连云港市PM_(2.5)污染特征及影响因素分析研究

主要利用连云港市环境监测中心站的大气环境自动监测平台的监测数据,对PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征以及与气象要素的关系分析。结果表明,连云港市的PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征基本上有明显的夏季与非夏季两种季节性特征。在夏季,PM2.5污染程度较轻,而在非夏季,PM2.5污染程度较重;风速与PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线几乎是负相关的。当风速大的时候,利于污染物的扩散;而风速小的时候,容易使得污染物浓度变大;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与温度的关系几乎呈现的是正相关性。气温的变化不总是反映空气质量的好坏情况,而逆温却易使污染物浓度升高;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与相对湿度的关系呈现的是正相关性;PM2.5质量浓度变化曲线与气压的关系在总体是呈负相关的。     

天津污染天气边界层温度层结变化特征及预报阈值确定

针对天津市大气污染防治需求,基于2016年4月1日—2017年3月31日天津255 m气象塔观测资料及数值模拟,开展天津地区污染天气边界层温度层结变化特征及预报阈值研究.结果表明:(1)天津地区10~250 m高度的气温递减率为0.56℃/100 m,当日均气温递减率小于0.4℃/100 m时,垂直扩散条件不利于大气污染物扩散,出现中度以上污染概率为64%,重污染概率为47%.从温度廓线和逆温频率统计分析,贴地逆温占所有逆温的55%,除贴地逆温以外逆温底部最易出现在160 m的高度,大量脱地逆温的出现不利于高架源夜间的排放.(2)每年10月—次年2月天津逆温频率为20%,冬季需要关注逆温情况对大气污染物扩散的影响.如秋、冬季8:00逆温仍然存在,重污染天气出现概率高达56%,中度及以上污染出现概率为72%,是重污染天气辨识的重要指标.(3)7:00—10:00在逆温消散或者日均气温递减率由0.6℃/100 m向0.4℃/100 m变化时,任何细微变化对大气垂直扩散有显著影响.基于天津地区PM_(2.5)污染情况下,数值模拟显示10~250 m的气温递减率由于气溶胶的存在可减少0.06℃/100 m,在25个重污染过程中,日均气温递减率平均下降0.18℃/100 m,对大气垂直扩散条件产生显著影响.因此,在空气污染预报分析时使用不考虑气溶胶辐射效应的天气模式分析温度层结,需要适当调整阈值,尤其是在7:00—10:00逆温消散及垂直温度递减率由0.6℃/100 m向0.4℃/100 m变化时.     

沙尘暴期间莫高窟大气颗粒物变化及影响因素

为有效预防突发沙尘暴天气下大气颗粒物对世界文化遗产地敦煌莫高窟壁画及彩塑的污染,文章选取了第138窟内、72窟前及九层楼顶3处监测点,探讨了大气颗粒物污染特征及影响因素。结果表明:72窟前平均风速为1.57 m/s,小于起沙风速,九层楼顶平均风速为10.66 m/s,大于起沙风速,占比为98.50%,主风向为东北偏东,占比为39.85%。九层楼顶颗粒物质量浓度比其他监测点更快达到最大值。第138窟内、72窟前PM2.5日均质量浓度为(43.82±15.51)、(59.85±29.78)μg/m~3,超标倍数为0.25、0.71,九层楼顶PM2.5超出仪器上限。第138窟内、72窟前、九层楼顶PM10日均质量浓度为(58.60±21.36)、(74.43±36.52)、(3 725.41±203.41)μg/m~3,超标倍数为0.17、0.49、73.51;TSP日均质量浓度为(80.15±29.02)、(102.33±48.22)、(5 593.68±707.98)μg/m~3,超标倍数为0、0、45.61。各监测点输送颗粒物的主要风向为ENE、NE、E和N、NNE。颗粒物质量浓度与气温、气压呈负相关,与风速呈正相关,除72窟前PM2.5外,其他颗粒物质量浓度与空气相对湿度呈负相关。     

南京市天气类型与大气污染关系研究

基于2012～2017年南京市气象数据和空气污染数据,采用空间天气分类法(SSC)进行分类,并分析不同天气类型以及各项气象因子与污染物浓度的关系。结果表明,污染物在干燥晴朗的天气类型下的平均浓度较高;冬季气象条件对污染物浓度的影响最大;对于污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5和CO,各气象因子对浓度的影响程度排序依次为气压、风速、温度、云量和露点;O3浓度受温度的影响最大。此外,对极端污染情形的研究表明,南京市在光照充足、晴朗干燥的天气类型下出现极端污染的风险较大,在温度5～10℃,露点温度0～5℃,气压1 020～1 025 hPa,云量0～2,风速2～3 m/s的天气条件下更容易发生极端污染。     

北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

北京2012~2013年的冬春多次出现雾霾天气,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)污染严重.而PM2.5作为PM10中粒径较小的部分,在PM10中所占比重越高,污染越严重.因此,本研究选取了能够覆盖北京所有区县的30个PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度监测点,对该地区的PM2.5和PM10污染特征进行分析,确定其空间差异特征和时间性变化特征.普通克里格插值(Original Kriging)法得到的北京地区冬、春季颗粒物浓度分布图显示,颗粒物浓度从北部山区到南部地区逐渐递增,在中心城区处,西部高于东部,且局部地区存在一定的城乡差异.颗粒物浓度月变化曲线呈单峰单谷型,1月最高,4月最低;逐日变化反映了PM2.5和PM10浓度具有较好的相关性,且受气象条件影响显著;日变化呈双峰趋势.本文选取日平均气温(℃)、相对湿度(%)、风速(风级)、降水量(mm)等气象因子,利用Spearman秩相关分析研究各个气象因子对大气PM2.5和PM10浓度的影响.北京冬季PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度分别与气温、相对湿度正相关,与风速负相关,风速和相对湿度是影响污染物质量浓度分布的主要因素.     

成都市黑碳气溶胶污染特征及与气象因子的关系

为系统了解成都市黑碳气溶胶(BC)的污染特征,利用四川省环境监测站提供的成都市人民南路四段2013年9月至2014年7月逐时BC监测数据,对其浓度进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)BC小时平均浓度变化范围较大,介于0.01~57.83μg/m3,浓度中值(5.17μg/m3)小于平均值(7.32μg/m3),即BC小时浓度具有偏态分布特征。2)BC日均浓度变化范围为2~28.2μg/m3,其浓度日变化在四季均呈明显的单谷型,谷值出现在16:00时附近,表现为从凌晨到10:00时变化较平稳,10:00—16:00时浓度急剧下降,16:00到夜间浓度急剧上升;浓度季变化呈现出冬高夏低,春秋平稳的基本特征。3)秋、冬、春、夏四季BC本底浓度值分别为2.49,5.05,2.89,2.43μg/m3。4)BC质量浓度与PM2.5和PM10变化趋势一致,BC浓度相对颗粒物浓度变化较快,在0.01水平上与PM2.5和PM10均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.657、0.638,与温度、降水和风速均呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.334,-0.338,-0.202。     

上海市青浦区PM_（10）污染状况及其与气象要素的关系

利用2006-2010年上海市青浦区PM10和同期地面气象要素的监测资料,定量分析PM10的季节变化规律以及PM10与降雨量、大气湿度和风速之间的关系。分析结果表明：PM10浓度在夏季处于低值,冬季处于高值;5mm/d以上的降雨对PM10有显著的清除作用,且春夏季降雨的清除作用大于秋冬季节。PM10浓度与大气湿度基本呈负相关关系。风速在一定范围内有利于PM10的扩散但不至造成扬尘,春夏季节的适宜风速是1.5～3.5m/s,冬季的适宜风速是1.5～2.5m/s。     

上海市青浦区PM_(10)污染与气象要素的关系

利用2006年-2010年上海市青浦区PM10和同期地面气象要素的监测资料,定量分析PM10的季节变化规律以及PM10与降雨量、大气湿度和风速之间的关系。分析结果表明:PM10浓度在夏季处于低值,冬季处于高值;5 mm/d以上的降雨对PM10有显著的清除作用,且春夏季降雨的清除作用大于秋冬季节。PM10浓度与大气湿度基本呈负相关关系。风速在一定范围内有利于PM10的扩散但不至造成扬尘,春季的适宜风速是1.5～3.5m/s,冬季的适宜风速是1.5～2.5 m/s。     

东莞城区环境空气细颗粒物PM_(2.5)特征分析

采集2010—2012年东莞市城区5个采样点环境细粒子PM2.5,根据PM2.5浓度分析其污染特征,并结合气象要素分析其影响因素。研究表明:2010—2012年,东莞市城区各测点PM2.5年均浓度在0.035~0.054 mg/m3,PM2.5污染具有明显的夏季和非夏季2种季节性特征,夏季污染相对较轻,平均值为0.036 mg/m3,非夏季污染较严重,平均值达到0.053 mg/m3;PM2.5超标情况逐年好转,2010,2011,2012年超标率分别为20.3%、9.9%、4.6%。气象因素对PM2.5浓度变化有一定的影响,PM2.5浓度变化与风速呈一定程度的负相关,与相对湿度之间呈负相关关系,与气压之间呈正关系,而非夏季温度与其浓度变化关系不明显。     

石家庄市主城区臭氧污染特征及气象成因分析

为了解石家庄市主城区O₃(臭氧)污染特征及其影响因子,基于2015-2018年石家庄市空气质量连续监测资料和同期气象数据分析了主城区O₃污染总体特征及气象成因.结果表明:①石家庄市主城区大气光化学污染日益严峻,ρ(O₃)日均值由2015年的47 μg/m3增至2018年的66 μg/m3,ρ(O₃)超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值的天数由2015年的20 d增至2018年的70 d.②ρ(O₃)存在明显的季节性差异,呈夏季[(89±33)μg/m3] >春季[(69±25)μg/m3] >秋季[(40±26)μg/m3] >冬季[(28±16)μg/m3]的特征;ρ(O₃)日变化呈单峰型分布,谷值出现在06:00-07:00,峰值出现在15:00-16:00,且15:00-17:00是ρ(O₃)超标的高发时段.③ρ(O₃)与气温呈指数关系,当气温为20~25、25~30、≥ 30℃时,ρ(O₃)日均值分别为75、90及119 μg/m3.ρ(O₃)在相对湿度为60%时存在拐点,当相对湿度≤ 60%时,ρ(O₃)随相对湿度的增大而上升;当相对湿度>60%时,ρ(O₃)随相对湿度的增大而下降.风速与ρ(O₃)呈分段线性关系,当风速 < 2 m/s时,ρ(O₃)随风速的增加而上升;当风速≥ 2 m/s时,ρ(O₃)随风速的增加而下降.④影响石家庄市主城区ρ(O₃)升高的污染源主要位于其东-东南-南方位,其次为东北-东方位,而西部和北部地区则较少.⑤石家庄市主城区ρ(O₃)超标多发生在气温>20℃,相对湿度介于40%~70%之间,风速在1.5~3.0 m/s之间的气象背景下,经统计,当气象条件同时符合上述三项气象要素时,ρ(O₃)超标天数占3-10月总超标天数的66.5%.研究显示,气温>20℃、相对湿度为40%~70%、风速为1.5~3.0 m/s的气象条件可初步作为石家庄市主城区O₃污染的预警指标.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.