FDI对中国环境污染影响的实证研究

基于中国期刊全文数据库中的30篇中文社会科学引文索引(CSSCI)的期刊论文,运用Meta方法定量分析FDI(外商直接投资)对中国环境污染的影响.结果表明:①单一或几个环境污染指标和FDI相对值的回归系数分别为-2.72和-1.83,说明采用二者会降低FDI环境效应显著性,但后者不显著;②面板数据和样本时间跨度的回归系数分别为3.19和1.52,说明采用二者会提高FDI环境效应显著性,并更有可能得到FDI加剧了环境污染的结论;③样本数据平均年限变量的回归系数为-0.90,说明采用2000年后数据会降低FDI环境效应显著性,2000年前FDI对环境污染加剧效应呈下降趋势,此后FDI改善了环境质量;④OLS法和固定效应模型的回归系数分别为2.22和0.78,说明采用二者会提高FDI环境效应显著性,但后者不显著.综上可知,在纳入部分控制变量前提下,采用环境污染综合指数和FDI水平值,基于1985—2010年面板数据,运用OLS法和固定效应模型实证发现,FDI更有可能显著加剧了环境污染,但这种效应呈下降趋势,以至于2000年后FDI改善了环境质量.     

FDI对中国环境污染影响的实证研究

基于中国期刊全文数据库中的30篇中文社会科学引文索引(CSSCI)的期刊论文,运用Meta方法定量分析FDI(外商直接投资)对中国环境污染的影响. 结果表明:①单一或几个环境污染指标和FDI相对值的回归系数分别为-2.72和-1.83,说明采用二者会降低FDI环境效应显著性,但后者不显著;②面板数据和样本时间跨度的回归系数分别为3.19和1.52,说明采用二者会提高FDI环境效应显著性,并更有可能得到FDI加剧了环境污染的结论;③样本数据平均年限变量的回归系数为-0.90,说明采用2000年后数据会降低FDI环境效应显著性,2000年前FDI对环境污染加剧效应呈下降趋势,此后FDI改善了环境质量;④OLS法和固定效应模型的回归系数分别为2.22和0.78,说明采用二者会提高FDI环境效应显著性,但后者不显著. 综上可知,在纳入部分控制变量前提下,采用环境污染综合指数和FDI水平值,基于1985—2010年面板数据,运用OLS法和固定效应模型实证发现,FDI更有可能显著加剧了环境污染,但这种效应呈下降趋势,以至于2000年后FDI改善了环境质量.      

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线的江苏省经济增长的环境效应研究

对江苏省1991-2004年经济增长与环境质量关系的分析表明,江苏省的环境库兹涅茨曲线不同于一般的倒U型形状而呈现出N型,环境质量有经过改善后再次恶化的倾向.江苏省经济增长的环境效应分解为各种环境污染物的经济规模效应、结构效应和技术效应,表现为三方面特征:(1)总体上多数产业的单位产值污染排放水平有一定下降;(2)产业的污染特性基本未发生明显改变,说明江苏省的工业结构没有发生剧烈变化;(3)江苏省的环境库兹涅茨曲线处于上升段,说明经济增长对环境的规模效应要大于经济增长的技术效应和结构效应.     

山西省“三废”排放的库兹涅茨曲线计量及特征分析

本文选取山西省1985--2005年的经济与环境数据，采用Excel和SPSS软件对经济因子与环境因子的相互关系进行分析，探究山西省经济增长与环境质量演变规律，以建立山西省经济增长与环境污染水平计量模型，为制定山西省环境政策提供依据。[编者按]     

FDI与中国环境污染关系的经济分析

研究了引进FDI与中国环境污染之间的关系,从经济增长、产业结构调整、技术溢出和环境规制四个方面分析FDI对中国环境污染产生的影响。文章指出,一方面,FDI通过拉动工业制造等产业的发展,增加相关企业污染物排放量,另一方面,FDI企业的先进制造技术与污染治理技术将减少污染物的产生。从投资母国政府、FDI企业、国内地方政府三个角度分析了FDI加剧中国环境污染的原因,提出完善环境保护法律制度,合理利用FDI促进环保产业发展,实施绿色GDP考核等环境规制措施,以减轻FDI对中国环境的负面影响。     

低碳经济条件下外商直接投资对我国环境污染的影响研究

近年来随着经济全球化的不断推进,各国的贸易壁垒在不断减弱。改革开放以来,我国大量引入外商直接投资(FDI)用于污染密集型产业,导致生态环境遭到严重破坏。因此,FDI与环境污染之间的关系越来越受到人们的关注。以低碳经济为研究背景,以清洁发展机制(CDM)合同数作为衡量低碳经济发展的约束变量,通过理论和实证,分析研究FDI对我国环境污染的影响。研究结果表明:现阶段FDI并不是造成我国环境污染的直接原因,但FDI对环境污染有长期稳定的影响;发展清洁发展机制(CDM)能够缓解这种影响,促进我国环境水平的提高,实现经济的可持续发展。     

北京市和房山区环境污染与经济增长的关系研究

应用环境库兹涅茨曲线的基本模型对北京市和房山区1995-2003年的环境污染与经济增长进行了实证分析。研究表明,北京市和房山区大多数环境质量和污染排放强度的指标已越过转折点,进入环境质量逐步改善的阶段,北京市和房山区越过转折点的经济水平明显低于发达国家。     

环境污染区域差异及其影响因素灰色关联法分析——以山东省为例

山东省不同区域的环境污染状况差异显著,为此简要分析了山东省东、中、西部三大地区间的工业污染排放差异,并运用灰色关联法分析各地区工业污染的主要影响因素及效应。结果显示,各地区的污染主要影响因素有明显差别。东、中部地区工业污染排放主要影响是结构效应,而西部地区则主要是结构效应和规模效应。而且,同一影响因素对于不同地区的污染排放有着不同的影响。为探讨经济发展如何通过这三大效应影响环境污染排放,对结构效应、规模效应和技术效应与经济发展水平之间进行回归分析。基于以上分析,提出了环保政策创新的途径,有针对性对各地区环境污染进行治理。     

中国1991~2010年环境污染事故频数动态变化因素分解

运用因素分解方法,将影响环境污染事故频数变化的因素分解为经济规模、污染治理资金规模和风险控制技术水平,构建了环境污染事故频数变化的完全分解模型,并对我国1991~2010年的数据进行实证分析.结果表明:环境污染事故年度间变化均值为-138起.其中,由经济规模、污染治理投资规模和风险控制技术水平所引起的频数变化分别为279起,-74起和-344起.总的看来:该时期经济规模增长对污染事故频数增加起到促进作用,但随着经济规模的增加,该效应对污染事故频数的促进作用减弱;1991~2005年污染治理投资效应有一定的随机性,对污染事故频数的增加基本起到遏制作用;风险控制技术效应对污染事故频数的增加起到遏制作用.环境污染事故频数变化是由各因素共同作用的结果,在不同时期各因素对污染事故频数变化所发挥的效应不同.     

基于VAR模型的南京市经济增长与环境污染关系的实证研究

基于南京市1985年-2013年经济增长与环境污染的相关数据,建立经济增长与环境污染的VAR模型.在VAR模型估计的基础上,利用脉冲响应函数和方差分解对南京市经济增长与环境污染之间的双向作用机制进行分析.研究发现:南京市经济增长与环境污染之间存在双向作用机制,且环境对经济增长的反作用与经济增长对环境的影响相比要大;二氧化硫和工业固体废弃物为南京市经济增长过程中环境污染的主要表现形式,而烟尘为制约南京市经济增长的主要污染物.针对分析结果,提出优化产业结构配置,重科研引技术、提升自主创新,加大环保投入、完善环保法规等政策建议.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.