4种中药单体对IncX4型质粒pSD11稳定性的影响

以携带多重耐药基因cfr的IncX4型质粒pSD11为试验材料，研究小檗碱、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素、姜黄素4种中药单体对耐药质粒稳定性的影响，为中药单体消除病原菌耐药性提供理论依据.通过测定最小抑菌浓度（MIC）及药物作用下携带质粒pSD11的大肠杆菌的生长曲线和生长动力学参数，分析中药单体的抑菌效果.结合实时荧光定量PCR(RTPCR)及平板计数研究药物对质粒稳定性的影响，同时检测胞外乳酸脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶的含量分析中药单体对细胞壁、细胞膜的影响.结果显示，小檗碱、黄芩苷、芦荟大黄素对大肠杆菌MG1655/pSD11(Escherichia coli MG1655/pSD11)的MIC均为1 280μg/mL，姜黄素> 160μg/mL.4种中药单体对E. coli MG1655/pSD11具有一定的抑菌效果，生长动力学参数结果表明1/2 MIC小檗碱和黄芩苷显著延长E. coli MG1655/pSD11的滞后期；1/2 MIC姜黄素和1/2、1/4MIC芦荟大黄素极显著降低E. coli MG1655/pSD11的最大生长速率、延长时代时间.经1/2和1/4 MIC的小檗碱和黄...     

小皱蝽抗菌物质的诱导及抗菌肽AMP-2的分离纯化和特性

针刺小皱蝽成虫腹部,诱导免疫防御反应,小皱蝽成虫组织经过浸提、浸提液TFA酸化、超速离心、超滤、固相萃取等分离步骤,平板生长抑制试验检测抗菌活性.在C18Sep-Pak固相萃取柱上,40?N洗脱组分为初样品,经RP-HPLC、GPC-HPLC及填料孔径更小的反相色谱柱纯化,得到0.452mgAMP2样品.琼脂孔扩散法检测AMP2抗菌活性,回收率为4.04%.抗菌肽AMP2在SuperdexPeptide凝胶过滤柱上测得分子量(Mr)为3.2×103,茚三酮反应紫色.AMP2具有一定热稳定性,在pH3～8的乙酸铵缓冲液中抗菌活性强,对检测的动植物病原菌具有广谱抗菌活性,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌D22、枯草芽孢杆菌的MIC值为2.5μg/mL,对四联球菌的MIC值为5.0μg/mL,AMP2可能为富含脯氨酸的小分子抗菌肽.图3表2参11     

柠檬醛体外抗MRSA活性及其对β-内酰胺类抗生素的增效作用

通过体外抑菌实验评价柠檬醛单独使用以及与3种β-内酰胺类抗生素(阿莫西林、头孢氨苄及头孢吡肟)联合使用对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)的抑制效果.采用微量稀释法测定柠檬醛与3种β-内酰胺类抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)及最低杀菌浓度(Minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC);用微量棋盘法测定柠檬醛与3种β-内酰胺类抗生素的分级抑菌浓度(Fractional inhibitory concentration,FIC)指数;用分光光度法测定柠檬醛和阿莫西林联合使用后对MRSA生长的抑制效果.结果显示:柠檬醛MIC和MBC分别为695-2 780μg/mL和1 390-2 780μg/mL.联合药敏试验发现柠檬醛与3种β-内酰胺类抗生素联合使用FIC指数集中分布在≤0.5和0.5-1;与单独用药相比,阿莫西林、头孢氨苄和头孢吡肟的MIC_(50)分别降低为原来的1/9、1/15和1/9;1/4 MIC阿莫西林与1/4 MIC柠檬醛联合用药后,显著抑制了MRSA的生长.因此,柠檬醛具有一定的体外抗MRSA活性,与阿莫西林、头孢氨苄和头孢吡肟等β-内酰胺类抗生素联合使用时可增强β-内酰胺类抗生素的活性,降低其用量.     

藉过硫酸钾—茜素紫催化法测定痕量铅

茜素紫被过硫酸钾氧化褪色的反应能被Pb~(2+)催化,可用于催化光度法测定痕量铅.在pH8.2的硼酸缓冲溶液中,过硫酸钾和茜素紫的浓度分别为|0.03和3.75×10~(-5)mol/L时,用固定时间法测定铅的灵敏度为1.255吸光度值|(μg/mL)~(-1),Bi~(3+)<3.5μg/L时不干扰.Ag~+,Cu~(2+),Cd~(2+),Zn~(2+),Fe~(3+)的干扰可用掩蔽除去,但Ag~+超过|5μg/mL时不能掩蔽.     

饮水消毒剂对水中指示菌和病毒的灭活及消毒副产物生成的影响

实验室模拟和在东湖自来水厂现场比较研究了不同饮水消毒剂对水中指示菌、病毒的灭活和消毒副产物生成的影响 .结果显示 ,细菌对消毒剂的抵抗力比病毒低 .进一步研究表明 ,当病毒浓度为n(PFU)≈ 1× 10 5mL-1,能使脊髓灰质炎病毒 (PolioV)及大肠杆菌f2 噬菌体 (f2 )彻底灭活的各消毒剂最低浓度分别为 :有效氯 ρ(Cl) =16mg/L ,二氧化氯 ρ(ClO2 ) =8.0mg/L ,联合消毒剂 ρ(Cl+ClO2 ) =(5 .0 +5 .0 )mg/L ,臭氧 ρ(O3 ) =1.2 2mg/L ;有效氯 ρ(Cl) =8.5mg/L ,二氧化氯 ρ(ClO2 ) =5 .0mg/L ,联合消毒剂 ρ(Cl+ClO2 ) =(2 .5 +2 .5 )mg/L ,臭氧 ρ(O3 ) =0 .6 7mg/L .按以上阈浓度加氯消毒东湖源水 ,产生的CHCl3 大大高于其他消毒剂 .将水中有机抽提物进行Ames试验 ,结果显示 ,加氯消毒处理的水样致突变活性明显高于其他消毒剂处理的水样 .所获水样浓集物经GC/MS鉴定分析 ,共鉴定出 118种有机物 ,主要为多环芳烃、烷基苯、酞酸酯、烷基苯酚、醛、酮醇和烷烃类等 .主要成分酞酸酯类系美国环境保护署(EPA)确定的优先污染物 ,具有致突变、致癌、致畸作用 .表 6参 7     

红花石蒜球茎凝集素的纯化及部分性质

石蒜科植物红花石蒜(Lycorisradiata)球茎经生理盐水浸取、硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose和SephacrylS-100分子筛层析得到石蒜凝集素(L. radiataagglutinin, LRA).经SDS-PAGE检测为单一蛋白带,亚基相对分子量Mr为12×103,SephacrylS-100凝胶过滤测定Mr约为45×103,表明LRA是由4个相同亚基组成的蛋白.LRA能凝集兔红细胞和大肠杆菌,最低凝集浓度分别为0. 95μg/mL和1. 9μg/mL;LRA还能凝集啤酒酵母细胞.糖抑制实验显示,甘露聚糖和甲状腺球蛋白能有效抑制LRA的凝血活性.促淋巴细胞有丝分裂试验结果表明,LRA对外周血淋巴细胞具有很强的促有丝分裂能力;同时,LRA能有效地降低II型人类单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-II)对Vero细胞(非洲绿猴肾细胞)的感染,ρ(IC50 ) =5~10μg/mL之间,并且在500μg/mL时对正常Vero细胞无细胞毒性. 图1表6参15     

氯化二丁基锡对小鼠外周血液中睾丸酮和雌二醇含量的影响

用放射免疫法分别测定了DBTCl对妊娠d6雌小鼠和成年雄小鼠外周血液中雌二醇和睾丸酮水平的影响.每天按小鼠体重一次腹腔注射0.025～0.400μg/kgd-1DBTCl,共染毒7d.实验条件为(22±2)℃和光暗=12h12h.结果表明,处理组睾丸酮和雌二醇的含量随处理剂量的增加而增加,当w（DBTCl）≥0.05μg/kg时,二者呈明显的剂量-效应关系.雌二醇含量的增加比睾丸酮更为显著CK雄性小鼠睾丸酮浓度为（2.88±0.72）ng/mL,在0.40μg/kg剂量组达到(9.95±2.5)μg/mL时,约为CK的3.5倍;而CK和0.40ng/kg剂量组妊娠小鼠雌二醇浓度分别为(30.32±5.43)ng/mL和(287.57±51.13)ng/mL,相差约9.5倍.文中还就DBTCl对小鼠血液中激素含量的影响机理进行了初步探讨.图1表2参20     

溴虫腈在土壤的残留动态

通过超临界流体萃取技术结合气相色谱法,研究了土壤中溴虫腈的残留降解动态。正交试验L9(33)结果表明,在流量25~27 m3.h-1,夹带剂甲醇1 mL.g-1样品时,最佳萃取条件为压力25 MPa,温度39℃,时间30 min。超临界萃取试验结果表明,主要影响因素对溴虫腈回收率的影响高低程度依次为萃取温度,萃取时间,萃取压力。验证试验表明,在上述最佳萃取条件下,溴虫腈添加量为10μg、100μg、200μg时,回收率分别是105.00%、80.33%、102.33%,变异系数分别是7.32%、4.58%、4.95%。降解动态试验表明溴虫腈在土壤中的消解动态方程为Ct=0.097 2e-0.4501 t,R2=0.973 7,t1/2=2.4 d。溴虫腈10%悬浮剂(商品名除尽)在推荐剂量50 mL.(667 m2)-1或100 mL.(667 m2-)1使用2~3次,3~7 d后在土壤中残留量为6.44~23.58μg.kg-1,消解速度较快,属于易降解农药,可合理使用于无公害蔬菜生产。     

脆江蓠凝集素的部分性质及细胞凝集作用

脆江蓠藻体的磷酸盐缓冲液浸提液 ,经硫酸铵分级沉淀 ,再经DEAE -Sepharose和SephadexG 10 0层析纯化 ,得到脆江蓠凝集素 (GBL) .经测定该凝集素是一种分子量为 33.1× 10 3 ～ 33.8× 10 3 的糖蛋白 ,分子中含有 11%的中性糖 ,具有很高的耐热性 .GBL的凝血活性可被某些单糖或双糖及卵粘蛋白抑制 ,当浓度为 2 .34 μg/mL时引起兔红细胞凝集 ,浓度为 18.75 μg/mL时凝集绵羊红细胞 ,但对鸡、鸭、鸽子红细胞及人A、O、或B型血细胞没有凝集作用 .GBL能够凝集两种单细胞藻类 ,当浓度为 18.75 μg/mL时能凝集盐生杜氏藻 ,但藻细胞密度减少到 18.3× 10 4 /mL时不能发生凝集作用 ;GBL浓度为 9.37μg/mL时引起蛋白核小球藻凝集 ,但当藻细胞密度减少到 2 8.9× 10 4 /mL也不产生凝集反应 .GBL还能够凝集正常的枯草芽孢杆菌和经过热处理的酿酒酵母细胞 .图 3表 6参 14     

自动索氏抽提-凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)-气相色谱/质谱法测定沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药

采用自动索氏抽提-凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)-气相色谱/质谱技术,建立了沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药的检测方法.通过对自动索氏抽提提取条件、凝胶渗透色谱净化条件进行优化.以丙酮∶正己烷(V∶V=1∶1)作为提取溶剂,提取温度160℃,用乙酸乙酯∶环己烷(V∶V=1∶1)定容至40 mL,转移上GPC.GPC在线浓缩系统真空腔真空度为180 mbar/190 mbar,以乙酸乙酯∶环己烷(V∶V=1∶1)为流动相,流速为5 mL·min-1,并采用气相色谱-质谱法定性和定量分析.在优化条件下,16种多环芳烃和19种有机氯农药在10—1000μg·L-1范围内具有良好的线性关系(R20.99),检出限(S/N=3)为0.008—0.353μg·kg-1.加标水平为10、50、100μg·kg-1时,平均加标回收率分别为77.6%—106.1%、79.9%—108.7%和80.6%—107.8%,相对标准偏差(RSDs,n=5)均小于10%.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.