固定化微生物脱氮技术进展

:氮污染已日益严重 ,但现有的生物脱氮技术存在许多问题。因此世界各国研究者纷纷研究改进技术 ,硝化细菌和反硝化细菌固定化生物脱氮是其中一个主要的研究方向。文章综述了固定化微生物脱氮技术的研究进展 ,包括固定介质、主要的固定化方法和技术以及固定化微生物在废水生物脱氮方面的应用。     

沣河水系脱氮微生物群落结构研究

河流水体氮素的超负荷不仅破坏了水体生态环境,也严重威胁着人类的生存和发展.水体中有机氮、无机氮（氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮）和分子氮之间的转化（氮循环）有赖于水体中大量的氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）,然而这些氮循环微生物的生长繁殖也受到包括氮素的形态和浓度在内的多种环境因子的影响,这些因素也通过影响氮循环微生物的生长繁殖进而使得水体中氮素的转化速率发生变化,对水体氮污染的防治有不可忽视的作用.本研究通过在沣河设置不同的研究断面,采集水体样品,进行水质分析,并通过现代分子生物学技术（PCR-DGGE）方法对研究断面水体中氮循环微生物（固氮细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌）的群落结构进行分析.再通过统计学软件对所得分子生物学信息与水质环境因子的相关性进行统计学分析,发现沣河水体中氮循环微生物群落结构受到多种环境因子共同影响,且在枯水期和丰水期表现出不同的特征.在丰水期沣河水体中,硝化细菌群落在中游表现出较高的多样性和丰富性,这与沣河中上游农业COD（化学需氧量）、BOD（生化需氧量）氨氮及有机氮污染物排放量较大,沣河水体DO（溶解氧）高有关.水体中的氨氮、亚硝氮、温度的增加是促进水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高的主要因子,而pH 值的升高,使得水体中硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.反硝化微生物在中游和下游的多样性和丰富度较高,与有机物及硝酸盐含量相关.水体中的BOD、COD、TP（总磷）、硝氮的增加是促进水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度的增高主要相关因子,而DO 的增多则会对部分反硝化细菌产生不利影响,使得水体中反硝化细菌的均匀性和丰富度降低.本研究结果为沣河以及其他河流的污染控制以及基于微生物的生态修复提供了科?     

长期施肥对双季稻田根际土壤氮素的影响

土壤有机氮含量是评价土壤质量变化的重要肥力指标,土壤氮矿化及其微生物数量易受不同施肥措施的影响。为明确南方双季稻区长期不同施肥模式对根际土壤氮矿化及其微生物数量的影响,以长期（37年）定位施肥试验田为平台,系统分析了不同施肥模式[单独施用化肥(MF)、秸秆还田+化肥(RF)、30%有机肥+70%化肥(OM)和无肥对照(CK)]下双季稻田根际土壤微生物量氮含量、氮素矿化、硝化和氨化速率、氮循环微生物数量的变化特征,及土壤氮转化与理化特性、微生物相关性。结果表明,OM处理根际土壤有机碳、总氮、碱解氮、硝态氮、氨态氮和无机氮含量均显著（P<0.05）高于RF、MF和CK处理。OM处理根际土壤微生物量氮含量最高,比CK处理增加24.1%。OM处理根际土壤有氧氮矿化率、厌氧氮矿化率和氨化速率均为最高,均显著高于MF和CK处理（P<0.05）;MF处理根际土壤硝化速率为最高,显著高于RF、OM和CK处理（P<0.05）。OM处理根际土壤硝化细菌、反硝化细菌和氨化细菌数量均显著高于RF、OM和CK处理（P<0.05）;RF处理根际土壤固氮菌数量显著高于MF、OM和CK处理（P...     

水生植物微生物强化系统对日本沼虾养殖水体的生物净化

通过在池塘水体中栽种以轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)为主的水生植物,并添加活菌含量>108 g-1的复合微生物制剂,构建了水生植物-微生物强化系统,研究该系统对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)养殖水体的生物净化效果。结果表明,试验40 d时,所添加的1.0 mg.L-1活性微生物可充分依赖水体中水生植物的巨大表面积而形成固定化的生物膜,使得植物区及相邻水体中细菌和真菌数量提高25%～69%,强化水体的净化功能。水生植物-微生物强化系统可通过相互的协同作用,提高对氮、磷和有机物等的利用能力,在促进自身生长的同时,可大幅降低水体中NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TP、PO43--P含量,抑制TN、高锰酸盐指数的快速升高,提高水体中溶解氧,竞争藻类生长的资源,使得水体中藻类的丰度有所下降,pH也趋于稳定。研究表明,水生植物-微生物强化系统是一种良好的日本沼虾养殖水体生物净化系统,当水体中添加的微生物质量浓度为1.0 mg.L-1时,适宜的水生植物覆盖率为40%。     

养殖水体复合功能菌的分离及其性能

针对养殖水体中因氨态氮、硫化氢和小分子有机酸富营养化引起的污染问题,分离筛选出硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、光合细菌、硫化细菌和生物絮凝菌等具有不同生理功能的污染物治理菌株,经优化配伍制备出性能优良的复合功能菌,结果表明:硝化细菌对氨态氮的去除率达97.8%,亚硝态氮的去除率达95.7%,反硝化细菌对硝态氮的去除率为96.4%,光合细菌和硫化细菌对硫化氢的去除率为55%,微生物絮凝菌的絮凝效率为83%;复合功能菌对CODCr、NH4+-N,总氮、硫化物的去除率分别可达94.3%,89.6%,88.7%和71.3%。     

种植不同冬季作物对稻田甲烷、氧化亚氮排放和土壤微生物的影响

研究双季稻收获后填闲种植不同冬季作物在其生长季节内甲烷（CH4）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放特征,对合理利用冬闲稻田、发展冬季作物生产及合理评价不同种植模式具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对冬季免耕直播黑麦草、紫云英和冬闲的双季稻田中CH4和N2O排放及其相关微生物数量变化进行了分析。在冬季作物生长期,不同冬季作物稻田CH4和N2O排放通量均显著高于对照（冬闲）,CH4和N2O排放通量均表现为免耕直播黑麦草〉免耕直播紫云英〉冬闲;免耕直播黑麦草和紫云英处理稻田CH4排放量分别为2.28和1.07 g·m^-2,分别比对照增加241.92%和60.63%;N2O排放量分别为0.59和0.48 g·m^-2,分别比对照增加71.93%和40.06%;各处理稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌、硝化细菌及反硝化细菌的数量变化范围分别为0.33×10^2 163.37×10^2 cfu·g^-1、11.05×10^3~245.68×10^3 cfu·g^-1、3.21×10^3~178.26×10^3 cfu·g^-1和10.47×10^5~198.88×10^5 cfu·g-1,免耕直播黑麦草和紫云英处理稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量均显著高于冬闲,其中免耕直播黑麦草处理稻田土壤的产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化细菌和硝化细菌数量显著高于免耕直播紫云英处理,而免耕直播紫云英处理稻田土壤反硝化细菌的数量则显著高于免耕直播黑麦草处理。研究结果显示,种植不同冬季作物能促进稻田生态系统中CH4和N2O的排放,而这两种气体的排放量与稻田土壤产甲烷细菌、甲烷氧化菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量变化密切相关。     

乙酸钙不动杆菌对富营养化景观水体的净化作用

利用乙酸钙不动杆菌(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus),在室内采用投菌法对富营养化景观水体进行预处理试验研究.通过不同的投菌量ф=0.05×10-3、0.1×10-3、0.2×10-3,对水体进行处理,结果表明,乙酸钙不动杆菌对富营养化水体中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、CODcr,均有一定的去除效果,其中在投菌量为O.1×10-3时处理效果最好.通过进一步的连续投菌净化试验,水体中的TN、TP、CODcr显著降低,处理后,水体中叶绿素a的质量浓度为19.1 mg·m-3,去除率为83.7%,藻类基本得到控制.由此可见,乙酸钙不动杆菌能够有效性地去除水体中的有机物、氮、磷,因此具有净化富营养化水体的作用.     

固定化反硝化菌在低污染水处理中脱氮性能研究

在面源低污染水的原位修复领域,人工湿地生物脱氮过程受温度、p H波动影响以及NO2--N积累抑制反硝化脱氮效果等问题,因此强化系统脱氮性能在实际工程应用中具有重要意义。固定化微生物技术具有环境变化适应能力以及耐毒害能力强等优点。该研究通过分离筛选高效反硝化菌,对其进行DNA序列分析鉴定及其种属和系统发育地位分析,并以包埋法加以固定,考察固定化反硝化菌在不同温度、p H、DO和C/N下的反硝化性能,分析各因素变化对固定化反硝化菌脱氮效果的影响,探究各影响因素对固定化反硝化菌脱氮性能的作用机理,以期为固定化反硝化菌强化人工湿地脱氮性能提供参考。经反硝化能力测定,筛选得到的高效反硝化菌株对NO3--N、TN的去除率分别为98.83%、98.36%,NO2--N积累量仅为0.28mg·L~(-1),24 h内脱氮效率为8.59 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),经16S r RNA测序结果表明该菌株与Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501的最大相似度为99.7%。采用PVA、SA为材料包埋固定该菌株,固定化反硝化菌的生物量为15.67 g·L~(-1),颗粒密度为0.93 g·m L~(-1)。通过对固定化反硝化菌处理低污染水的性能研究得知,p H、T、DO的波动对固定化反硝化菌的脱氮效果影响均小于游离反硝化菌,固定化反硝化菌在p H为7,θ为30℃,DO为0.87~1.54 mg·L~(-1),C/N为5时的脱氮效果最好。     

巨大芽孢杆菌对富营养化景观水体的净化效果

利用巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),在室内采用投菌法对富营养化景观水体进行预处理试验研究.通过不同的菌液投放量ψ=0.05×10-3、0.1×10-3、0.2×10-3,对水体进行处理,结果表明,巨大芽孢杆菌对富营养化水体中的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、CODcr均有一定的去除效果,其中在投菌量为0.1×10-3时处理效果最好.通过进一步的连续投菌净化试验,水体中的TN、TP、CODcr显著降低,处理后,藻类基本得到控制.由此可见,巨大芽孢杆菌能够有效地去除水体中的有机物、氮、磷,因此,具有净化富营养化水体的作用.     

人工湿地循环处理的养殖水体中浮游动物动态变化

2004年3月～11月对人工湿地循环处理的养殖水体中浮游动物的动态变化进行了研究,探讨不同的处理方式和放养类型对水体中浮游动物的影响及生物多样性指数的变化.结果表明,养殖水体经人工湿地处理后,水质改善,对浮游动物去除率在60%以上,几乎没有影响到浮游动物的群落结构,循环水量最大的1号塘浮游甲壳动物隆腺溞占优势,密度较其他塘低,而生物量则高;放养类型相同的循环塘3号塘和静态塘4号塘,浮游动物种类基本相同,但种类数3号塘明显多于4号塘;辛普森多样性指数显示:1号塘>2号塘>3号塘>4号塘,说明循环塘水质好于静态塘.图4表5参21     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.