生产过程中抗生素与抗药基因的排放特征、环境行为及控制

世界卫生组织在2000年的报告中将抗生素抗性列为本世纪人类在健康领域面临的最大挑战之一,有关抗药基因传播机制与控制技术的研究已经成为国际环境科学领域的一个前沿问题.本文以生产量大、使用历史长的几种发酵类和化学合成类生素为对象,以典型城市污水厂为对照系统,全面评估抗生素生产及废水处理过程中抗生素与抗药基因的排放特征;把传统的筛选培养方法与高通量测序技术及生物信息学手段有机结合,深入研究抗生素胁迫下整合子对抗性基因的重组作用及质粒介导的结合转移作用,以揭示抗药基因在抗生素压力驱动下主要的水平转移机制;构建多通道生物膜流动暴露系统进行抗生素最小选择浓度评价;研究针对抗生素生产全过程的抗生素及抗药基因控制多级屏障技术,为抗药基因的污染控制与管理提供全面系统的科学基础.     

离子液体[BMIm][PF6]增强抗性质粒RP4介导的接合转移基因mRNA的表达水平

环境中广泛存在的抗生素和抗生素抗性基因会导致很严重的人类健康风险。在我们前期研究中发现,离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIm][PF6])作为环境选择性压力可以促进抗生素抗性基因的水平转移。本研究以E.coli DH5α(RP4)和同属的E.coli HB101,以及E.coli DH5α(RP4)和跨属的Salmonella enterica之间的纯菌接合转移体系为考察对象,从mRNA基因表达调控水平角度阐明离子液体[BMIm][PF6](0.001~2.5 g·L-1)影响质粒RP4接合转移的机理。结果表明,离子液体[BMIm][PF6]通过抑制基因kor A,kor B和trb A的mRNA表达水平来提高接合和跨膜转运基因trb Bp和trf Ap的表达;增强水平转移基因tra F的mRNA表达水平,并通过增强负调控基因kil A和kil B的mRNA表达水平抑制质粒的垂直传递过程;通过抑制基因trb K的mRNA表达水平降低接合转移体系的排斥效果,从而促进质粒RP4的接合转移。该结果有助于为抗生素抗性基因在环境中水平转移扩散的机理研究提供理论依据。     

不同生态系统中细菌遗传物质的转移

核苷酸序列分析和全基因组序列分析表明,细菌的进化通常是由于不同种属之间遗传物质水平转移而推进,基因转移的主要方式有转化、转导和接合,本文综述了有关自然界不同生态系统中细菌遗传物质转移的研究,这些研究可以促使更好地评估基因的水平转移,同时在农业生产或环境补救时人们会特意向环境中释放天然或重组细菌,了解环境中基因的水平转移对于安全评估这些细菌造成的后果也是必需的,参46     

生物膜中水平基因转移及其促成的生物强化作用

阐述了生物膜系统中与降解基因有关的水平基因转移的研究进展,表明生物膜中致密的群落结构增加了细菌间水平基因转移的效率.近年发展起来的研究策略和新的分子生物学方法使人们能对自然和人工模拟状态下的水平基因转移进行更精细的分析,降解基因在环境中的水平传播促进了难降解有机物的生物降解,尤其是携带降解基因的接合质粒向原位细菌种群中的转移在生物强化中具有巨大的潜力.参23     

污水处理过程中抗生素抗性基因的检测及其水平转移机制的研究进展

抗生素的滥用使得近年来环境中抗生素频繁检出,同时污水处理厂接纳不同来源的污水后也促进了抗性基因的水平转移.现阶段抗性基因和水平转移的定性、定量检测手段多样化,尤其是水平转移的机制也备受关注.本文介绍了抗生素抗性基因和水平转移的检测方法以及抗性基因水平转移的研究进展,展望了今后的发展方向,以期为抑制抗性基因的扩散提供技术参考.     

非抗生素类新污染物影响质粒携带的抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)水平转移研究进展

人们通常认为抗生素的选择压力是造成抗生素抗性基因快速扩散的原因,但是越来越多的研究表明环境中非抗生素类新污染物也能够造成抗生素抗性基因快速扩散。本文对非抗生素类新污染物影响质粒携带抗性基因水平转移规律和机制研究进展进行了归纳总结。目前的研究大多集中在内分泌干扰物、药品及个人护理产品以及纳米材料影响R质粒携带抗生素抗性基因水平转移,相关机制主要关注非抗生素类新污染物对活性氧、应激反应以及细胞膜通透性的影响。持久性有机污染物影响质粒携带抗性基因水平转移规律以及非抗生素类新污染物对其他质粒携带的抗生素抗性基因水平转移规律和其他类型的机制可以作为未来的研究方向。     

抗性DNA在水土环境中的迁移归趋与水平转移

抗性基因是与抗生素的滥用密切关联的一种新型环境污染物.DNA作为抗性基因的载体,其在环境中的赋存、迁移与水平转移对于环境中抗药性的传播十分重要.基于文献,本文针对与抗药性传播密切关联的各个环节,系统讨论了环境因子对DNA分子的损伤、保护和修复等影响DNA的赋存与归趋的机制,DNA吸附、解吸与迁移等影响其在环境中移动性的机制,以及水平转移等引发细菌产生抗药性的机制.文末提出了值得进一步研究的科学问题.     

农田生态系统中抗生素抗性基因迁移扩散的研究进展

农田生态系统是抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)向人体传播的重要环境,其中农产品的食用是抗性基因暴露的主要途径之一。施肥等农业活动改变了农田中抗性基因及其宿主菌的组成,而复杂的微生物活动使抗性基因及其宿主菌进一步转移到农作物体内。近年来,PCR、宏基因组测序和外源基因标记等方法的进步不断拓宽了ARGs的研究思路。水平基因转移可促进ARGs快速向更广泛的宿主菌进行迁移,尤其是存在迁移到人类致病菌中的风险。为了深入探明ARGs在农田生态系统中的迁移途径和优势宿主菌,文中结合国内外研究进展,阐述了农田生态系统中ARGs的来源、分布传播,介绍了农田生态系统抗性菌和抗性基因的主要研究手段,总结了抗性菌和抗性基因在农田生态系统中的传播途径和扩散机制。基于当下研究的不足展望了继续深入探索的方向,为今后进一步探索ARGs在农田生态系统中的迁移机制提出了设想,以期降低潜在的食品安全和人体健康风险。     

我国环境中新兴污染物抗生素及其抗性基因的分布特征

抗生素及其抗性基因(ARGs)是环境中普遍存在的新兴污染物,其环境水平和分布特征等相关研究方兴未艾.本文在总结大量文献的基础上,着重阐述了我国环境多介质中抗生素及其ARGs分布特征的最新研究进展,介绍了抗生素的存在状况与环境水平,讨论了抗生素的浓度水平时空分布差异及其对水生环境的风险,进一步通过介绍ARGs在环境中的污染水平,评述了抗生素ARGs污染物分布特征、水平转移及相应的微生物群落结构变化,最后对这两类新兴污染物的环境分布研究进行了展望,并针对我国现状提出了今后的研究重点.     

抗生素及其抗性基因在环境中的污染、降解和去除研究进展

随着抗生素及其抗菌产品的广泛应用,自然和人工环境中的抗生素残留带来的危害引起人们关注.本文基于最新文献,综述了国内外抗生素及其抗性基因的污染水平和来源、它们之间的关系和传播机理以及这类污染物的降解和去除技术.现有研究表明,抗生素及其抗性基因的污染已遍布水、土壤、大气等介质,而在以污水处理厂和固废填埋场为代表的人工环境中,其污染水平更高.抗生素残留诱导产生抗性基因,其在环境中传播扩散与水平基因转移(Horizontal Gene Transfer,HGT)和微生物群落结构组成有关.抗生素和抗性基因在环境中自然降解过程受基质类型、光照、温度和微生物种群等因素的影响,其中光照是影响其降解的重要因子;而在人工处理系统中,紫外消毒和生化降解对抗生素及其抗性基因有较好的去除效果,但并非全部有效.建议今后加强对特定环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因的扩散规律和高效降解去除等方面的机理和工艺研究,进而有效控制其环境含量,降低其污染水平.     

A review on anammox process for the treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater: Linking effects with corresponding mechanisms

• Anammox is promising for nitrogen removal from antibiotic-containing wastewater. • Most antibiotics could inhibit the anammox performance and activity. • Antibiotic pressure promoted the increase in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). • Antibiotic-resistance mechanisms of anammox bacteria are speculated. Antibiotic is widely present in the effluent from livestock husbandry and the pharmaceutical industry. Antibiotics in wastewater usually have high biological toxicity and even promote the occurrence and transmission of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. Moreover, most antibiotic-containing wastewater contains high concentration of ammonia nitrogen. Improper treatment will lead to high risk to the surrounding environment and even human health. The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) with great economic benefit and good treatment effect is a promising process to remove nitrogen from antibiotic-containing wastewater. However, antibiotic inhibition has been observed in anammox applications. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of the single and combined effects of various antibiotics on the anammox system is conducted in this review with a focus on nitrogen removal performance, sludge properties, microbial community, antibiotic resistance genes and anammox-involved functional genes. Additionally, the influencing mechanism of antibiotics on anammox consortia is summarized. Remaining problems and future research needs are also proposed based on the presented summary. This review provides a better understanding of the influences of antibiotics on anammox and offers a direction to remove nitrogen from antibiotic-containing wastewater by the anammox process.     

Presence,dissemination and removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in urban drinking water system: A review

Reviewed the change of ARGs and ARB in full-scale urban drinking water systems. Conventional processes are more promising than BAC process in ARGs removal. Mechanisms of ARGs enrichment and spread in BAC filter and DWDSs are discussed. Raise the need of future research on ARGs and ARB change in building plumbing systems. Antibiotic resistance in aquatic environment has become an important pollution problem worldwide. In recent years, much attention was paid to antibiotic resistance in urban drinking water systems due to its close relationship with the biosafety of drinking water. This review was focused on the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, as well as the presence, dissemination and removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the urban drinking water system. First, the presence of ARB and ARGs in the drinking water source was discussed. The variation of concentration of ARGs and ARB during coagulation, sedimentation and filtration process were provided subsequently, in which filtration was proved to be a promising technology to remove ARGs. However, biological activated carbon (BAC) process and drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) could be incubators which promote the antibiotic resistance, due to the enrichment of ARGs and ARB in the biofilms attached to the active carbon and pipe wall. Besides, as for disinfection process, mechanisms of the inactivation of ARB and the promotion of conjugative transfer of ARGs under chlorine, ozone and UV disinfection were described in detail. Here we provide some theoretical support for future researches which aim at antibiotic resistance controlling in drinking water.     

Bisphenols promote the conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes without damaging cell membrane

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance is severely threatening public health. Several non-antibiotic chemicals facilitate the horizontal transfer of...     

抗生素、重金属和杀生剂抗性共选择机制

细菌抗生素抗性已被世界卫生组织认定为对公众健康的重要威胁。细菌抗性除了受到抗生素的直接选择压力,也受到其他物质如重金属和杀生剂的共同影响。研究发现,细菌可以通过外排泵系统、细胞膜通透性改变、作用靶标点的改变、酶修饰或降解作用、应激反应改变生理特性、金属螯合和生物转化等抗性机制对这些选择压力产生抗性,或者通过协同抗性、交叉抗性和共调控抗性的机制产生多重抗性。本文综述了细菌对抗生素、重金属和杀生剂的单一抗性机制、多重抗性机制,以及重金属和杀生剂对细菌抗生素抗性的影响机制,并分析了目前研究的不足之处。     

畜禽养殖过程抗生素使用与耐药病原菌及其抗性基因赋存的研究进展

兽用抗生素在提高畜禽生产性能、防治疾病方面发挥着重要作用,目前全球超过一半以上抗生素用于畜禽养殖,畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌、抗性基因及其传播风险愈益得到人们的重视。我国是畜禽养殖和抗生素使用大国,但兽用抗生素使用、病原菌耐药水平及其抗性基因类型等数据却较为缺乏,不利于今后畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌及其传播风险的控制。因此,本文通过文献调研,对我国和主要发达国家的兽用抗生素使用情况、畜禽养殖源耐药病原菌及其携带的抗性基因、基因移动元件以及向环境传播的途径进行分析、总结,以期为规范合理用药、降低耐药病原菌及其抗性基因传播风险,建立从畜禽养殖场至公共环境全过程的抗性污染控制链条提供借鉴。     

气溶胶中抗生素抗性基因研究进展:以养殖场和医院为例

抗生素在医药和养殖业的大量使用导致耐药菌的出现,加速了抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)在不同环境介质中的传播扩散,抗生素耐药性已成为目前全球卫生、食品安全和发展的最大威胁之一。气溶胶作为ARGs的潜在储存库缺乏系统的研究数据,而通过空气传播具有较高抗生素抗性水平的细菌可能是引起重要疾病的主要传播途径。本文针对养殖场和医院2个抗生素大量使用的典型场所,对气溶胶中ARGs的污染现状、样品采集与检测技术进行综述,并探讨了这一环境污染的潜在风险,表明开展气溶胶中ARGs研究的必要性,并为以后需开展的工作提出几点建议。     

Association between heavy metals and antibiotic-resistant human pathogens in environmental reservoirs: A review

Heavy metals can act as co-selecting agents and promote antibiotic resistance. Most frequent resistances to heavy metals are observed for zinc and cadmium. P. aeruginosa and E. coli are commonly resistant to heavy metals and antibiotics. Heavy metals proliferate antibiotic resistance through co- and cross-resistance. Heavy metal and antibiotic resistances are common near anthropogenic activities. Antibiotic resistance in human pathogens can proliferate under selective pressures. Heavy metals in environmental reservoirs may contribute to selecting antibiotic-resistant strains. To determine the associations between heavy metals and antibiotic resistance, a literature review was conducted to systematically collect and categorize evidence for co-occurrence of resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics within human pathogenic bacteria in water, wastewater, and soil. In total, 42 publications adhered to inclusion criteria. Across the reservoirs, zinc and cadmium were the most commonly observed heavy metals associated with resistance to antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli were the most commonly studied bacteria with reported co-occurrence of resistance to several heavy metals and antibiotic classes. As co-selecting agents, prevalence of heavy metals in the environment can proliferate resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics through co-resistance and cross-resistance mechanisms. In comparing different reservoirs, soils and sediments harbor higher heavy metal and antibiotic resistances compared to water environments. Additionally, abiotic factors such as pH can affect the solubility and hence, the availability of heavy metals to bacterial pathogens. Overall, our review demonstrates heavy metals act as co-selecting agents in the proliferation of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens in multiple environmental reservoirs. More studies that include statistical data are needed to further describe the exposure-response relationships between heavy metals and antibiotic resistance in different environmental media. Moreover, integration of culture-based and molecular-based methods in future studies are recommended to better inform our understanding of bacterial co- and cross-resistance mechanisms to heavy metals and antibiotics.     

纳米材料对环境抗生素抗性基因污染扩散影响的研究进展

抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的环境扩散严重威胁了人类健康和生态安全。除抗生素滥用所产生的选择性压力以外,其他环境物质也能影响ARGs的传播。而纳米材料的广泛应用使其不可避免地在环境中扩散并进而影响ARGs的环境分布。因此,笔者综述了近年来纳米材料影响ARGs污染扩散的研究,并探讨了纳米材料对ARGs传播的影响机制,旨在深入理解ARGs的环境扩散行为,为ARGs环境控制及纳米材料非毒性环境效应的评估提供理论和技术支持。     

土壤环境中四环素类抗生素残留及抗性基因污染的研究进展(Tetracycline Residues and Tetracycline Resistance Gene Pollution in Soil: A Review)

近年来,致病菌耐药性的增加和扩散已成为全世界关注的热点问题,而人类医疗和畜禽养殖业抗生素的滥用正不断加剧这一问题.众多研究表明土壤环境作为一个巨大的抗性基因储存库,在抗性微生物和抗性基因的传播中起重要的作用,具有潜在的生态与健康风险.在总结国内外最新研究基础上,对土壤环境中典型抗生素-四环素类抗生素的主要污染源以及其在土壤中的基本环境行为等进行了分析,并探讨了土壤中四环素类抗性基因的来源、迁移和扩散及分子检测手段等问题.我国作为抗生素的生产和消费大国,抗生素污染问题较其他国家更为严重,而国内相关研究才刚刚起步,迫切需要开展有关环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因污染的系统研究.