均值为1.04 mg/L,枯水季河水中DOC浓度变化在1.34~3.56 mg/L之间,平均值为2.34 mg/L,据此计算了九龙江河水DOC、DIC的入海通量。研究结果表明九龙江河水中溶解碳具有显著的时空变化特征,通过与中国其他河流溶解碳数据对比,解释了碳酸盐岩的风化、气候变化、河流中浮游植物以及人类活动对九龙江河流溶解碳浓度的影响。     

Spatiotemporal changes of geomorphic environment in the Muriganga–Saptamukhi estuarine interfluve of Indian Sundarban in the context of climate change: a case study

The surface of the earth has been continuously sculptured by the exogenetic processes primarily by the climatic hydrological attributes. Over the sequential phases of evolution of earth, the climatic attributes have altered. The alternative processes such as glaciation and declaciation, fluctuations of sea level and variability in rainfall pattern have changed the surface configuration through maneuvering the operations of the geographical processes. The issue of climate change has become a matter of scientific concern all over the world as the human communities are facing severe problems manifested in the form of flood, drought and submergence of low-lying coastal regions, estuaries and deltas. The present study is an attempt to understand the nature and extent of climate change (1890–2012) and related sea level rise (1970s–2010) in the deltaic Sundarban region of India since the last century and how far they are impacting the erosion–depositional processes (1925, 1926–2014). The changing trend of mean annual temperature, rainfall pattern and frequencies of tropical cyclones has been studied in detail, and spatiotemporal changes of geomorphic environment in different reaches of the study area have also been monitored with available multi-temporal geospatial data. The observation reveals that the flat sandy coastal belt and low-lying island in the extreme southern part have been severely affected by wave dash and seasonal storm surges which are mostly responsible for vigorous erosion. On the other hand, high tidal velocity is observed along the exposed concave bank in the upper–middle reaches of the Muriganga estuary and exposed outer bank in lower–middle reaches of Saptamukhi estuary. The thalweg line, which is very close to the river bank in those reaches of estuary, intensifies the hydraulic pressure along marginal parts of river bank which leads to erosion. Depositional activities are mostly observed along the sheltered inner reaches and convex river banks of the estuaries due to less effective tidal rushes, shallow channel depth, marginal flow velocity and gentle channel slope. Therefore, erosional and depositional processes cannot be explain by the relative mean sea level rise, because increasing mean sea level will affect the erosional processes uniformly in the entire estuary. In this present study area, both the erosional and depositional processes are simultaneously active depending on geographical exposure, sinuous channel pattern, channel depth and lithological compositions.     

长江大通站输沙量时间序列分析研究

长江来水来沙直接影响着河口三角洲的发育过程以至入海物质通量变化。大通站作为长江河口的第一个关键界面,有近50年左右的输沙量和流量连续观测资料（1953~2001年）。利用肯德尔、有序聚类和熵谱分析等方法,着重对输沙量时间序列进行了统计分析。大通站径流量在保持稳定的情势下,输沙量在过去49年中有明显的下降。输沙量变化主要呈跳跃式下降,同时表现出16年左右周期性阶梯下降规律,1968年和1984年分别为阶梯下降的跳跃点。尤其1984年后,年均输沙量比1984年前下降26.4％,且最大值未超过1984年前的平均值。输沙量减少与人类活动密切相关。20世纪80年代末的“长江上游水土保持重点防治工程”的实施,使长江上游的来沙减少,这是大通站输沙量减少的主要原因;其次是长江流域内水利工程的拦沙作用。     

长江入海口徐六泾断面2005～2012年水环境因子及入海通量变化特征

分别于2005～2012年的4个季节对长江入海口徐六泾断面水质实施了29个航次的监测。2005、2010和2012年为丰水年,2006、2011年为枯水年,其余3 a为平水年。2005～2012年化学耗氧量（CODCr）的年度平均浓度范围为52～1469 mg/L,氨-氮（NH4 N）为0051～0358 mg/L,总磷（TP）为0069～0255 mg/L,活性磷酸盐（PO4 P）为0044～0098 mg/L,石油类（Oil）为2367～7939 μg/L,铜（Cu）为171～277 μg/L,镉（Cd）为0057～0116 μg/L,砷（As）为234～294 μg/L。引入计算Spearman秩相关系数的方法分析评价指标与时间序列间的相关性,并检验相关系数的显著性意义。评价结果显示,长江入海径流量呈现上升的趋势,但趋势不显著。年平均浓度呈上升趋势的污染因子水质要素从强到弱到小依次为TP、PO4 P、NH4 N、Oil和CODCr,TP上升趋势显著,呈下降趋势的水质要素从强到弱依次为Cu、As和Cd,Cu下降趋势显著;长江入海口的水质综合标准指数呈显著上升趋势,监测断面水质等级持续下降,污染状况持续恶化;长江污染物入海通量总体呈显著增加趋势,特别是氮的输出通量有较大增加。研究表明,长江入海口水质恶化速度加剧,应引起政府和社会的足够重视,保护长江水质刻不容缓     

湖北省畜禽养殖污染现状及总量控制

通过畜禽产排污系数以及2011年湖北省的统计数据,估算出湖北省2011年畜禽养殖业畜禽粪便总量及COD、氮、磷的产生量,分析了污染物对环境污染的情况,并对湖北省畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,2011年湖北省畜禽的粪便总量为8 479.8万t,主要分布在襄阳市、黄冈市、孝感市。全省粪便耕地负荷为16.2 t/hm~2/a,警报值为0.54,分级级数为II,对环境构成污染的威胁为"稍有"。全省氮、磷的耕地负荷分别为157.9 kg/hm~2/a、24.5 kg/hm~2/a,其中,鄂州市、黄冈市均超过欧盟限量标准(氮170 kg/hm~2/a、磷35 kg/hm~2/a)。2011年湖北省的实际养殖总量分别为7 868.5万头猪当量(N)、9 725.3万头猪当量(P),都超过畜禽50%环境容量(为4 599.4万头猪当量(N),7 161.1万头猪当量(P)。除了荆州市外,其他大部分地区的实际养殖数量都超过50%环境容量,这些地区应该严格控制畜禽的养殖数量并同时做好污染物消减措施。     

长江干流浮游细菌群落结构及影响因素

为研究长江干流浮游细菌群落结构的空间分布规律及其环境影响因素,针对细菌16S rRNA基因,采用定量PCR和高通量测序技术,对2015年和2016年采集的长江干流自四川泸州到上海吴淞口共计40个样点进行分析。结果表明：水体中浮游细菌16S rRNA基因丰度为2.64×106~1.44×109 copies/L。上游（泸州至秭归）、中游（宜昌至湖口）和下游水体（湖口至上海入海口）的α多样性在3组间都没有呈现出显著差异性。长江干流浮游细菌在门水平上主要由变形菌门（Proteobacteria,7.49%~86.53%）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria,0.27%~54.72%）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes,0.03%~90.95%）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes,0.50%~45.36%）和异常球菌-栖热菌门（Deinococcus-Thermus,0.00%~23.96%）构成。在属或科水平上主要由丛毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae,0.03%~65.67%）、CL500-29_marine_group（0.00%~24.23%）、hgcI_clade（0.00%~28.82%）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus,0.00%~90.88%）和氢噬胞菌属（Hydrogenophaga,0.03%~38.55%）组成。从上中下游水体的浮游细菌群落组成来看,上游水体相对丰度最高的类群为Bacillus（0.00%~90.88%）,中游和下游为Comamonadaceae（分别为0.60%~65.67%和2.87%~50.64%）。造成上中下游水体中浮游细菌群落组成差异的环境因子各不相同：影响上游的主要为pH和悬浮颗粒物（SS）,影响中游的主要为溶解氧（DO）,影响下游的主要为DO、水温（WT）和总磷（TP）。