整合水权和排污权促进黄河流域横向生态补偿机制建设

近期,生态环境部等四部门出台《黄河流域生态环境保护规划》(以下简称《规划》),作为推动落实《黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展规划纲要》“1+N+X”要求的专项规划,为当前和今后一个时期黄河流域生态环境保护工作指明了方向。《规划》提出要推动建立黄河全流域生态保护补偿机制,开展横向生态保护补偿机制试点,鼓励排污权、用水权交易等市场化交易。基于此,本文分析了黄河流域水资源环境“体弱多病”的现状以及流域横向生态补偿实施中存在的不足,提出整合水权和排污权交易的流域横向生态补偿机制创新,并建议探明流域区域间用水和排污的响应关系,实现水资源“量”“质”双重补偿;统筹考虑时空差异及决策目标、原则,指导补偿额度科学核定;构建集成水权分级交易市场,推动资源环境禀赋自驱式流转;建立综合交易管理平台,完善流域协同治理机制。为加快形成黄河流域各省(区)共抓黄河大保护、协同推进大治理的工作格局,实现流域的可持续发展提供支撑。     

《湖南省湘江流域生态补偿(水质水量奖罚)暂行办法》实施评估研究

流域生态补偿从政策治理走向法律治理,需要在政策实践中总结经验。《湖南省湘江流域生态补偿(水质水量奖罚)暂行办法》效果评估显示:湘江流域生态补偿机制得到有效实施,形成了水质水量分级考核、奖罚资金统一拨付的体制机制,在补偿范围、考核指标、补偿条件和考核办法等方面形成了具有湖南特色的流域生态补偿机制。同时,也存在补偿资金量偏小、处罚资金统筹分配欠合理等问题。建议拓展资金渠道加强正向激励;统筹"一湖四水"助推湘江流域生态补偿机制建设;适时推进湘江流域生态补偿法治化;变革技术性方式方法强化激励与平衡;探索创新建立健全流域生态补偿基金制度。     

应对流域生态补偿机制的环境监测

结合中国流域生态补偿有关政策和实施情况,阐述了环境经济新政策对环境监测提出的新要求。环境监测是成功实施流域生态补偿机制的前提和基础,必须对生态环境“说得清、说得早、说得细”,才能为补偿资金的核算提供公正依据。指出应对流域生态补偿机制开展环境监测,目前在点位设置、监测手段、质量控制等方面还存在一些问题,现行的一些技术方法与之还不相适合,现有的监测能力也难以满足,这些都需要及时解决。根据生态补偿机制要求,提出加强监测能力建设、开展水环境优先监测及应用技术研究等对策。     

生态重建目标下石羊河流域水资源空间配置优化——基于分布式水资源管理模型

石羊河流域的生态环境退化对于河西走廊乃至西北干旱地区的生态安全形成了严重的威胁。论文构建了基于GBEM模型的分布式水资源管理模型,研究了在生态重建目标下石羊河流域水资源空间配置优化方案和实现途径。分析结果显示,“石羊河流域重点治理规划”的预期目标难以实现,应当在不影响生态重建目标的前提下,以提高流域整体的水资源利用效益为导向,优化水资源利用的空间组织,并通过流域内部的利益补偿,解决水资源空间配置优化带来的区域间收入差异问题。应通过推进水权交易实现水资源空间配置优化及相应的利益补偿,在提高水效益的同时,促进水资源分配的公平。生态退化严重的民勤湖区的农业人口需要逐步转移出来,以减轻当地的生态环境负荷。     

流域生态服务补偿定量标准研究

流域生态服务补偿标准是流域保护、管理和生态补偿立法的关键环节,而生态补偿标准的定量化评估,是目前流域生态服务补偿的关键技术.本文根据金华江实地调查,从上游供给成本、下游需求费用、最大支付意愿、水资源的市场价格4个方面剖析了流域生态服务补偿支付的标准及定量估算方法.并根据分析结果提出了相应的建议.     

建立东江源生态补偿机制的探讨

东江是香港特别行政区和珠江三角洲地区的重要水源.保护建设好东江源生态环境意义重大,而建立东江源生态补偿机制是保护建设好源区生态环境、促进流域和谐发展的重要保证.本文从东江源区自然、社会经济状况,生态保护投入与发展机会损失、未来生态保护投入需求与资金瓶颈、源区生态补偿需求、生态补偿的政策渊源和环境经济学基础、典型示范意义等方面论述了建立东江源生态补偿机制的必要性.根据国内外生态补偿实践及源区的生态环境保护建设和上下游的社会经济发展状况,从生态补偿责任主体、标准、方式、途径等方面探讨了源区的生态补偿机制设计,并提出了政策建议.     

坚持黄河高质量生态保护，推进流域高质量绿色发展

近年来,过度干预和高强度开发黄河导致的流域生态系统失衡与生态安全威胁问题日渐凸显。本文梳理了黄河从水沙调控与洪水控制、水资源过度开发到建设长治久安幸福河要求的治理变化过程,分析了黄河水与生态系统的关系及存在的重大问题,提出河流治理必须回归到生态系统保护之根本,以生态系统的观点审视和推动黄河高质量保护与流域高质量发展,通过黄河生态功能和水功能保护体系的构建和管理,促进黄河高质量生态保护与流域绿色发展倒逼机制的推进,重点推进黄河"两区一廊道"生态环境功能的系统保护与修复,实施黄河生态流量的保障与监督,强化水资源的生态保护刚性约束与保护。同时,要通过制定黄河流域生态环境法规与补偿政策,实施最严格生态环境监督和流域管理协同创新,强化流域生态环境新技术支撑等措施来强化流域生态环境法规政策与科学技术支撑。     

坚持黄河高质量生态保护，推进流域高质量绿色发展

近年来,过度干预和高强度开发黄河导致的流域生态系统失衡与生态安全威胁问题日渐凸显。本文梳理了黄河从水沙调控与洪水控制、水资源过度开发到建设长治久安幸福河要求的治理变化过程,分析了黄河水与生态系统的关系及存在的重大问题,提出河流治理必须回归到生态系统保护之根本,以生态系统的观点审视和推动黄河高质量保护与流域高质量发展,通过黄河生态功能和水功能保护体系的构建和管理,促进黄河高质量生态保护与流域绿色发展倒逼机制的推进,重点推进黄河"两区一廊道"生态环境功能的系统保护与修复,实施黄河生态流量的保障与监督,强化水资源的生态保护刚性约束与保护。同时,要通过制定黄河流域生态环境法规与补偿政策,实施最严格生态环境监督和流域管理协同创新,强化流域生态环境新技术支撑等措施来强化流域生态环境法规政策与科学技术支撑。     

我国流域生态补偿机制设计

多年来,为了保障流域的生态安全、保证流域水资源的可持续利用,大多数河流上游地区都投入了大量的人力、物力和财力进行生态建设和环境保护.然而,我国大多数河流的上游地区往往是经济相对贫困、生态相对脆弱的区域,这些区域很难独自承担建设和保护流域生态环境的重任,同时这些地区摆脱贫困的需求又十分强烈,导致流域上游区域发展经济与保护流域生态环境的矛盾十分突出,而如何协调好这种关系,就需要下游受益区和中央政府来帮助流域上游地区分担生态建设的重任.因此,建立流域生态补偿机制,实施中央及下游受益区对流域上游地区的补偿机制,可以理顺流域上下游间的生态关系和利益关系,加快上游地区经济社会发展并有效保护流域上游的生态环境,从而促进全流域的社会经济可持续发展.     

中国流域环境与生态补偿机制的经济学研究

由于现有的流域环境与生态补偿机制研究缺乏明确的概念界定及理论体系,使得中国流域环境与生态机制的研究范围、内容、方法等都显得含混不清。本文从经济学的角度出发,研究中国流域存在的环境与生态问题,说明流域环境与生态补偿机制研究的必要和重要性,分析流域环境与生态补偿机制的内容,探索如何从根本上解决流域环境与生态补偿具体措施的动力与机制问题,以推进流域环境与生态建设工作。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.