京津冀地区大气环境容量时空变化特征研究

本研究利用中国地区污染物浓度和气象再分析数据集,分析“十三五”(2016—2020年)期间京津冀地区PM_2.5污染趋势和大气环境容量系数的时空分布特征.结果表明,近年来京津冀地区空气质量不断改善,PM_2.5年均浓度在2016年(61μg·m^-3)—2020年(45μg·m^-3)间逐年降低.对这期间京津冀地区边界层高度、风速以及干、湿沉降速度的分析发现,京津冀地区年均大气环境容量系数呈上升趋势,表明该区域大气扩散条件逐渐好转,利于污染物的稀释和扩散.大气环境容量系数呈现春季高、秋季低的分布特征,峰值出现在15:00左右,2020年的年均大气环境容量系数超过3000 m²·s^-1.研究结果对于了解京津冀地区大气扩散条件的改变以及加强对空气污染成因的理解具有借鉴意义.     

长三角地区2015年大气重污染特征及其影响因素

基于2015年长三角地区129个环境空气质量监测站的空气质量指数（AQI）及主要大气污染物浓度数据,结合气象资料和HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,探究长三角地区大气重污染的时间变化和空间集聚特征,并深入分析气象条件和区域传输对重污染过程发生和维持的影响.结果表明,2015年长三角地区各城市平均出现AQI超过200的重污染天气共8 d,重污染频率为2.01%,PM_2.5作为首要污染物出现频次最多.从时间变化看,重污染主要分布在1月和12月;从空间分布看,北部地区重污染相比南部地区更为严重,徐州和常州市出现频率最高.选取典型重污染过程1月9—11日（纬向扩散型）、1月24—26日（经向扩散型）和12月20—26日（两种模式相结合的重污染天气）进行成因分析,发现长三角地区重污染天气主要受到西北风向、低风速、高湿度和逆温层的影响,导致大气污染物积累且不易扩散.基于HYSPLIT的大气传输轨迹及频率分布表明,来自西北方向的气流对江苏北部地区的污染输送特征有着显著影响.     

沈阳地区大气边界层内风随高度变化规律分析

一、引言 研究风的时空变化规律与边界层中大气污染物的扩散与输送,对分析某一地区大气污染状况是必不可少的步骤。 由于大气总是处于湍流运动状态,一般风速越大,则湍流脉动速度也越大,而污染物的湍流交换作用和混合作用也就越强,越有利于污染物的扩散,风速的平流输送作用远大于该方向的湍流作用。     

PHAST软件对孔洞泄漏扩散危险区域的分析

运用PHAST软件研究泄漏孔径、风速、泄漏时间和大气稳定度对泄漏扩散面积的影响。结果表明:扩散面积随着泄漏孔径的增大、风速的增大及泄漏时间的增长而增加;大气越稳定,泄漏扩散面积越大。     

浦口地区气溶胶和气象条件的关系

分析了浦口地区同步观测的大气气溶胶和气象资料,得到了浦口地区气溶胶与风向,风速、降水等气象要素关系密切。在偏东风期间,浦口地区的气溶胶主要来自于高架源排放的污染物的输送和扩散。      

我国陆地大气环境敏感度分析

我国领土辽阔,气候复杂多样,以著名的“死水区”万县、恩施地带和东北平原为例,前者年均风速甚小,为0.5—0.7m/s,静风率高达84—86％,后者年均风速为3.0—5.0m/s,静风率仅2—10％.由大气污染物扩散公式不难得知,对于同等强度的污染冲击,前者较     

施工场所点源扬尘扩散特征模拟分析

粉尘污染对环境、健康、经济和政治的影响日益增大,为了掌握影响粉尘扩散的主要因素,提出以建筑施工场所扬尘为研究对象,基于高斯模型对施工扬尘扩散的时空变化特征进行模拟,并依据帕斯奎尔分类法对影响扬尘扩散的大气因素进行灵敏度分析。结果表明,当风速或大气稳定性增加1个数量级扬尘扩散速度会提高2～3倍,大气稳定性和风速对建筑施工扬尘的扩散影响较大;同时扬尘点源的位置高度对扬尘扩散也有重要的影响。     

基于高架点源大气中汞演变规律数值模拟研究

在分析大气中汞来源的基础上,根据前人研究成果建立了大气中汞的累积量模型,对大气中汞的累积量进行预测。通过合理化简修正高架源扩散模型,采用控制变量法研究了风速、有效源高度、大气稳定度和湿度对Hg扩散的影响,并比较大气稳定度对市区和平原郊区的影响差异。此外,综合分析了上述4个因素对汞在大气中扩散的总体影响。研究结果表明:大气中Hg的扩散是随着有效源的距离增长而逐渐降低;有效源高度不同,其浓度最大值所在的位置就不同,高度越小,其扩散程度越剧烈;湿度越大,Hg的浓度随之增大;大气越稳定,Hg的扩散越稳定,但大气稳定度对市区和平原郊区的影响差异不大,且风速不影响其最大浓度值的所在位置;综合考虑影响大气汞扩散的因素时,风速和有效源高度对大气Hg扩散起协同促进作用;湿度则起抑制作用;大气稳定度与其它几个因素间几乎无影响。     

关中地区点源大气污染物扩散数值模拟

燃煤产生的大气污染物是雾霾的重要来源之一。大气污染物的扩散受到诸多因素的影响。文章从高斯模式出发,以SO_2的扩散为例,对关中地区点源大气污染物的扩散过程进行了数值模拟,并对各影响大气污染扩散规律的因素进行了灵敏度分析。模拟表明,环境风速、大气稳定度和污染物的有效排放高度对点源大气污染物的扩散具有重要影响。     

天津静稳指数建立及在环境气象预报和评估中的应用

基于2014—2015年NCEP再分析资料及天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度数据,构建天津地区静稳指数以期反映大气综合扩散能力,为天津霾、空气质量预报和大气环境气象条件评估提供支撑.研究结果表明：本文构建的静稳指数可作为评估天津地区细颗粒物大气扩散能力的重要指标参数,其建模产品与天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数为0.62,在评测期间（2016年6月1日—2018年5月31日）,基于EC模式的静稳指数24 h预报产品与天津地区PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数为0.67,1~7 d预报产品与PM_2.5质量浓度相关系数超过0.53,8~10 d预报产品随着时效增加指示能力有所下降,相关系数为0.4左右,但通过显著性检验.对比同期基于GFS资料和WRF/Chem构建的天津中长期环境气象数值模式,其相关系数接近,趋势预报效果相当.同时,由于静稳指数综合了水平风速、混合层高度、相对湿度等多项指标,可以综合反映一个地区大气扩散能力,在大气环境气象条件评估中可发挥积极作用,以同排放源不同气象条件的数值模拟为基准定义细颗粒物大气扩散条件,2013—2018年逐月大气扩散条件同比上年改善的占总样本41%,同比转差的占总样本59%,利用静稳指数对大气扩散条件月同比变化趋势进行判断,识别准确率可达80%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.