有关化工石化建设项目环境风险评价技术评估的探讨

根据国家化工石化行业建设项目加强环境风险评价的主要规定,结合化工石化行业建设项目特点及环境影响技术评估,反思化工石化项目评价及评估工作,重点从环境风险评价方面,对进一步完善环境风险评价与防范的后评估,从严建设项目技术评估与环境管理等进行了初步探讨,目的是为建设项目环境影响技术评估和环境管理提供参考。     

石化企业环境风险评价研究

随着环评的不断发展,环境风险这一问题也日益受到关注,细化石化行业的环境风险评价方法和内容也显得十分必要。本研究结合长庆石化500万吨常压蒸馏装置项目对石化企业进行环境风险的工作程序和方法进行论述,介绍了常压蒸馏的工艺流程,对本项目进行风险识别,源项分析,事故后果预测及分析,风险计算和评价,最后得出了最大风险值,该项目事故风险最大值小于化工行业风险统计值,并且提出事故风险的防范措施和对策及应急预案,以期为石化企业进行环境风险评价提供方法依据。     

石化企业突发环境风险评价与分级方法研究

为了降低环境污染事故发生频率,急需建立科学高效的环境风险管理体系,而环境风险评估与分级技术是进行环境风险分级管理的前提和基础.本研究在对石化企业环境风险特征分析的基础上,构建了基于危险物质、生产工艺、设备设施、企业管理、企业布局的石化企业突发环境风险综合评价指标体系,并建立了相应的风险评价模型.同时,提出了4级风险分级管理体系,并在此基础上以长江下游某化工园区为例进行研究.结果表明,在园区30家石化企业中,存在特大环境风险的企业有1家,重大环境风险的企业2家,占企业总数的10%.本研究提出的石化企业风险评价指标体系及评价、分级方法科学可行,能够为石化企业风险管理提供决策依据.     

区域综合环境风险评价方法体系研究

为准确识别环境事故风险因子扩散规律及环境风险主导因素,本研究将环境风险的3个主体“风险源-介质-受体”作为系统层,结合层次分析法（AHP）与时序加权平均算子（TOWA）建立动态模型计算标准层指标贡献率,最后基于空间地理特性确定指标层,加权计算单项风险,进而建立区域综合环境风险评价方法体系,并以南京市为案例研究对象进行综合环境风险评估.结果表明,南京市整体呈现一般风险水平,风险水平的高值区主要分布在靠近长江的江北新区核心区、南京主城区.该方法在保证指标体系评估完整性的同时,引入了区域时空特征,提高了区域环境风险管理的精细化与空间可视化程度.     

区域综合环境风险评价方法体系研究

为准确识别环境事故风险因子扩散规律及环境风险主导因素,本研究将环境风险的3个主体“风险源-介质-受体”作为系统层,结合层次分析法（AHP）与时序加权平均算子（TOWA）建立动态模型计算标准层指标贡献率,最后基于空间地理特性确定指标层,加权计算单项风险,进而建立区域综合环境风险评价方法体系,并以南京市为案例研究对象进行综合环境风险评估.结果表明,南京市整体呈现一般风险水平,风险水平的高值区主要分布在靠近长江的江北新区核心区、南京主城区.该方法在保证指标体系评估完整性的同时,引入了区域时空特征,提高了区域环境风险管理的精细化与空间可视化程度.     

石化企业地表水环境风险应急设施的环境风险识别

地表水环境风险应急设施是有效消除或降低石化企业的地表水环境风险的基础,在运行中也存在一定的环境风险,也会发生事故并对环境造成严重的负面影响。文章在探讨环境风险类型和风险识别范围的基础上,对石化企业地表水环境风险应急设施的环境风险识别进行了探索性研究。并结合我国西部某大型石化企业的地表水环境应急设施实例,运用故障树分析法进行了环境风险识别的分析,指出了其可能存在的故障。     

基于区域环境风险评价的产业布局规划优化研究

区域环境风险评价相比单个项目的评价具有信息相对缺乏、风险因素多,风险叠加难度大等特点.信息扩散法可有效应对评价信息不足问题,通过构建和运行风险信息矩阵实现对多个环境风险源的风险值叠加,并最终形成风险分区图以指导区域布局优化和风险管理.本研究结合广州南沙地区发展规划,应用信息扩散法对区域现有及规划风险源进行综合评估,并得出区域综合环境风险4级分区.评价结果显示,规划的石化基地布局不合理,将大幅增加区域环境风险等级,提出放弃该产业规划或重新选址,该建议得到最终决策的支持.建议区域开发在规划的初始阶段就考虑开展环境风险评价,以此论证区域功能划分和产业布局的环境合理性,实现优化区域开发和加强区域环境风险防控的目的.     

石化企业有毒有害气体环境预警体系建设研究

结合石化企业的实际情况和国内化工园区大气风险预警体系建设经验,从体系设计思路、风险预警因子、分级预警策略、扩散与溯源模型4方面对有毒有害气体环境预警体系建设进行探讨,为石化企业开展有毒有害气体环境预警工作提供借鉴。     

化工石化行业环境风险评价

化工石化项目有其自身的特色,它既为人们的日常生活提供所需物资,又对人们的日常生活有着潜在的威胁——它极易引起环境污染事件的发生,危及人民的生命和财产安全。而且,化工石化项目一般都较为复杂,因此,对于此类建设项目,应特别重视其环境风险评价,使之对环境的危害得以避免或是减至最小。在我国,甲苯二异氰酸酯项目在化工石化行业属于较新的项目,可借鉴的经验较少,因此以甲苯二异氰酸酯项目为例来进一步对化工石化项目的环境风险评价进行探讨,使之向更为完善的方向发展。     

氯甲烷泄露事故的环境风险影响与应急防范

氯甲烷作为一种重要的化工原料,易燃、易爆、有毒,且遇高热或火花时产生光气,是对生命和财产安全造成巨大威胁的危险化学品。氯甲烷伴生光气的性质在环境风险评价中容易被忽视,且国内目前缺乏对氯甲烷泄露事故风险的研究。以某石化装置的氯甲烷罐区为例,对最大可信事故,即氯甲烷管路泄露并伴生光气采用多烟团模式进行风险影响预测,分析事故影响范围并结合预测结果提出具有针对性的风险防范和应急处置措施,希望为涉及氯甲烷的项目的环境风险评价和风险应急管理提供借鉴。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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