确定岩体斜坡滑动面抗剪强度的动态反分析方法

滑动结构面的抗剪强度在岩体滑坡的稳定性计算中是最重要的参数,也是最难以确定的。基于岩体抗剪强度是多种因素影响下的随机变量这一认识前提下,本文以西柏坡“中共中央解放军总部”旧址滑坡为例提出了确定岩体斜坡滑动面抗剪强度的动态反分析方法,并对该方法获得的抗剪强度的实用性进行了分析。结果表明,反分析方法是获得岩体斜坡滑动面抗剪强度的最经济、合理的途径。     

非饱和渗流作用下云阳西城滑坡稳定性分析

基于非饱和土理论采用有限元法模拟了云阳西城滑坡在雨水入渗和库水位下降过程中暂态渗流场的变化,然后将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于滑坡稳定性的极限平衡分析。同时,采用延伸的摩尔—库伦破坏准则以便考虑基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献,计算了暴雨工况和库水位下降工况下的稳定性系数。研究结果表明:降雨引起的暂态渗流场对滑坡稳定性有明显的影响;考虑基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献,会明显提高滑坡稳定性;由于该滑坡渗透系数较大,库水位下降引起的暂态渗流场对该滑坡稳定性系数的影响不如降雨引起暂态渗流场的明显;该滑坡主要受暴雨影响。     

宝兴县陇东镇初旭山滑坡形成机制及稳定性分析

以宝兴县陇东镇老场村初旭山滑坡为例,通过分析地质条件、滑坡组成及结构特征,运用geo-studio软件对该滑坡在地震工况、暴雨工况稳定性进行分析。认为滑坡体三面山脊环绕,堆积体结构松散、强度低,为滑坡形成提供了有利的地形条件;在"4.20"芦山地震作用下,滑坡前缘垮塌,坡体内部形成拉张裂缝,为降雨入渗提供了良好的通道;在暴雨作用下,降雨沿裂缝入渗,在土岩接触面形成滞水,致使接触面力学参数降低,同时雨水在坡体流动形成顺坡下的渗透力加剧了滑坡的变形。数值分析表明,天然状况下坡体稳定;在峰值加速度为0.2g的地震情况下,坡体前缘垮塌,整体处于基本稳定状态;持续暴雨状态下坡体失稳;地震之后暴雨作用对滑坡的稳定性影响不利。     

滑坡型泥石流的转化机理研究

滑坡一旦转化为泥石流,其运动距离将显著增加,会严重威胁人民的生命和财产安全,而揭示滑坡型泥石流的转化机理是对其进行预测预报与防治的前提。以新疆乌恰县托云乡乔库而滑坡型泥石流为研究对象,利用遥感影像、现场调查和室内实验(包括颗分、直剪和环剪试验),对其转化机理进行研究。结果表明:受有限降水条件的影响,乔库而滑坡型泥石流物源区的松散堆积物失稳后不能直接形成泥石流,而是首先形成滑坡,滑坡体在长距离运移过程中,一方面由于土体颗粒破碎和铲刮作用,导致滑坡土体运移过程中细颗粒物质逐渐增加,土体抗剪强度不断降低;另一方面则是在土体颗粒破碎作用下,土体发生剪缩,导致土体孔隙水压力不断增大,产生超孔隙水压力,土体抗剪强度急剧下降甚至发生液化,最终转化为泥石流。另外,通过环剪试验结果可知,对于乔库而泥石流,滑坡体转化为泥石流的土体临界初始含水率在20%～27%之间,而其低于20%,则滑坡体无法转化为泥石流。     

三舟溪滑坡在非汛期增加库水位下降速率对其稳定性的影响

以三舟溪滑坡为例,在前期有比较完整监测资料的基础上,分析滑坡变形破坏的历史资料,研究滑坡活动与库水位变化、降雨、地下水的响应关系;考虑滑坡的实际水力边界,根据滑坡地下水监测数据及滑坡前缘发生的次级滑动,对滑坡岩土体水力学参数和抗剪强度参数进行反演分析;基于反演分析,评价三舟溪滑坡稳定性现状,并预测在非汛期增加库水位下降速率条件下滑坡的稳定性,分析论证滑坡在非汛期增加库水位下降速率的可行性,为调整消落期库水位下降速率阈值提供科学依据。结果表明:三舟溪滑坡为动水压力与暴雨混合型滑坡,库水位变化控制着滑坡体稳定性走势,降雨则导致滑坡稳定性发生波动性变化;三舟溪滑坡目前处于潜在不稳定状态,非汛期增加库水位下降速率对滑坡稳定性影响不大,预测非汛期增大库水位日降幅条件下,滑坡整体仍为潜在不稳定。     

某大型高速公路滑坡稳定性评价及治理工程对策

介绍了钦崇高速某顺层边坡滑坡治理工程中已查明的滑坡区工程地质条件,滑动面、滑动带的位置,通过对现场工程地质条件的系统调查,分析评价了该滑坡体的成因及稳定性现状;根据钻孔资料提供的岩土体和滑面的参数,并结合参数的反算,得到了滑面的c、值,最后计算得到非正常工况下(暴雨)的滑坡稳定安全系数为0.91,说明当遇到长时间暴雨时,滑坡会进一步发展,需要及时治理。根据对该边坡的地质模型分析和对其进行的定量力学评价,提出了相应的治理设计措施。     

重庆市北碚区毛背沱滑坡地质特征与稳定性评价研究

位于重庆市北碚区,龙凤溪河南岸的毛背沱滑坡,体积约73.5×104 m3.目前滑坡体正处于蠕滑变形阶段,尚未形成连续滑动面.本文在深入分析滑坡体的地质特征、构造特征、变形特征的基础上,对滑坡的成因机制和影响因素进行了深入研究,并采用传递系数法对滑坡体稳定性进行评价和预测.研究表明,滑坡稳定性计算结果与其变形现象是一致的,近年来在雨季变形不断加剧,在库水位涨落和暴雨的共同作用下,可能发生整体滑移.最后,根据滑坡的成因机制与影响因素,对滑坡的治理方案进行了初步探讨.     

暴雨作用下含裂缝谭家湾堆积层滑坡渗流特征与稳定性分析

堆积层滑坡在三峡库区分布广泛,该类滑坡在前期变形过程中往往产生拉张裂缝,暴雨是导致其失稳的主要诱因之一.为探究暴雨作用下裂缝优势入渗对堆积层滑坡渗流场与稳定性的影响,以谭家湾堆积层滑坡为研究对象,通过地质调查、监测数据分析以及数值模拟方法,研究了暴雨作用下含裂缝谭家湾堆积层滑坡的渗流场与稳定性演化规律.结果表明:天然条...     

三峡库区万州塘角1号滑坡滑带特征研究

三峡库区顺坡向缓倾角滑坡灾害频发,万州塘角1号滑坡具有该种滑坡的典型特征。在对该滑坡详细调查研究、GPS观测及深部位移监测数据分析的基础上,通过钻探工程,探井开挖及大型现场剪切试验对该滑坡的滑带特征及力学性质进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:滑坡体表现为持续蠕滑,前缘比中部和后缘变形要大,其方向为NNW向,滑带埋深在10～21m,滑面呈波状起伏。探井揭露滑体中碎块石排布具有定向性和分段性特点,该滑坡存在多层次级滑动,认为在5.0～8.0m范围内存在一规模较大连续性较差的次级滑动带,受主滑带控制。滑坡各区的力学强度表现为不均一性,在滑坡前缘滑带土剪切强度比中部大,这主要是因为在中部地下水相比前缘要丰富,加上滑带土主要为粘土矿物,遇水膨胀软化致使强度降低。     

渣口石滑坡抗剪强度参数的综合取值研究

基于室内试验数据,同时利用极限平衡法中的传递系数法进行反分析,并结合勘察资料,得出了三峡库区该类型滑坡抗剪强度参数与滑带碎石土含量之间的统计规律,以此综合选取渣口石滑坡的抗剪强度参数,从而为该滑坡稳定性评价与治理提供依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.