Effect of SO2 on performance of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum Schiff

Effect of SO₂-enriched air on the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum Schiff.was investigated by rearing the larvae on rape leaves that had been exposed to 40 or 80 ppb of the air pollutant in field fumigation chambers. An examination on the 11th day showed that the larvae in both treatments survived more, developed markedly faster, their fresh v/eig'ht and mean relative growth rate were significantly greater than those of control insect. Improvement of their growth and development resulted in decrease of total larval duration by 0.5 - 1.0 day. Pupal and adult performances were little affected by SO₂ level to which larval food plant was exposed. Possible reason responsible for enhanced growth and development of the insect species was discussed.     

Secondary effect of SO_2 pollution: enhanced growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of SO2 pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO2 levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-top fumigation devices. Larval period shortened while their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) increased as SO2 dose elevated. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet excluded the possibility that SO2 pollution directly stimulated growth of the army worm.The patterns of change in amino acid hydrolysates in the host foliage suggested that contents of methionine, and perhaps, arginine in food material exposed to unpolluted air were at such levels that they could only support sub-optimum growth of the insect, and SO2 pollution increased concentrations of these limiting amino acids, resulting in better performance of the larvae.     

Secondary effect of SO2 pollution: enhanced growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

Effects of SO₂ pollution on growth of the army worm, Mythimna separata, were investigated by rearing the larvae for 12 days on the wheat plants being exposed to SO₂ levels ranged from 50 to 200 ppb in the field open-top fumigation devices. Larval period shortened while their mean relative growth rate (MRGR) increased as SO₂ dose elevated. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet excluded the possibility that SO₂ pollution directly stimulated growth of the army worm.The patterns of change in amino acid hydrolysates in the host foliage suggested that contents of methionine, and perhaps, arginine in food material exposed to unpolluted air were at such levels that they could only support sub-optimum growth of the insect, and SO₂ pollution increased concentrations of these limiting amino acids, resulting in better performance of the larvae.     

Effects of fluoride on growth and reproduction of the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker)

This paper deals with effects of airborne fluorine on the army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker), by rearing the larvae on the wheat foliage exposed to HF or fumigating the larvae on the artificial diet with the pollutant. Larval relative growth rate (GR) and index of population trend of the insect reduced by 5% and 11%, respectively, when the larvae were reared on the foliage taken from the wheat plants exposed to 0.87 g·dm^-2·day^-1 of fluorine compared with those of the control. An extra instar appeared in a majority of the larvae treated. Survival rate and GR of the larvae on the wheat plant being exposure to the same concentration of fluorine in field open-top fumigation device were 40% and 15% lower than that of the control, respectively. Similar experiment with the insect on the artificial diet also showed that direct impact of the pollutant on the army worm was greater than its indirect effect via their host plant.     

封闭群稀有鮈鲫对几种常见化学品的敏感性

采用96h急性毒性试验检测了稀有鮈鲫封闭群和野生群对重铬酸钾、五氯酚、氯化汞、对氯苯胺、氯化镉等几种常见化学品的敏感性差异,并通过7d亚慢性毒性试验以及胚胎-卵黄囊吸收阶段毒性试验检测了对氯苯胺、氯化镉对稀有鮈鲫封闭群的亚慢性毒性.急性毒性试验结果表明,Cr6+、五氯酚、Hg2+、对氯苯胺和Cd2+对稀有鮈鲫封闭群的96h LC50分别为69.0mg/L,111.4,56.9μg/L,35.5,12.2mg/L;Cr6+对封闭群的96h LC50低于野生群(99.8mg/L)(P0.05).胚胎-卵黄囊吸收阶段和7d亚慢性毒性测试结果表明,Cd2+和对氯苯胺暴露后封闭群在孵化率、畸形率、死亡率、生长等方面均表现出毒性效应,其中生长指标更为敏感.以生长为观测指标,2种试验的结果无显著差异,对Cd2+的NOEC均为0.1mg/L,胚胎-卵黄囊吸收阶段试验中对氯苯胺的NOEC为2mg/L,7d亚慢性毒性试验中对氯苯胺的NOEC为4mg/L.本研究证明了稀有鮈鲫封闭群对化学药品的敏感性高,可作为化学品生态毒理学测试的种源.     

SO2污染的次生作用--促进粘虫的生长

将3龄幼虫接种在暴露于低浓度SO_2的小麦植株上自由取食12d,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响;对照组小麦用经过活性炭过滤的空气处理。结果表明,随着SO_2浓度升高,幼虫历期逐渐缩短,幼虫期的平均相对生长速率依次增大。用人工饲料进行的类似试验结果,排除了SO_2污染直接促进粘虫生长的可能性。根据对食料植物水解氨基酸含量的测定结果,可以假设在非污染条件下生长的麦叶中,蛋氨酸和精氨酸含量偏低使粘虫处于亚最适生长状态,SO_2污染增加了食料中这两种限制性氨基酸的浓度,导致幼虫转入最佳生长状态。     

SO2熏蒸小麦对粘虫生长的影响

用低浓度SO_2熏蒸过的小麦饲养幼虫,研究SO_2污染对粘虫生长的影响.SO_2浓度为50和100ppb时,幼虫的发育历期显著缩短,存活率提高10％左右,整个幼虫期的发育-存活指数和平均相对生长速度(MRGR)分别比对照组高15％和2.5％左右.用上述两个浓度的SO_2处理的幼虫食料植物对成虫的繁殖力也有一定的促进作用,但对蛹的历期和成虫的寿命没有影响.     

Pre-pupation behaviour of the aphid parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphidius ervi</Emphasis> (Haliday) and its consequences for pre-imaginal learning

Olfactory learning may occur at different stages of insect ontogeny. In parasitoid wasps, it has been mostly shown at adult emergence, whilst it remains controversial at pre-imaginal stages. We followed larval growth of the parasitoid wasp, Aphidius ervi Haliday, inside the host aphid, Acyrthosiphom pisum Harris, and characterised in detail the behaviour of third instar larvae. We found that just before cocoon spinning begins, the third instar larva bites a hole through the ventral side of the mummified aphid exoskeleton. We then evaluated whether this period of exposure to the external environment represented a sensitive stage for olfactory learning. In our first experiment, the third instar larvae were allowed to spin their cocoon on the host plant (Vicia faba L.) surface or on a plastic plate covering the portion of the host plant exposed to the ventral opening. Recently emerged adults of the first group showed a preference for plant volatiles in a glass Y-olfactometer, whereas no preference was found in adults of the second group. In a second experiment, during the period in which the aphid carcass remains open or is being sealed by cocoon spinning, third instar larvae were exposed for 24 h to either vanilla odours or water vapours as control. In this experiment, half of the parasitoid larvae were later excised from the mummy to avoid further exposure to vanilla. Adult parasitoids exposed to vanilla during the larval ventral opening of the mummy showed a significant preference for vanilla odours in the olfactometer, regardless of excision from the mummy. The larval behaviour described and the results of the manipulations performed are discussed as evidences for the acquisition of olfactory memory during the larval stage and its persistence through metamorphosis.     

二氧化硫对作物游离氨基酸浓度的作用

观察了四种作物接触二氧化硫后游离氨基酸,特别是十种昆虫必需氨基酸含量的变化.二氧化硫引起油菜、大豆和小麦叶片中昆虫必需氨基酸浓度明显增加,非必需氨基酸中,增加或减少趋势不一.玉米没有这种反应.二氧化硫熏气的大豆上叶螨生长繁殖快于对照.讨论了植物中氨基酸浓度的增加和大气污染诱发虫害加剧的关系.     

Genomewide analysis indicates that queen larvae have lower methylation levels in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)

The honey bee is a social insect characterized by caste differentiation, by which a young larva can develop into either a queen or a worker. Despite possessing the same genome, queen and workers display marked differences in reproductive capacity, physiology, and behavior. Recent studies have shown that DNA methylation plays important roles in caste differentiation. To further explore the roles of DNA methylation in this process, we analyzed DNA methylome profiles of both queen larvae (QL) and worker larvae (WL) of different ages (2, 4, and 6 day old), by using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (meDIP-seq) technique. The global DNA methylation levels varied between the larvae of two castes. DNA methylation increased from 2-day- to 4-day-old QL and then decreased in 6-day-old larvae. In WL, methylation levels increased with age. The methylcytosines in both larvae were enriched in introns, followed by coding sequence (CDS) regions, CpG islands, 2 kbp downstream and upstream of genes, and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). The number of differentially methylated genes (DMGs) in 2-, 4-, and 6-day-old QL and WL was 725, 3,013, and 5,049, respectively. Compared to 4- and 6-day-old WL, a large number of genes in QL were downmethylated, which were involved in many processes including development, reproduction, and metabolic regulation. In addition, some DMGs were concerned with caste differentiation.     

基于微信公众平台的空气质量显示系统的设计与实现研究

空气质量的好坏直接影响着人类的出行和健康,创建便于查询的空气质量显示系统,可以使人们简单直观的了解当日的空气质量指数(AQI).随着互联网的迅猛发展,"微信"逐渐成了人们日常通信的重要工具.本系统利用物联网技术与微信公众平台相结合,提出了空气质量显示系统的设计与实现方案,来建设空气质量显示系统.该系统可从各个区内监测点得到空气质量指数数据,进而将每日各个时段的空气质量指数(AQI)以动态图的方式直观清晰的展示给用户,为人们的出行带来了方便.     

Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil

Pagrosomus major larvae were to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbon in No.0 diesel oil(corresponding to No.2 fuel oil) at concentration of 0,0.17,1.22 and 8.82mg/L for up to 15 days.Larvae were sampled on days 9 and 15 of the experiment.Supernatants of viscera tissue extractions were assayed for biochemical response in terms of oxidative stress-superoxide dismutase(SOD),activity of selenium-dependant glutathione peroxidase(Se-GPx) and catalase(Ca),and the concentration of reduced glutathione(CSH).On day 9 of exposure ,statistically significant dose-related increases in Se-GPx and SOD activity,and GSH concentration were observed in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon.However,on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related in all cases except for Se-GPx activity under the highest dosage of hydrocarbon.However,on day 15 of exposure, a similar dose-related response was only observed for Se-GPx activity.GSH concentration decreased and SOD activity showed no statistical difference as compared to controls.However, a significant decrease in compared to day 9 Se-GPx activity and GSH concentration, in contrast to increase SOD activity at day 15 as indicates an accelerated accumulation of H2O2 and potential oxidative damage under long term exposure of larvae to hydrocarbons.No statistical changes were observed in Ca activity throughout the experiment, possibly owing to the high efficiency of Se-GPx.A recovery experiment was performed on indicating that the response of antioxidants measured tending to returm to return to their control levels.These results prove the function of the antioxidant defense system of the larvae to the water-soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil.     

Response of antioxidase in viscera of Pagrosuma Major larvae to water soluble fraction of hydrocarbons in No.0 diesel oil

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Adult flight in a water strider exposed to habitat drydown in the larval stages

Aquarius paludum inhabits a wide variety of water surfaces, ranging from temporary to permanent ponds and lakes throughout the Palearctic. Thus, some larvae of A. paludum will be exposed to habitats that dry out. We assess here the influence of drying on water strider growth and development. When exposed to drying-out in the larval stage, the growth period was prolonged. Drying-out during one of the first three instars was associated with longer maintenance of flight muscles without histolysis and reduced the number of eggs laid by long-winged (LW) adults that shifted to a "flyer" strategy. Alternatively, adults exposed to dry habitats during whole larval period expressed shorter preoviposition periods and shifted to a "non-flying, reproducer" strategy. These contrasting responses to drying can be understood as flexible physiological functions depending on the drying history to which larvae are exposed. This flexibility may be a significant factor in allowing A. paludum to occupy such a wide range of habitats in Eurasia.     

悬浮法聚氯乙烯化工离心母液的生化处理中试

采用4级内循环式好氧生物膜反应器串联工艺对悬浮法聚氯乙烯(PVC)离心母液废水进行中试试验,研究了不同停留时间下系统对有机物和浊度的处理效果以及系统的抗冲击能力;观察了生物膜的生长和发展规律;对影响系统稳定运行的主要因素(悬浮物、摇蚊幼虫和营养物)进行了分析,并提出了相应的控制措施.试验结果表明:该工艺启动迅速,在HRT为14h时,废水COD总去除率可达75%以上,出水COD浓度低于50mg/L ,完全可以达到排放标准,也可经深度处理回用于生产.     

深圳市一次典型污染天气污染特征分析研究——以2016年3月空气质量为例

2016年3月31日,深圳市及其周边地区出现典型的区域性空气污染事件,多数地区的AQI超过了100.主要污染物浓度和气象要素的逐小时变化表明,该次污染天气主要是在不利气象条件下,由污染物区域传输和二次污染物生成共同导致的.进一步的后向轨迹分析表明,污染日抵达深圳市的气团可能从东莞、广州和佛山等地区携带了大量污染物,并且移动速度缓慢,造成了深圳较为严重的污染天气,而污染日前和污染日后抵达深圳市的气团有利于污染物的稀释扩散,因此空气质量较好.     

轨道交通列车内空气质量研究现状与展望

城市轨道交通因其运量大、效率高、能耗低等诸多优点,成为城市公共交通的主要方式,其中主要以地铁为主。虽然通勤者在地铁内停留时间短,但因列车及乘客的活动,其内自然通风不足,空气质量差,影响出行人员身体健康。研究表明：颗粒物（PM）、挥发性有机物（VOCs）和细菌是主要的空气污染物。其中,轨道交通颗粒物主要来源于列车与轨道之间的磨损,且颗粒物中金属元素含量丰富,遗传毒性较强。VOCs主要来源于地铁装饰物的挥发,细菌与真菌等主要受客流量、通风、温度等因素影响。此外,文章综合叙述了暴露于PM以外的各种空气污染物的健康风险。最后,指出进一步优化列车运行条件、开发先进的空气净化装置,是未来轨道列车空气质量研究与控制的方向。     

Elementary budget of stag beetle larvae associated with selective utilization of nitrogen in decaying wood

Wood degradation by insects plays important roles for the forest matter cycling. Since wood is deficient in nitrogen compared to the insect body, wood-feeding insects need to assimilate the nitrogen selectively and discard an excess carbon. Such a stoichiometric imbalance between food and body will cause high metabolic cost; therefore, wood-feeding insects may somehow alleviate the stoichiometric imbalance. Here, we investigated the carbon and nitrogen budgets of the larvae of stag beetle, Dorcus rectus, which feed on decaying wood. Assimilation efficiency of ingested wood was 22%, and those values based on the carbon and nitrogen were 27 and 45%, respectively, suggesting the selective digestion of nitrogen in wood. Element-based gross growth efficiency was much higher for nitrogen (45%) than for carbon (3%). As a result, the larvae released 24% of the ingested carbon as volatile, whereas almost no gaseous exchange was observed for nitrogen. Moreover, solubility-based elementary analysis revealed that the larvae mainly utilized alkaline-soluble-water-insoluble fraction of wood, which is rich in nitrogen. Actually, the midgut of the larvae was highly alkaline (pH 10.3). Stag beetle larvae are known to exhibit coprophagy, and here we also confirmed that alkaline-soluble-water-insoluble nitrogen increased again from fresh feces to old feces in the field. Stable isotope analysis suggested the utilization of aerial nitrogen by larvae; however, its actual contribution is still disputable. Those results suggest that D. rectus larvae selectively utilize alkaline-soluble nitrogenous substrates by using their highly alkaline midgut, and perhaps associate with microbes that enhance the nitrogen recycling in feces.     

青岛冬季PM2.5持续重污染天气的大气边界层特征

鲜有出现空气质量问题的北方沿海城市青岛近年来也频频出现重污染天气. 2014年1月青岛市总计出现7 d重污染天气,其中1月15-18日是持续4 d的PM_2.5重污染,其余的则分别出现在1月6日、11日和30日.为了获得气象条件对持续重污染天气发展、维持和消除的影响机制,利用激光雷达、大气稳定度仪探测数据以及地面、高空气象观测和空气质量监测数据,重点分析了1月15-18日持续重污染期间青岛市大气边界层气象要素的时间和空间特征.结果表明,2014年1月影响青岛冷空气势力弱、青岛近地面低于3 m/s的风速不利于污染物扩散,66%以上的相对湿度有利于污染物浓度增大.在污染源稳定的背景下,气象要素的差异性导致了污染物浓度时空分布的差异.在持续的弱偏北风下污染物浓度居高不下;在偏南风影响下,污染物浓度趋于下降.边界层内存在高层干冷弱北风和低层暖湿弱南风的风切变、稳定层结、低层相对湿度为70%的高湿大气以及交替出现的近地面南北风是此次重污染持续的主要原因.大气边界层高度变化对污染物浓度具有6 h左右的延迟影响;而低边界层高度、大稳定度因子,低云的存在和较高的污染物浓度之间具有较好的一致性变化趋势.当近地面温度升高、相对湿度减小以及增大的偏南风和存在弱不稳定层结时,有利于提高青岛局地大气扩散能力.