苯并(a)芘对栉孔扇贝血细胞损伤与凋亡的研究

研究了苯并[α]芘(B[α]P对栉孔扇贝血细胞存活率、活性氧(ROS)含量、溶酶体膜和DNA损伤以及凋亡指数的影响。结果表明:B[α]P对栉孔扇贝血细胞存活率无明显影响,存活率在96.72%～97.71%,而B[α]P对血细胞ROS含量、溶酶体膜稳定性和DNA损伤以及凋亡指数影响显著(p<0.05),且对照组无明显变化。各处理组血细胞ROS含量在实验时间内均表现出明显的上升趋势,且与B[α]P的作用时间呈正相关,同时在12、24 h时,各B[α]P处理组血细胞ROS含量大小为:1 mg/L>4 mg/L>16 mg/L>0.25 mg/L。除0.25 mg/L处理组血细胞溶酶体膜稳定性、拖尾率和任意值在12 h和6 h内以及1 mg/L处理组血细胞溶酶体膜稳定性、拖尾率在6 h内与对照组无明显差异外,其余各处理组血细胞溶酶体膜稳定性以及拖尾率、任意值、凋亡指数在实验时间内分别呈现下降或上升趋势,同时各处理组血细胞溶酶体膜稳定性和DNA损伤程度、凋亡指数分别与B[α]P浓度和作用时间呈负、正相关性。因此,作者认为B[α]P对栉孔扇贝血细胞具有明显的免疫毒性损伤效应,且与B[α]P胁迫程度直接相关,同时B[α]P在血细胞内代谢产生的ROS及其代谢产物是造成血细胞损伤、凋亡的重要原因之一。     

胞外聚合物、Ca2+及pH值对生物絮凝作用的影响

应用阳离子交换树脂从活性污泥中提取了胞外聚合物(EPS),考察了EPS、Ca2 及pH值对生物絮凝作用的影响.结果表明,当pH≥7.5, EPS≥70mg/L,[Ca2 ]≥300mg/L时,有利于生物絮体的形成.通过正交试验,得出pH值、EPS和[Ca2 ]对生物絮体形成综合影响的回归方程: h浊度= -901.70 97.35pH 1.96[Ca2 ] 9.08EPS-0.11pH[Ca2 ]-0.91pHEPS-0.02[Ca2 ]EPS 0.0021pH[Ca2 ]EPS.回归分析表明,pH值对生物絮体形成影响最显著,其次是EPS和Ca2 .     

天津市环境空气中苯并[a]芘的变化趋势

分析了天津市环境空气中苯并[a]芘污染的程度及变化趋势,结果表明,天津市大气中苯并[a]芘污染成逐年下降趋势,同一年中苯并[a]芘浓度是非采暖期低于采暖期,月均值变化规律是夏季<春、秋季<冬季,天津市环境空气中苯并[a]芘污染总体来说处于较低的水平。     

电解法预处理敌百虫废水的研究

实验研究了电解法作为预处理,降解敌百虫农药废水的效果,详细探讨了电解时间、废水pH值、电解电压、电解电流及加入电解质的质量等因素对电解效果的影响.实验结果表明,在循环电解池中,废水的pH值=6～8时,保持电压在30 V的条件下,废水中CODCr的降解率为40.00%.同样条件下,加入电解质[ρ(NaCl)=10 g·L-1]100mL时,废水的降解率可达到42.80%.     

反应堆压力容器钢晶粒取向对辐照硬化的影响

目的 探究反应堆压力容器用钢中晶粒取向与辐照硬化的关系。方法 选用目前在反应堆压力容器中广泛应用的A508-3钢,首先,采用160 keV铁离子对RPV进行室温辐照,辐照损伤分别达0.2、0.5、1.0、10 dpa。然后,通过纳米压痕技术测量辐照前后样品标定区域的硬度。同时,结合电子背散射衍射对辐照前后样品的硬度标定区域进行晶体取向分析。结果 实验对不同晶粒取向的纳米压痕数据进行统计分析,发现当晶粒取向在[001]方向附近时硬度值最大,而当晶粒取向远离[001]方向,即取向距[001]的旋转角从0°增大到90°时,硬度值逐渐减小。结论 揭示了RPV辐照硬化可能存在较强的取向依赖性,为RPV的逆向设计提供基础。     

咪唑型离子液体对小鼠的急性毒性

采用寇氏改良法研究了咪唑型离子液体对小鼠的急性毒性,并考察了烷基侧链长度对其毒性的影响,同时采用HE染色法观察了其对小鼠肝脏的毒性.结果表明,4种咪唑型离子液体([C10mim]Br、[C12mim]Br、[C14mim]Br和[C18mim]Br)对小鼠肝脏均有损伤,其LD50值在98.91～220.16 mg·kg...     

沸石负载对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸对铀的吸附行为

以对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃与溴乙酸乙酯为主要反应底物合成了对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸,然后将其负载在沸石上,红外光谱显示合成物具有杯[4]芳烃乙酸的特征结构,扫描电镜分析表明对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸成功负载于沸石之上,且分布均匀,分散性良好.通过静态吸附实验,结果表明在pH值 4,对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸/沸石的负载比0.025/1,吸附剂用量0.5g,铀初始质量浓度10mg/L,吸附时间30min时,沸石在负载了对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸后,对溶液中铀的吸附率从30%左右提高到93%.沸石和负载沸石吸附动力学行为均符合准二级动力学模型,但负载沸石对铀的吸附速率明显高于沸石.沸石和负载沸石吸附等温式都符合Langmuir吸附等温线,说明都为单分子层吸附;由此推导出的最大吸附量Qm从16.8919提高到32.5733mg/g,这主要是因为沸石负载了对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸增加了吸附点位.吸附铀前后的红外光谱表明,负载沸石对铀的去除主要依靠对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃乙酸与铀的强络合作用和Si—O和Al—O的吸附作用,两种作用的协同加快了吸附速率,增加了吸附容量.     

太湖、巢湖水体CDOM吸收特性和组成的异同

2009年4、6月,分别对太湖、巢湖进行了野外试验.利用光谱微分技术分析了2个湖泊CDOM吸收光谱的变化特征,根据吸收系数的光谱微分特征,对240～450nm的吸收系数进行分段,分别对每一段计算光谱斜率S值.在A段,巢湖、太湖CDOM的S值分别在:0.0166～0.0102nm-1[平均值(0.0132±0.0017)nm-1]和0.029～0.017nm-1[平均值(0.0214±0.0024)nm-1]之间,在B段,其S值分别在:0.0187～0.0148nm-1[平均值(0.0169±0.001)nm-1]和0.0179～0.0055nm-1[平均值(0.0148±0.002)nm-1]之间,在C段,其S值分别在:0.0208～0.0164nm-1[平均值(0.0186±0.0009)nm-1]和0.0253～0.0161nm-1[平均值(0.0197±0.002)nm-1]之间.结果表明:①太湖水体的吸收系数及对各组分吸收的贡献要小于巢湖水体的,标准化吸收系数要大于巢湖水体的.②不管是太湖还是巢湖,CDOM的吸收系数的微分光谱在260nm左右为谷值,在290nm左右为峰值,CDOM吸收系数可以分成(A、B、C)3段.③太湖水体中CDOM腐殖酸的相对含量整体要低于巢湖水体的.④S值反映CDOM组成的敏感性,与CDOM的组成有关,当CDOM中腐殖酸相对含量较高时,敏感性最强的是B段的S值,其次是C段的;反之,敏感性最高的是C段的,其次是A段的,最弱的是B段的.     

非轴对称反挤压终了阶段的上限分析

本文在文献[1]基础上用上限法对非轴对称另件——联接螺母反挤压终了阶段进行了分析。导出了适合于该类另件反挤压终了阶段运动学许可的速度场。确定了反挤终了阶段各种不同工艺参数下工件底厚与凸模载荷之间的关系。实验表明:理论分析与实验结果有良好的吻合度。     

挤压变形力的实验研究及理论分析

此文对轴对称杯杆形零件进行了复合挤压的实验研究,根据其变形规律及金属流动特点,提出了金属流动模型,并用上限法理论进行了分析、计算。理论计算值与实验测定值能较好地符合。     

Dimpling process in cold roll metal forming by finite element modelling and experimental validation

The dimpling process is a novel cold-roll forming process that involves dimpling of a rolled flat strip prior to the roll forming operation. This is a process undertaken to enhance the material properties and subsequent products’ structural performance while maintaining a minimum strip thickness. In order to understand the complex and interrelated nonlinear changes in contact, geometry and material properties that occur in the process, it is necessary to accurately simulate the process and validate through physical tests. In this paper, 3D non-linear finite element analysis was employed to simulate the dimpling process and mechanical testing of the subsequent dimpled sheets, in which the dimple geometry and material properties data were directly transferred from the dimpling process. Physical measurements, tensile and bending tests on dimpled sheet steel were conducted to evaluate the simulation results. Simulation of the dimpling process identified the amount of non-uniform plastic strain introduced and the manner in which this was distributed through the sheet. The plastic strain resulted in strain hardening which could correlate to the increase in the strength of the dimpled steel when compared to plain steel originating from the same coil material. A parametric study revealed that the amount of plastic strain depends upon on the process parameters such as friction and overlapping gap between the two forming rolls. The results derived from simulations of the tensile and bending tests were in good agreement with the experimental ones. The validation indicates that the finite element analysis was able to successfully simulate the dimpling process and mechanical properties of the subsequent dimpled steel products.     

差厚贴合减振钢板成形性的数值模拟研究

采用有限元软件MSC.Marc基于更新拉格朗日的弹塑性本构方程,对减振钢板的拉深变形进行了数值模拟。模拟得出了变形过程中的应力应变状态和错动量分布。通过改变内外两层钢板的厚度比,分析了差厚贴合对减振钢板拉深变形错动量的影响。为减振钢板的设计和应用研究提供了可靠的理论依据。     

External force-assisted laser forming process for gaining high bending angles

Laser forming process is used in forming and bending of metallic and non-metallic sheets. Laser beam irradiation causes a localized temperature increase and a localized mechanical strength decrease. In this article, an external mechanical force is added to a laser beam irradiation, which is called external force-assisted laser forming process, to gain a 90-degree bending angle. Furthermore, Numerical simulation of the process is performed to achieve a good understanding of the process. Simulation results show that more than two-third of the final forming is due to the laser beam irradiation. Equivalent plastic strain values during laser forming and external force-assisted laser forming processes are compared. Results show that equivalent plastic strain in laser forming process increases in a step pattern, with increasing in scan pass numbers. This occurs because when the laser beam irradiates on the sheet surface, it reduces the yield strength of the sheet. Equivalent plastic strain in external force-assisted laser forming process has an oscillatory step nature. This attributes to simultaneous effects of strain hardening and thermal induced reduction of yield strength of the sheet. Simulations were in good accordance with experiments.     

An Analytical Prediction of Flange Wrinkling in Sheet Metal Forming

Wrinkling is one of the major defects in sheet metal forming. The ability to accurately predict the occurrence of wrinkling is critical to the design of tooling and processing parameters. An analytical approach for predicting the onset of flange wrinkling is presented. This method is based on the wrinkling criterion proposed by Cao and Boyce for predicting the buckling behavior of sheet metal under normal constraint. Using a combination of energy conservation and plastic bending theory, the analysis provides the critical buckling stress and wavelength as functions of normal pressure. The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained from Cao and Boyce's numerical approach, and also match well with the experimental results of a square cup forming. In addition, the effects of material properties on the wrinkling behavior are also discussed. The analytical method significantly reduces computational time and is suitable for direct engineering application.     

板料弯曲变形应力的滑移线解法

滑移线法作为一种求解塑性成形应力状态的常用方法而被广泛应用。而在板材弯曲中一般采用主应力法求解变形区的应力状态。通过对板料弯曲变形区应力分析 ,根据滑移线理论 ,推导出了变形区的应力分布规律 ,与主应力法求解的结果相同     

Springback control of sheet metal air bending process

Press brake bending is a commonly used process for sheet metal part fabrication. It has been observed that the final bend angle, which is the angle achieved upon removal of the punch, is smaller than the initial bend angle. This springback is due to the elastic recovery of the sheet metal. Various theoretical models have been proposed to predict the springback using the tooling geometry and the known properties of the sheet metal. However, in a production environment, the actual properties of any given workpiece may vary from the nominal properties of the lot. This variation causes the actual springback to deviate from the theoretical predictions. This paper presents a practical incremental bending methodology to control punch displacement to achieve more accurate final bend angles. In the proposed approach, workpiece properties are estimated from measured loaded and unloaded bend angles. The estimated properties are used to determine the final punch position required to obtain the desired bend angle after springback. A series of bending experiments was performed. It was found that the proposed method can better predict springback and effectively control the bend angle variation in a production environment.     

板材超塑性拉延过程的数值模拟

板料超塑性成形是一种全新的成形方法。用刚塑性有限元法对Zn 2 2Al合金U形拉延过程进行了数值模拟 ,分析了变形过程中工件的应力、应变、摩擦和厚度分布 ,揭示了成形过程中金属的塑性变形规律 ,为成形工艺设计提供了有效的分析工具。     

薄板超塑性胀形的金属流动分析

分别在板厚均匀变薄和板厚呈线性规律变化两种假设的基础上 ,对薄板超塑性胀形过程中金属的变形规律及质点流动进行了分析 ,导出了变形前、后 ,质点点位的对应关系式 ,并与受内压薄壁球壳的均匀胀形作了比较     

板厚对冲裁力影响规律的研究

理论分析和生产实践表明 ,在一定范围内 ,间隙对冲裁力的影响是很小的 ,而板材相对厚度是影响单位厚度上冲裁力的主要因素。当材料性能等其它条件一定时 ,冲裁力随着板厚的增大而增大 ,但单位板厚上的冲裁力则随着板厚的增加而减小。在有限元模拟和实验分析的基础上 ,提出了计算冲裁力的新方法 ,对揭示剪切加工机理及正确确定冲裁力有理论和实际意义。     

Phototaxis and polarotaxis hand in hand: night dispersal flight of aquatic insects distracted synergistically by light intensity and reflection polarization

Based on an earlier observation in the field, we hypothesized that light intensity and horizontally polarized reflected light may strongly influence the flight behaviour of night-active aquatic insects. We assumed that phototaxis and polarotaxis together have a more harmful effect on the dispersal flight of these insects than they would have separately. We tested this hypothesis in a multiple-choice field experiment using horizontal test surfaces laid on the ground. We offered simultaneously the following visual stimuli for aerial aquatic insects: (1) lamplit matte black canvas inducing phototaxis alone, (2) unlit shiny black plastic sheet eliciting polarotaxis alone, (3) lamplit shiny black plastic sheet inducing simultaneously phototaxis and polarotaxis, and (4) unlit matte black canvas as a visually unattractive control. The unlit matte black canvas trapped only a negligible number (13) of water insects. The sum (16,432) of the total numbers of water beetles and bugs captured on the lamplit matte black canvas (7,922) and the unlit shiny black plastic sheet (8,510) was much smaller than the total catch (29,682) caught on the lamplit shiny black plastic sheet. This provides experimental evidence for the synergistic interaction of phototaxis (elicited by the unpolarized direct lamplight) and polarotaxis (induced by the strongly and horizontally polarized plastic-reflected light) in the investigated aquatic insects. Thus, horizontally polarizing artificial lamplit surfaces can function as an effective ecological trap due to this synergism of optical cues, especially in the urban environment.