电学方法在双衬层填埋场渗漏检测中的应用

研究了双衬层填埋场电学方法漏洞检测的原理.建立了漏洞检测模型,将漏洞电流和回路总电流看成2个点电流源,推导了检测层中电势分布满足的方程,分析结果显示:检测层越薄,同样的检测电流导致的漏洞附近的电势异常越明显,漏洞就越容易被检测出来;检测层厚度有限时,检测电极所在的垂直位置对漏洞的检测定位几乎不产生影响.实验验证了模型的正确性.     

人工合成衬层渗漏检测高压直流电法漏洞电流模型

建立了填埋场渗漏检测高压直流电法漏洞电流模型．将单衬层填埋场看作水平方向为无穷大的3层均匀介质，上层为垃圾层，中间层为人工合成衬层，下层为土壤层．漏洞电流对周围空间电势分布的影响被等效为位于电流流人端的负电流源和位于电流流出端的正电流源对周围空间电势分布的影响膜上漏洞检测通过偶极子法试验、膜下漏洞检测通过电极栅格法试验，结果表明用所建模型计算的理论值与实测值吻合较好．     

双衬层填埋场渗漏检测电极铺设方式研究

利用高压直流电法对双衬层填埋场渗漏检测进行了研究.结果表明检测电极的铺设方式以及供电电极和参比电极的位置对漏洞定位有一定影响.在回路电流、检测电极间距、定位算法、介质分布相同的条件下,三角形的检测电极铺设方式比四边形的漏洞定位误差小,且不同点的误差波动小.当参比电极距离漏洞较近时,漏洞定位误差较大;而参比电极与漏洞的距离越大,漏洞定位误差则越小.同时,检测层的电势分布主要是由供电电极和漏洞造成,因此,参比电极的位置既要远离漏洞又要远离供电电极.     

双衬层填埋场层状介质模型的建立

通过对危险废物填埋场结构及电学特性的分析,将双衬层填埋场看作水平方向为无穷大的5层介质空间. 漏洞电流对周围空间电势分布的影响可等效为位于电流流入端的负电流源和位于电流流出端的正电流源对周围空间电势分布的影响. 并且在对主、次防渗层进行检测的同时,对检测层中的电势分布进行了正演解析. 检测层任意一点的感应电势为HDPE膜两侧供电电极产生的感应电势与漏洞电流产生的感应电势的叠加. 试验结果证明,模型的理论值与试验值基本吻合.      

双衬层填埋场电法渗漏检测影响因素分析

双衬层填埋场采用电法进行渗漏检测时,漏洞电流大小、检测电极与防渗层之间的距离、介质的电阻率以及供电电极的位置皆可影响检测效果。分别对以上几个因素进行了仿真分析,结果显示:漏洞电流越大、检测电极距防渗层越近、供电电极与漏洞的水平距离越远,检测效果越好;而渗滤液污染导致的局部土壤电阻率变低,则使检测效果变差。     

单衬层填埋场渗漏检测ELIM法的正演解析

建立了填埋场渗漏检测电势映像法(ELIM)模型.将单衬层填埋场看作水平方向为无穷大的3层均匀介质,上层为垃圾层,中间层为人工合成衬层,下层为土壤层.从稳定电流电场的本质出发,将漏洞电流等效为位于电流流入端的负电流源和位于电流流出端的正电流源.基于该模型对填埋场渗漏检测的电势映像法进行了正演解析,并根据模型的基本特征,对3层介质模型的解析结果进行了简化,结果表明该模型中电场在半无穷空间的电势分布与半空间模型中无穷媒质空间中的电势分布规律基本相同.     

深度填埋条件下堆体表面电势分布特征及漏洞定位机理

为研究运行期填埋场深度填埋条件下偶极子渗漏检测和漏洞定位的可行性,通过系统分析运行期填埋场的结构特征和漏洞特征,建立了偶极子检测的概念模型、控制方程和定解条件;基于Comsol Multiphysics高仿真数值模拟软件对上述问题进行有限元求解,并根据现场实测数据对模拟结果进行验证,最后利用该模型讨论了运行期填埋场偶极子漏洞检测和定位的可行性及影响因素.结果表明:数值模型模拟的特征点(极大值点和极小值点)与实际测量点位的y坐标(电势差分值)相对误差最大为24.95%,x坐标(距离)相对误差最大为3.40%,表明模型及其求解方法合理,可用于模拟实际的偶极子检测.在深度填埋(堆体厚度最大15 m)条件下,堆体表面电势差分信号降至mV级别,超出传统铜电极+万用表的检出限.受填埋深度影响,堆体表面电势分布特征与库底电势分布特征差异较大,电势峰值点位置相差达8.0 m,偶极子装置虽可检测出库底漏洞的存在,但是不能准确对其定位(x方向偏移2.0 m,y方向偏移8.0 m).此外,堆体表面的地形起伏会形成伪漏洞信号,干扰漏洞识别;沿测线方向平行移动电极,测线上的漏洞信号也会同时移动,并且关于实际漏洞位置对称.研究显示,在运行期填埋场条件下,传统偶极子漏洞定位方法(即直接根据测线上的异常信号进行漏洞定位)不再适用,但可以通过平行移动地表电极位置,观察地表电极移动过程中疑似漏洞信号的对称中心来进行漏洞定位.      

单合成衬层填埋场渗漏检测的多介质模型

建立了填埋场渗漏检测高压直流电法模型,将单衬层填埋场看作水平方向为无穷大的3 层均匀介质,上层为垃圾层,中间层为人工合成衬层,下层为土壤层;漏洞电流视为电流流入端的负电流源和电流流出端的正电流源;介质中任意检测点的感应电势是膜上漏洞面电流源和膜下漏洞面电流源以及膜上供电电极电流源在该点感应电势的叠加.漏洞电流与供电回路电流之间的关系分析表明,流经漏洞的电流(I₀)占总电流(I_s )的比例(f₀)随着填埋场底部面积的增加而减小,当填埋场底部面积≤3600m² 时,I₀ 占I_s 的90%以上,而当场底面积增为10⁵m² 时,I₀ 仅占I_s 的55%.根据独立作用原理,分析了多漏洞情况下各层介质中的电势分布并进行了试验验证.     

便携式渗漏检测装置在填埋场防渗层完整性检测的应用

利用基于双电极法的偶极子检测和基于电极栅格法的区块化检测装置,对重庆某生活垃圾填埋场进行了防渗层高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)膜完整性检测.结果表明:偶极子在漏洞附近时,其周围电势分布会出现正负突变;区块化检测利用网格铺设电极和上位机软件解析可以精确定位漏洞位置.基于高压直流电法的便携式渗漏检测系统,在填埋场铺设防护层的条件下能够有效地检测到直径约1 cm的漏洞,并且能够对漏洞进行精确定位.对 2种不同电学方法的验证表明,电极栅格法比双电极法测量范围大、精度高.      

电法在垂直柔性防渗帷幕破损检测的应用

为研究垂直柔性防渗帷幕的电学破损检测的可行性,该文通过系统分析垂直防渗帷幕的结构特征和漏洞特征,得出漏洞对其附近介质电势的影响,并分析漏洞检测方法,基于现场实验数据对模拟漏洞和实际漏洞结果进行验证,最后基于验证后的数据结果讨论了电法在垂直柔性防渗帷幕渗漏检测的可行性和影响因素,得出以下主要结论:该电法可以清晰地通过判断数据异常点(极大和极小值点)对漏洞位置进行定位,适用于垂直柔性防渗帷幕HDPE膜铺设过程的完整性检测,文章分析了检测传感器间距、供电电极到HDPE膜的距离、检测传感器到HDPE膜的距离等因素对检测结果的影响,但场地介质不均匀性和地形差异也可能影响检测结果,因此该方法无法完全克服上述不利因素。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.